MULTIMEDIA
COMPUTER SCIENCE 9618 PAPER 1
Images
Bitmap Vector
Each Box is a pixel by Drawing Objects ,
combining pixels Bitmap Shapes and instructions
Image is created to make them are store
which makes vector
graphics
Vector Graphics : Images made up of drawing objects, the
properties of each object determines its shape and
appearance.
Bitmap Images : Images store as an array of individual pixels
in the format of rows and columns.
Bitmap
Pixel : A single square of one color and the
smallest addressable element in an image
Image Resolution
Measure in pixels per inch, this value determines the amount
of detail an image has.
Higher Image Resolution means that there are more pixels
per inch resulting in more pixel information and creating
high quality images.
10 PPI 20 PPI
Screen Resolution
Number of pixels which can be viewed
horizontally and vertically on the screen
Color Depth / Bit Depth
Number of bits allocated to represent
each pixel color.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
The amount of colors that an image can have depends
on Color Depth. If we increase the Color depth that
means more binary combinations can be made which
means that more colors can have a binary value
The number of color depends on how many different
combinations of 0 and 1 we can make by using bits. More
combination means more colors for example if I have one bit per
pixel that means 2 combination so two colors can be represented.
( Either 0 or 1 ). So to find out how many combinations are there
we use 2 raise to the power of number of bits.
Exam Style Question
Metadata : Data about data , for example filename, file
format, color depth
File Header : Data about the bitmap image such as image
size, number of pixels, Type of compression, color depth, file
location
How Images Are Encoded Into A Digital Format
The images are stored as bitmap
images.
Each Image is made up of pixels.
Each pixel is of a single color.
Sequence of binary numbers is
stored of each image
Features Of Graphic Editing Software
Re-Size
Increase / Decrease the size of the image
Crop
Remove certain part of the image
Blur
Reduce the focus
Red-Eye Reduction
Reduces red light reflected from human eye
Effects Of Changing The Bit Depth
The number of bits used to represent each color
Increase in bit depth means the image has a greater
range of colors and Decrease in bit depth means the
image has a smaller range of colors
Increase in bit depth makes the image closer to the
original. whereas Decrease in bit depth makes the image
like less realistic
Impacts Of Increasing Image Resolution
On The Quality Of A Bitmap Image
more pixels can be stored
the image is sharper and less pixelated
Impacts Of Decreasing Image Resolution
On The Quality Of A Bitmap Image
less pixels can be stored
the image is more pixelated
Vector Graphics
What are the features of vector graphics ?
Vector graphics stores a set of instructions about how to
draw the shape.
Can be enlarged without the image being pixelated
Do not compress well
Individual elements of a vector graphics can be grouped
Suitable for more geometric shapes.
benefits of using vector graphics
Can resize it without pixilation
Images are redrawn with each adjustment
Smaller file size
Storing commands not individual pixels
Can be transferred quicker and download quicker.
Vector Graphic Terms
P
Property : data about the shapes (Diameter), characteristics
of a component
Drawing List : The list of shapes involved in an image (Circle),
and the data required to create all the components in the
graphics
Drawing Objects : The object made with different shapes
( Pac Man ), a component created using a formula
Describe the contents of a vector graphic drawing list ?
List of objects in the drawing
A list that stores the command/description/equation
required to draw each object
Properties of each object e.g. the fill colour, line
weight/colour
Describe differences between vector graphics and a bitmap
image ?
Bitmap is made up of Pixels
Vector Graphics store a set of instructions about how to
draw the image
When Bitmap is enlarged the pixels get bigger and it
pixelates.
When vectors graphic is enlarged it is recalculated and
redrawn and does not get pixelated.
Bitmap files are usually bigger than vector graphics files
because of the needs to store data about each pixel
Vector graphics have smaller file size because they
contain just the instructions to create the shape
Bitmap image can be compressed with significant
reduction in file size.
Vector graphics images do not compress well because of
the the little redundant data and we can not compress
the instructions.
Prefixes
Binary Prefixes Decimal Prefixes
Kibibyte Kilobyte
Mebibye Megabyte
Gibibyte Gigabyte
Tebibyte Terabyte
Binary prefixes are based on powers of 2 (1 KiB = 1024 bytes),
while decimal prefixes are based on powers of 10 (1 KB =
1000 bytes). The two exist because binary prefixes are more
accurate for computing, while decimal prefixes are used in
marketing and storage devices to make numbers look larger.
This difference often leads to confusion when comparing file
sizes or storage capacity.
Smallest Unit is Bit
One byte contains 8 bits
4 bits are known as nibble
One Kilobyte contains 1000 bytes
One Kibibyte contains 1024 bytes
One Megabyte contains 1000 Kilobytes
One Mebibyte contains 1024 Kilobytes.
Exam Style Question
File Size Calculation
Size = (Width Pixels) x (Height Pixels) x (Color Depth)
Unit (Bits)
4 X 4 will give you total number of pixels in the image shown
above (16 pixels) . And if the color depth is 2 bits per pixel
and we have 16 pixels that means 16 X 2 = 32 bits.
Exam Style Question
Sound
Digital Data : Data that has been stored as binary value
which can be either 0 or 1
Analogue Data : Data values that are continuously changing
Sampling
Taking measurement at regular time interval
Sampling : Taking measurement of sound at regular time
interval
Sampling Rate : The number of samples taken per second
measured in hertz.
Sampling Rate : The number of bits used to store each
sample
High Sample Rate = Higher Accuracy
How sampling is used to record the sound of clip
The amplitude of the sound is wave is determined
at set time interval
to get an approximation of the sound wave
each amplitude is given a corresponding binary number
The binary number of each amplitude is saved in sequence
Increasing the sampling rate will improve the accuracy of
the recoding
Quantization Error
Analogue
Digital
Analogue - Digital = Quantization Error
Quantization Error is the difference between the analogue
signal and the closest digital value at each sampling instant
Impacts Of Changing Sampling Rate And Sampling Resolution
Effects of increasing sampling rate
The greater the sampling rate, greater the accuracy but file
size increases. Smaller gaps between so lesser Quantization
Error. more accurate representation of sound and the digital
waveform gets closer to original analogue waveform
Effects of increasing Sampling Resolution
Increasing sampling resolution means more bits per
sample
Larger range of values means larger file size
more accurate representation of sound and the digital
waveform gets closer to original analogue waveform
reduces quantization error
greater range of values can be stored
Benefits of using higher Sampling Resolution
Allow for large dynamic range
More accurate representation
Drawbacks of using higher Sampling Resolution
Bigger file so occupies more storage
Longer to transmit data / download
Greater processing power needed
A second video is recorded. The sound in the second video
needs to be more precise.
Explain the reasons why increasing the sampling rate and the
sampling resolution will improve the precision of the second
recording.
Sampling rate
There are smaller 'gaps' in the sound wave // sound is
recorded more often
Digital waveform is closer to the analogue waveform
The quantization errors are smaller
Sampling resolution
There are more bits per sample // a wider range of
amplitudes can be stored
Each binary amplitude/note (in the digital recording) is
closer to the analogue amplitude/note
Digital waveform is closer to the analogue waveform
The quantisation errors are smaller
The digital camera has a microphone which is used to record
the sound for the video.
The user changes the sampling rate that the microphone
uses from 44.1 kHz to 88.2 kHz.
Describe how this change in sampling rate will affect the
performance of the video doorbell.
Data transmission to user’s smartphone will take longer
because there is more data to transmit
The secondary storage device will fill faster
fewer videos will be able to be stored long-term and
videos are overwritten more often
A Explain the impact of changing the sampling resolution on
the accuracy of a sound recording
Increase sampling resolution
The number of bits used for each sample is increased
there will be more values available to represent each
sample and more amplitudes can be represented
each binary amplitude in the digital recording is closer to
the analogue amplitude
quantization errors are reduced
the digital soundwave is closer to the original analogue
soundwave
Decrease sampling resolution
The number of bits used for each sample is decreased
fewer amplitudes can be stored
each binary amplitude in the digital recording is further
from the analogue amplitude
quantization errors are increased
the digital soundwave is less like the original analogue
soundwave
Features Of Graphic Editing Software
Edit start time or stop time
Delete part of a clip
Frequency of sound can be altered
Fade in / Fade out of a clip
Mix multiple sound tracks
use of filters
conversion between different audio file format
File Size Calculation
File Size (bits) = Sampling Rate x time x Sampling Resolution
Multimedia
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9608 Topical Past Papers
Note : In 9608 there was no decimal and binary prefix so mark scheme will be di erent. Make
sure you are following 9618 decimal and binary prefix.
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