ILS EALS
Atmospheric Sciences
5 Scientist and describe their major contributions in the understanding of the earth systems. Research about
the major contributions of scientists under the different fields of Earth Science to the body of knowledge
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5 scientists and their contribution in Oceonography
Ocean
1. Robert Ballad
Robert Ballard, in full Robert Duane Ballard, (born June 30,
1942, Wichita, Kansas, U.S.), American oceanographer and marine geologist whose
pioneering use of deep-diving submersibles laid the foundations for deep-
sea archaeology. He is best known for discovering the wreck of the Titanic in 1985.
How he discovered the Wreck of Titanic?
Ballard designed a series of vessels, most notably the Argo, a 16-foot (5-metre)
submersible sled equipped with a remote-controlled camera that could transmit live
images to a monitor. Ballard called this new technology “telepresence.” To test
the Argo, he searched for the Titanic, which had sunk in 1912 and remained
undiscovered despite numerous attempts to locate it. He’s also working with the
IFREMER; French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea.
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Robert Ballard (June 30,1942), an American Oceanographer, Marine Geologist and
now a professor of Oceanography at the University of Rhode Island.
He is best known for discovering the wreck of the Titanic in 1985. His other
Discoveries are The battleship Bismarck in 1989 and the aircraft carrier USS
Yorktown in 1998.
Robert Ballard is one of the most well-known deep-sea explorers. He was one of the
first to employ deep-diving submarines. He had spanned 60 years in this career and
conducted over 150 underwater expeditions and made several discoveries.
Ballard designed an Argo, a 5 metre underwater sled with a remote-controlled
camera that could transmit live images to a monitor. He called this new technology
as “Telepresence”. This technology, Argo, is also the one who discovered the wreck
of the Titanic.
2. Sylvia Earle
Sylvia Earle, in full Sylvia Alice Earle, (born August 30, 1935, Gibbstown, New
Jersey, U.S.), American oceanographer and explorer known for her research on
marine algae and her books and documentaries designed to raise awareness of the
threats that overfishing and pollution pose to the world’s oceans. A pioneer in the
use of modern self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) gear and
the development of deep-sea submersibles, Earle also held the world record for the
deepest untethered dive.
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Sylvia Earle (August 30,1935) an American marine biologist, oceanographer, and
author, She is well-known for her research on marine algae and her books.
She founded Mission Blue, it is an organization dedicated to protect the ocean from
threats such as climate change, pollution and huge decrease in ocean fish
populations.
Since 1998, she has been a National Geographic explorer-in-residence. She was
also named by Time Magazine as its first “Hero for the Planet” in 1998.
She also set the women’s depth record of 381 meters (1,250 ft.) which still holds to
this day.
Earle has conducted over a hundred expeditions, spent over 7,000 hours
underwater, and written over 190 scientific, technical, and popular books.
3. Sir John Murray
Sir John Murray, (born March 3, 1841, Cobourg, Ont., Can.—died March 16, 1914,
near Kirkliston, West Lothian [now in Edinburgh], Scot.), Scottish Canadian
naturalist and one of the founders of oceanography, whose particular interests
were ocean basins, deep-sea deposits, and coral-reef formation.
In 1868 Murray began collecting marine organisms and making a variety of
oceanographic observations during an expedition to the Arctic islands of Jan
Mayen and Spitsbergen, off Norway. Murray did much to organize
the Challenger Expedition (1872–76), which made extremely valuable contributions
in charting, surveying, and biological investigation, and he helped outfit it with
equipment for conducting oceanographic studies.
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Sir John Murray (March 3, 1841-March 16 1914) a Scottish Canadian
oceanographer and marine biologist.
He is one of the founders of oceanography and considered as the father of modern
oceanography
During the expedition to the Arctic Islands of Jan Mayen and Spitsbergen off the
coast of Norway in 1868, Murray began collecting marine organisms and making a
variety of oceanographic observations.
Murray also organized the Challenger Expedition (1872-1876), which made an
extremely valuable contributions in charting, surveying and biological research, as
well as supplying it with equipment for conducting oceanographic studies.
4. Harald Ulrik Sverdrup
Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, (born Nov. 15, 1888, Sogndal, Nor.—died Aug. 21, 1957,
Oslo), Norwegian meteorologist and oceanographer known for his studies of
the physics, chemistry, and biology of the oceans. He explained the equatorial
countercurrents and helped develop the method of predicting surf and breakers. A
unit of water flow in the oceans was named after him by the oceanographic research
community: 1 sverdrup (Sv) is equal to the transport of 1 million cubic metres of
water per second.
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Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (November 15,1888-August 21,1957) is a Norwegian
oceanographer and meteorologist
He is known for his studies of physics, chemistry and biology of the oceans.
He was the director of Scripps Institution of Oceanology and director of the
Norwegian Polar Institute.
The oceanographic research community named a unit of water flow in the oceans
after him: 1 Sverdrup (Sv) equals the movement of 1 million cubic metres of water
per second
5. Joseph Proudman
Joseph Proudman, (born Dec. 30, 1888, Unsworth, Lancashire, Eng.—died June 26,
1975, Fordingbridge, Hampshire), British oceanographer known for his contribution
to the Taylor–Proudman theorem of the dynamics of rotating fluids. He directed
much of his attention to research on tides, turbulence, temperature, and salinity of
the Irish Sea and storm surges.
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Joseph Proudman (December 30, 1888-June 26,1975) is a British oceanographer and
mathematician.
One of his known contribution is the Taylor-Proudman Theorem of the dynamics of
rotating fluids.
The Taylor-Proudman Theorem(Taylor and Joseph Proudman) it states that when a
solid thing is moved slowly within a fluid that is steadily rotated at high Omega, the
fluid velocity is uniform along any line parallel to the rotation axis.
He also made contributions to oceanography particularly to the theory of tides.
In 1913 to 1917, he published more than 20 papers on atmospheric and oceanic
physics.
