ASSIGMNENT#04

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Complex Engineering problem

Submitted By:

Haider Ali 074

Basit Ali 070
Usman Arif 058
Hussain Ali Khan 061
Waleed Awan 060

Submitted To:
Mr. WAQAS JAVED
Abstract
The demand of the electrical power is increasing per day which is supplied by fossil fuels resulting
into huge carbon emissions in the atmosphere, which leads the electrical engineers to generate the
power by using the renewable energy sources. This paper is aimed at simulation and development
of Solar PV system which is able to fulfil the power demand. The system consists of various
components like PV solar panel, DC-DC converter inverter connected to load. The controlling of
input loop of the solar PV system is shown with the help of PI controller for maintaining the dc
link constant irrespective of changes in the input side and output side parameters resulting into the
constant inverter output. The simulations are performed in the Helioscope software.

INTRODUCTION
The conventional sources like fossil fuels are used to supply the energy demand in the world,
which is the most basic cause of generating the carbon contents in the environment. These
carbon contents are responsible for the unwanted change in the climate or for Global Warming.
Solar energy is the most efficient renewable energy source if it is efficiently harnessed by the
modern technology. In solar PV system, the sunlight is directly converted into the electrical
energy. The energy that can be produced by a solar cell basically depends on the intrinsic
properties of the cells and the amount of solar radiation which falls on the panel. The typical size
of the solar array as well as AC inverter required for solar PV applications depends on the type of
loads connected. The energy from the panel can also be stored by using battery storage for later
use. The basic disadvantage of solar PV system is its lower efficiency as panels are hugely
dependent on highly unpredictable atmospheric parameters, i.e., the solar radiation and
temperature. So, it is bit difficult to extract the maximum power from the panel resulting into
reduced efficiency of system. To increase the system efficiency and to extract maximum power
from the panels.
The power obtained from the PV panel is of fluctuating dc in nature. To convert this value into
constant dc value, string converter (either step up or step down) is used. The duty cycle of the
string converter is regulated to vary the load impedance as seen by the source, to match point of
the maximum value of power of the source In order to transfer the maximum power of the panel
to the load . But in this paper, PI controller is used to maintain the constant dc link voltage by
controlling the converter duty cycle. The panel voltage and current obtained are dc quantity,
which should be converted into ac quantity by means of inverters to feed the ac load or for grid
connection.

Solar energy is the radiant energy emitted by the Sun. It is a powerful and abundant source of
renewable energy that can be harnessed using various technologies to generate electricity, heat,
and light. Solar energy is crucial for sustaining life on Earth and serves as a clean and sustainable
alternative to traditional fossils fuel.

Photovoltaic (PV) Technology:

Photovoltaic technology involves the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity using
semiconductors materials.

Key Components:
 Solar Cells/Modules: The basic building blocks of PV technology are solar cells,
typically made of silicon. When exposed to sunlight, these cells generate an electric
current through the photovoltaic effect.
 Arrays: Solar cells are connected and arranged in arrays on solar panels or modules.
Multiple panels form a solar array, and the size of the array determines the power output.
 Inverters: Solar panels produce direct current (DC) electricity. Inverters convert this into
alternating current (AC), which is suitable for use in homes and businesses.
Applications:
 Residential Solar Panels: Installed on rooftops to generate electricity for individual
homes.
 Commercial and Utility-Scale Installations: Larger arrays deployed in solar farms to
generate power for communities and contribute to the grid.

Solar Potential in Pakistan:

Challenges and Opportunities:
1. Intermittency and Energy Storage:
 Solar energy's intermittent nature poses challenges in matching energy supply
with demand.
 There is an opportunity for the development of efficient energy storage solutions
to store excess energy during peak production times for use during periods of low
sunlight.
2. Grid Integration:
 Integrating solar power into the national grid efficiently is crucial for its
widespread utilization.
 Grid upgrades and smart grid technologies can enhance the integration of
intermittent renewable sources.
3. Investment and Financing:
 Continued investment in solar projects is essential for scaling up solar energy
capacity.
 Innovative financing models and incentives can attract both domestic and foreign
investments.
4. Technology Advancements:
 Keeping abreast of technological advancements in solar PV and solar thermal
technologies can further enhance efficiency and reduce costs.

Batteries Used in Solar Energy Systems:

Solar energy systems often incorporate energy storage solutions, typically in the form of
batteries, to store excess energy generated during periods of sunlight for use during times when
the sun is not shining. Here's a detailed description of the batteries used in solar energy systems

1. Lead-Acid Batteries:
 Flooded Lead-Acid Batteries: These are traditional batteries with liquid
electrolyte. They are reliable and have been used in solar applications for many
years.
 Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) Batteries: Also known as valve-regulated lead-acid
(VRLA) batteries, these are maintenance-free and sealed to prevent electrolyte
leakage. AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) and Gel batteries are two common types of
SLA batteries.
 2. Lithium-Ion Batteries:
 LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate): Known for their long cycle life, high energy
density, and improved safety, LFP batteries are increasingly popular in solar
applications.
 NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt): NMC batteries offer a balance between
energy density and power capability, making them suitable for both residential
and commercial solar installations.
3. Flow Batteries:
 Flow batteries, such as vanadium redox flow batteries, store energy in liquid
electrolytes. They can offer longer cycle life and are considered for large-scale
energy storage applications.

Inverter :
An inverter plays a crucial role in a solar power system by converting the direct current (DC)
electricity produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity, which is suitable for
use in homes, businesses, and the electricity grid. Let's delve into the details of inverters in solar
panel systems:
1. Purpose of the Inverter:
Conversion from DC to AC:
 Solar panels generate DC electricity when exposed to sunlight. However, most appliances
and the electrical grid operate on AC electricity. The inverter transforms the DC power
produced by the solar panels into AC power, making it compatible with the electrical
systems.

Calculation of solar panel

Total shop = 24
Tuck shop = 18
Barber shop = 02
Photocopier shop = 01
Tailor Shop = 01
Shop Room cooler = 01
18 shop have same calculation
01 Fan = 80 watt
05 Lights = 18 × 5 = 90watt
1 Deep freezer = 230 watt
Photocopy machine = 220watt
Trimmer = 5watt
Sewing machine = 550 watt

Room Cooler = 150watt

1) 16 Shop having almost same appliance

1 𝐹𝑎𝑛 + 5 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 + 1 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑒𝑟 = 80 + 90 + 230 = 400 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
Operating hour (watt hour 8am-10pm)
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
14 × 80 + 90 × 14 + 230 × 14 = 5600
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
5600 × 16 = 89600𝑤 for 16 shop

2) 2 shop with 3 deep freezers

1𝑓𝑎𝑛 + 5 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 3𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑒𝑟 = 80 + 90 + 690 = 860𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝 = 860 × 2 = 2720𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
1120 + 1260 + 9660 = 12 = 12040𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
For 02 shops:

𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟎 × 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟎
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
3) 01 shop having only 1fan and lights
1 𝑓𝑎𝑛 + 5 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 80 + 90 = 170𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 2380
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

4) Tailor shop
1𝑓𝑎𝑛 + 5 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 80 + 90 + (550 × 2) = 1270
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
Watt hour =1270× 14 = 17780 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

5) Shop with Room cooler:

1𝑓𝑎𝑛 + 5 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 1 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 80 + 90 + 150 = 320𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡/ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = 320 × 14 = 4480
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

6) Photocopier shop
1𝑓𝑎𝑛 + 5 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 1 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 80 + 90 + 220 = 390
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡/ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 = (80 × 14) + (90 × 14) + (220 × 14) = 4140
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

7) Barber shop
1𝑓𝑎𝑛 + 5 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 10 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟 = 80 + 90 + 50 = 220𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 3580𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
= (80 × 14) + (90 × 14) + (50 × 24) =
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
2 barber shop
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
3580 × 2 = 7160
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
As we know that:
1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 1 𝑘𝑤/ℎ

According to the Unit 16 Shop with same Appliances:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑤/ℎ = 89.6𝑘𝑤/ℎ
𝐹𝑜𝑟 1 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝 = 5.6𝑘𝑤/ℎ
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 168𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

02 shop with 3 deep freezers:

2𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝 = 24.08 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑤ℎ

1 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝 = 12.04𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑤ℎ
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 372𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

1 simple shop
2.38𝑘𝑤ℎ = 2.38𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 71.4𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Tailor shop :
17.78𝑘𝑤ℎ = 17.78𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 531𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Photocopier shop:
4.14𝑘𝑤ℎ = 4.14𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 134.4𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 124.2𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Barber shop(each):
3.5𝑘𝑤ℎ = 3.5𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 105𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Total units of Market

16shop = 1377.6units
2shop deep freezer = 289.8
1Shop only lights = 37.8units

1 Tailor shop = 268.8units

1 Room cooler shop = 37.8units
1 photocopier shop = 84 units
1 Barber = 78.8units
Total units = 2174.6 units or kwh

Average bill of Market Monthly :

Unit × 46
2175 × 46 = 100kRs

Calculations of Solar panels:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 10710𝑤
 146 × 1.3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
7
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 27𝑘𝑤
Approximately 30kw solar panel

Cost Estimation of solar panels:

30000
= 55 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
550
Price of 550 plate is Rs 30k and 55plate 1650k Rs

Calculation of Battery:
146 × 103 × 1.3 × 0.8
= 2471𝐴𝐻
0.8 × 0.8 × 96
So 08 battery used each of 12v
2471
= 308𝐴ℎ 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦
8

Cost Estimation of Battery:

Price of 310Ah battery is 40k so the price of 8 battery is 320k Rs

Calculation of Inverter:
30𝑘𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑

Cost Estimation of Inverter:

30kw inverter price is 500k

Total cost:
Solar cost + battery cost + inverter cost
= 1650k + 320k + 500k
Total cost = 2470k Rs