Reinforced Concrete

Structures 2

Chapter three
Plastic Moment Redistribution 1
 2

1. Introduction
2. Moment Curvature Relationship Presentation
3. Rotation Capacity Outline
4. Continuous Beams
5. Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms
Content
6. Moment Redistribution
 Introduction 3

• Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures

• Methods of Analysis Allowed in EC-2
 Analysis of RC Structures 4

• The purpose of any analysis is to know how the structure responds to a given loading and
there by evaluate the stresses and deformations.
Given: the following sets of parameters Carrying out Elastic Analysis: Results ...

Geometry, Loading and

Stresses

Structural Layout
Moment, kN-m Shear, kN
-80.00 80.0
-65.58 61.4
-60.00 60.0

-40.00 40.0

-20.00 0 20.0
5 10 15 20
0.00 0.0
-20.0 0 5 10 15 20
20.00
-40.0
40.00 #N/A #N/A
-60.0
60.00 60.17 -80.0
-70.9
80.00

So far in the course analysis

are based on linear elastic Deformation
theory.
Material Property

Deflections, mm Rotations, rad

0.5 0.00
0.25 0.00085
0.0
0.00
0 5 10 15 20
-0.5
0.00
-1.0 0 5 10 15 20
0.00
-1.5

-2.0 #N/A-1.96 0.00 #N/A

-0.00118
-2.5 0.00
 Analysis of RC Structures 5

Most reinforced concrete structures are designed for internal forces found by elastic theory with
methods such as slope deflection, moment distribution, and matrix analysis.

There is an apparent inconsistency in determining the design moments based on an elastic

analysis, while doing the design based on a limit state design procedure, where the structural
design is based on inelastic section behavior.

Analysis Design
 Factored loads  The tensile reinforcement is proportioned on the
 Elastic Analysis assumption that its well beyond its yielding point at
failure. (Ductile Design or εs≥ 4.313‰)
 Concrete stress distribution across the section is non-
linear.

Although the analysis and design basis

are contradictory, it will be a safe and
to a degree a conservative design.
Methods of Analysis Allowed in EC-2 6
The methods of analysis provided on EC-2 are for the purpose to establish the distribution of
either internal forces and moments, or stresses, strains and displacements, over the whole or
part of a structure.

1. Linear Elastic • Based on the theory of elasticity.

Analysis (section 5.4 • Suitable for both SLS and ULS.
– EC2) • Assumption:
i. uncracked cross sections
ii. linear stress-strain (ε vs σ) relationships and,
THIS IS THE
TYPE OF
iii. mean values of the elastic modulus [E].
ANALYSIS BEING • For thermal deformation, settlement and shrinkage effects at the
CARRIED OUT (ULS),a reduced stiffness corresponding to the cracked sections may
SOFAR.
be assumed.
• For the (SLS) gradual evolution of cracking should be considered
(eg. rigorous deflection calculation).
Methods of Analysis Allowed in EC-2 7

2. Linear Elastic • Suitable for ULS.

• The moments at ULS calculated using a linear elastic analysis may be
Analysis with Limited redistributed, provided that the resulting distribution of moments remains in
Redistribution equilibrium with the applied loads.
(section 5.5) • Redistribution of bending moments may be carried out without explicit check
on the rotation capacity, provided that:
0,5 ≤l1/ l2 ≤2,0
Ratio of redistribution δ=M1/M2<1, is
 δ≥k1+ k2xu/d for fck≤50 MPa
WILL BE
INTRODUCED IN
 δ≥k3+ k4xu/d for fck> 50 MPa
THE FOLLWING  δ≥k5 for reinforcement class B & C
CHAPTER OF  δ≥k6 for reinforcement class A
THE COURSE
xu is the depth of the neutral axis at the ultimate limit state after redistribution.
recommended value for k1 is 0,44, for k2 is 1,25(0,6+0,0014/εcu2), for k3 = 0,54, for k4 =
1,25(0,6+0,0014/εcu2), for k5 = 0,7 and k6 = 0,8
Methods of Analysis Allowed in EC-2 8
Plastic Analysis • Suitable for ULS.
• Suitable for SLS if compatibility is ensured.
(section 5.6) • When a beam yields in bending, an increase in curvature does not produce an
increase in moment resistance. Analysis of beams and structures made of such
WILL BE flexural members is called Plastic Analysis.
INTRODUCED • This is generally referred to as limit analysis, when applied to reinforced
IN THIS
concrete framed structures, and plastic analysis when applied to steel structures
CHAPTER OF
THE COURSE

non-Linear • Nonlinear analysis may be used for both ULS and SLS, provided that equilibrium
and compatibility are satisfied and an adequate non-linear behavior for materials
Analysis is assumed.
(section 5.7) • The non-linear analysis procedures are more complex and therefore very time
consuming.
IT IS
• The analysis maybe first Or second order.
BEYOUND
THE SCOPE
OF THE
COURSE
 Moment Curvature Relationship 9
• Curvature
• Basic Assumption and Consideration in Establishing the
Moment Curvature Relationship
• Procedures in Establishing the Moment Curvature
Relationship
 Curvature: Introduction 10
For a beam with homogeneous cross-section, which is loaded in bending is shown below.

Beam loaded in bending. Segment of the beam Relationship between bending

loaded in bending. moment M and curvature K for
beam with linear elastic
M homogeneous material.
K ...... From Elastic Theory
EI But is Concrete a Homogenous, elastic
material?
Where:
Then how do we determine the moment
E= the modulus of elasticity curvature relationship for it?
I=the moment of inertia of the cross-section Why do we even bother compute the M – K
K=the local curvature=1/R relationship in the first place?
 Curvature: RC section 11
Reinforced concrete is not homogeneous because it is composed of steel and concrete
which have different values for the elastic modulus; however, it is possible to identify
an equivalent homogeneous concrete section with an equivalent moment of inertia.
A3=(As2*(n-
1))
This is done by means of As2

an equivalent transformed
cross section.
h A1

Uncracked
As1

To have the same A2=(As1*(n-

1))
material property b

of concrete across
the RC section the
reinforcement is
transformed in to A3=(As2*(n-

an equivalent
1))
As2 x
concrete area A1

using the modular h

ratio n=Es/Ec Fully-Cracked
As1

A2=(As1*n
)
b
Curvature: RC section 12

It is important:
• to study the ductility of members
• to understand the development of plastic hinge, and
• to account for the redistribution of elastic moments that occurs in
most reinforced concrete structures before collapse.
 Curvature: RC section 13
The curve M-K may be calculated for every given cross-section in reinforced concrete;
this is typically done by the calculation of some salient points:

A Typical M-K diagram for a RC section.

The curve M-K may be calculated for every given
cross-section in reinforced concrete; this is
typically done by the calculation of some salient
points: D
A. M and K just before the appearance of the C
flexural crack in the cross-section
B. M and K just after the appearance of the
flexural crack A B
C. M and K when steel start to yield
D. M and K when failure is reached (normally due
to the crushing of the compression concrete)
Basic Assumption and Consideration in
Establishing the M-K Relationship 14

Basic • Parabolic-rectangular stress block for concrete in compression

is assumed.
Assumptions • Tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
• Plane section remains plane before and after bending.
• Elasto-Plastic stress strain relationship is assumed for
reinforcement steel in tension.
• Steel is perfectly bonded with concrete.

Basic • Equilibrium of forces shall be maintained.

• Compatibility of Strains shall be maintained.
Considerations • Stress-Strain relationship has to be satisfied .
 Procedures in Establishing the
M-K Relationship 15
The general steps to be followed in computing the moment curvature
relationship of RC section are as follows.
1. Assume the strain of the outer most fiber of concrete.[εc]
2. Assume the N.A. depth. [x]
3. From the linear strain distribution across the section compute the strain
of the reinforcement bar in tension and the corresponding stress in it. [εs1
and σs1]
4. Compute the total compressive and tensile forces. [Cc and Ts]
5. Check equilibrium of forces.[Cc=Ts or Cc≠Ts]
6. Determine lever arm [z] and calculate the moment [M] and the
corresponding curvature [K].
Example 1.1 : For RC beam section with b/h=200/400mm, casted out of C20/25 concrete and
reinforced by s-400. determine the moment curvature relationship of the section?
a) 3φ14
b) 3φ24
[Use cover to longitudinal reinforcement bar 33mm]
16
Solution: a) 3φ14 The neutral axis depth of the uncracked section
Step1: Summarize the given parameters
A1  b  h  200x400  80000mm2
Material C20/25 fck=20MPa; fcd=11.33MPa;
fctm =2.2MPa; Ecm=30,000MPa A2  (n  1) As1  (6.67  1) 461.81 2618.46mm2
And considering the top fiber as a refrence axis
S-400 fyk=400MPa; fyd=347.83MPa; h3
Es=200,000MPa; εy=1.74‰ x1   200mm
2
x2  d  360mm
Modular ratio, n= E s/ E cm=6.67
Therefore:-
Geometry d=h-cover- φ/2=400-33-7=360mm
x  A x
(A1  x1)  (A2  x2 )
i i
  205.07mm
As1=3xπx(7mm)2=461.81mm2 i A (A1  A2
Step2: Compute the cracking moment and corresponding The second moment of the area
) of the uncracked section
curvature. [Mcr, Kcr]
 bh3   200  4003 
I. Uncracked section properties. I1      1066666666.67mm
4

 12   12 
I2  0

A1  b  h  200x400  80000mm2
A2  (n 1)  As1  (6.67  1) 461.81
2
2618.46mmh
y1  x   205.07  200 
5.07mm2
y2  d  x  360  205.07  154.93mm

Therefore :-
I  I  I  (A  y 2 )  (A  y 2 )
I 1 2 1 1 2 2

II  1066666666.67  0  (80000  5.072 )  (2618.46 154.932 )

II 
1131574752.42mm4
 Therefore
II. Cracked section properties
:- I  I  I  (A  y 2 )  (A  y 2 )
II 1 2 1 1 2 2

III  12569042  0  (18204.6  45.51152 )  (3080.27  268.9772 )

III  273129472.51mm4

17
III. Compute the cracking moment.

f I
Mcr ctmI
= yt
The neutral axis depth of the cracked section y t  h  x  400  205.07 
From equilibrium of forces carried by the concrete in the 194.93mm Therefore
compression zone and the tension force carried by the 2.2 1131574752.42
Mcr =
transformed concrete area in tension we have the following =12.77kNm194.93
expression.
1
b k dx   nA s1(d  kx d)
2
IV. Compute the curvature just before cracking.
2
Dividing the above expression by bd and denoting  = As1 /bd results in:
2

Mcr
x  cr =
kx   [n ]  [n ]2  2[n ] EI
c I
d
12770000Nmm
n  cr= =0.3767 10-6mm-1
6.67 461.81 N
30000 2 1131574752.42mm4
  0.006414 mm
360  200
x  0.258d  91.023mm
V. Compute the curvature just after cracking.
The second moment of the area of the cracked section
 bx3   200  91.0233 
I1    
4

 12   12 12569042.224mm Mcr
I2  0
 cr=
EI
c II

A1  b  x  200x91.023  18204.6mm2 12770000Nmm =1.558 10-6mm-1

 cr=
A2  n  As1  6.67  461.81 3080.27mm2 30000 N  273129472.51mm4
mm2
x
y1  x 2  45.5115mm
y2  d  x  360  91.023  268.977mm
 Step3: Compute the yielding moment and corresponding curvature. Step4: Compute the ultimate moment and corresponding
[My, Ky] curvature. [Mu, Ku]

18
Assuming 0< εcm <2‰ and from force equilibrium. Assuming a compression failure εcm =3.5‰, εy < εs <25‰ and from
Cc  Ts force equilibrium.
cfcd bd  As1fyd A 461.81 347.83
 c f s1 yd   0.197
fcd bd 11.33  200  360
As1fyd 461.81 347.83
c    0.197
fcd bd 11.33  200  360 From the strain profile
From the strain profile
3.5
 cm cm kx 
kx  3.5   s
  cm   y  cm  1.74
From the simplified equations discussed in chapter two of RC-1
From the simplified equations discussed in chapter two of RC-1
6  c  3 c  2
 c  cm  k  0.197
m  x
c  kx    0.197
 3cm
m
 12 
From the two equations above we can solve for cm  equations above we can solve for s to be 10.88 ... Assumption correct!
to be 1.208. Assumption correct! From the two
3.5
kx 
1.208
 0.410 kx   0.243
1.208  1.74 3.5  10.88
x  d  kx  360  0.410  147.6mm x  d  kx  360  0.243  87.48mm
 (3  4)  2
 8   cm  c  kx  cm cm   0.101
c  k x    0.145  2cm(3cm  2) 
 4(6   cm) 
z  d(c )  360(1 0.101)  323.64mm
z  d(c )  360(1 0.145)  307.8mm M u  As1fyd z  51.99kNm
M y  As1fyd z  49.442kNm

  cm  1.178 103   cm  3.5 10 3

 8.10 106 mm 1  40.11106 mm 1
Technology y
x 145.44mm
u
x 87.26mm
Step5: Plot the moment vs curvature diagram.

19
Example 1.1 : For RC beam section with b/h=200/400mm, casted out of C20/25 concrete and
reinforced by s-400. determine the moment curvature relationship of the section?
a) 3φ14
b) 3φ24
[Use cover to longitudinal reinforcement bar 33mm]
20
Solution: b) 3φ24 The neutral axis depth of the uncracked section
Step1: Summarize the given parameters
A1  b  h  200x400  80000mm2
Material C20/25 fck=20MPa; fcd=11.33MPa;
fctm=2.2MPa; Ecm=30,000MPa A2  (n  1) As1  (6.67  1)1356.48  7691.24mm2
And considering the top fiber as a refrence axis
S-400 fyk=400MPa; fyd=347.83MPa; h
x1  
Es=200,000MPa; εy=1.74‰ 2
200mm
x2  d 
Modular ratio, n= Es/ Ecm=6.67 355mm

x i i  1 1
Therefore:-Ax (A  x )  (A2  x2 )
Geometry d=h-cover- φ/2=400-33-12=355mm  213.6mm
As1=3xπx(12mm)2=1356.48mm2 A i (A1  A2 )
Step2: Compute the cracking moment and corresponding The second moment of the area of the uncracked section
curvature. [Mcr, Kcr]
 bh3   200  4003 
I. Uncracked section properties. I1      1066666666.67mm
4

 12   12 
I2  0
A1  b  h  200x400  80000mm2
A2  (n 1)  As1  (6.67  1)1356.48  7691.24mm2
h
y1  x   213.6  200  13.6mm
2
y2  d  x  355  213.67  141.33mm
Therefore :-
I  I  I  (A  y 2 )  (A  y 2 )
I 1 2 1 1 2 2

II  1066666666.67  0  (80000 13.62 )  (7691.24 141.332 )

II  1235089593.48mm4
II. Cracked section properties Therefore
:- I  I  I  (A  y 2 )  (A  y
2
)
IIIII  145342452.27
2 1 1
 0 2(27920
2
 69.82 )  (2618.46  215.42 )
III 
302858916.6mm4

21
III. Compute the cracking moment.

f I
Mcr ctmI
= yt
The neutral axis depth of the cracked section y t  h  x  400  213.6  186.4mm
From equilibrium of forces carried by the concrete in the Therefore
compression zone and the tension force carried by the 2.2 1235089593.48
Mcr = =14.58kNm
transformed concrete area in tension we have the following 186.4
expression.
1
b kx d   nA
2
s1 (d x k IV. Compute the curvature just before cracking.
2 d)
Dividing the above expression by bd2 and denoting  = A /bd results in:
s1

x Mcr
kx   [n ]  [n ]2  2[n  cr=
d EI
] c I
n 12770000Nmm
6.67 1356.48  cr= =0.34464 10 -6mm-1
N
  0.0191 30000 1235089593.48mm4

355  200 mm2

x  0.393d  139.60mm
V. Compute the curvature just after cracking.
The second moment of the area of the cracked section
 bx3   200 139.603 
I1      45342452.27mm
4
Mcr
 12   12   cr=
EI
c II
I2  0
14580000Nmm
A1  b  x  200x139.60  27920mm2  cr = =1.605 10 -6mm-1
N
30000  302858916.6mm4

A2  n  As1  6.67 1356.48  9047.72mm2 mm2

x
y1  x   69.8mm
2
y2  d  x  355  139.60  215.4mm
Step3: Compute the yielding moment and corresponding curvature. Step4: Compute the ultimate moment and corresponding
[My, Ky] curvature. [Mu, Ku]

22
Assuming 2‰< εcm <3.5‰ and from force equilibrium. Assuming a compression failure εcm =3.5‰, εs < εy and from force
Cc  Ts equilibrium.
cfcd bd  As1fyd Cc  Ts

As1 fyd 1356.48  347.83 cfcd bd  As1 s  As1(Es 

c    0.587 s ) A  1356.48  200000   s Where εs is in ‰
fcd bd 11.33  200  355 c  s1 s   0.33725 s
fcd bd 11.33  200  355
From the strain profile From the strain profile
 cm
k x  cm  kx 
3.5
cm  y cm  1.74 3.5   s
From the simplified equations discussed in chapter two of RC-1 From the simplified equations discussed in chapter two of RC-1
3cm  2 3  2
c  kx  c  kx  cm   0.33725 s
  0.587  3cm
 3cm 
From the two equations above we can solve for s to be 1.636 ... Assumption correct!
From the two equations above we can solve for  c to be 4.08
3.5
m kx   0.681 ... Indicates a brittle failure!
3.5  1.636
4.08‰>3.5‰, implies that the concrete in the compression zone
x  d  kx  355  0.681
has crushed even before the reinforcement in the tension zone has 241.755mm
yielded.  (3  4)  2
  k cm cm  0.283
Hence the section has reached its ultimate moment capacity, along c x  2cm(3cm  2) 
with the corresponding curvature, before the yielding of the z  d(c )  355(1 0.101) 
reinforcement. 254.43mm
Mu  As1(Es  s )z 
112.93kNm
 3.5 10 3
 u  cm   14.477 10 6 1
Technology x mm
Step5: Plot the moment vs curvature diagram.

23

Observation:
• Failure type vs moment curvature relationship
• Reinforcement in tension zone vs Ductility
• Ultimate capacity vs Ductility
Question:
• How would you improve the ductility of the section in (b)?
• How would you improve the moment capacity of the
section in (a) with out compromising its ductility?
 Rotation Capacity 24

• Introduction
• Rotational Capacity According EC-2
 Rotation Capacity: Introduction 25
• The designer adopting limit/plastic analysis in concrete must calculate the inelastic rotation capacity
it undergoes at plastic-hinge locations.
• This is critical in situation where moment redistribution is going to be implemented.

One way to calculate this rotation capacity

is making use of the moment-curvature
relationship established for a given section.

But this plastic rotation is not confined to

one cross section but is distributed over a
finite length referred to as the hinging
length. (lp)
The total inelastic rotation θpl can be found
by multiplying the average curvature by the
hinging length:
 M 
 pl  u  u
l
y
My  p

where :
l p  0.5d  0.05z
In which z is the distance from the point of
maximum moment to the nearest point of zero moment
 Rotation Capacity: According EC-2 26
• According to EC-2, verification of the plastic rotation in the ultimate limit state is considered to be
fulfilled, if it is shown that under the relevant action the calculated rotation, θpl,s, is less than or
equal to the allowable plastic rotation, θ pl,d

• In the simplified procedure, the allowable plastic rotation may be determined by multiplying the basic
value of allowable rotation by a correction factor kλ that depends on the shear slenderness.

The recommended basic value of allowable rotation, for steel Classes B and C (the use of Class A
steel is not recommended for plastic analysis) and concrete strength classes less than or equal to
C50/60 and C90/105 are given

The values apply for a shear slenderness λ = 3,0. For different values of shear slenderness θpl,d should
be multiplied by kλ
k  /3
where :
is the ratio of the distance between point of zero and maximum moment after redistribution and effective depth, d.
As a simplification may be calculated for the concordant design values of the bending moment and shear.
 M sd / (Vsd  d)
Rotation Capacity: According EC-2 27

March 25, 2016

 Continuous Beams 28
Analysis of Continuous beams
Design of Continuous beams
 Continuous Beams: Analysis 29
• Continuous beams and one-way slabs are indeterminate structures for which
variable/live load variation has to be considered. This is because permanent/dead
load is always there but variable might vary during the life time of these
structures.
How variable loads are arranged and over the continuous beam depend on two things
according to EC1990.
1. The design situation
a. Persistent or Transient
b. accidental
2. The relevant limit state
a. ultimate limit state of strength (STR
b. The limit states of equilibrium (EQU)
c. strength at ULS with geotechnical actions (STR/GEO)
Affects both variable
load arrangement
and load combination
values
 Continuous Beams: Analysis 30
LOAD ARRANGEMNT OF ACTIONS: IN RELATION TO INFLUENCE LINES

The largest moment in continuous beams or one-way slabs or frames occur when some spans are
loaded and the others are not. Influence lines are used to determine which spans should be
loaded and which spans should not be to find the maximum load effect.

The figure (a) shows influence line for moment at

B. The loading pattern that will give the largest
positive moment at consists of load on all spans
having positive influence ordinates. Such loading
is shown in figure (b) and is called alternate span
loading or checkerboard loading.

The maximum negative moment at C results

from loading all spans having negative influence
ordinate as shown in figure (d) and is referred
as an adjacent span loading.
Continuous Beams: Analysis 31
LOAD ARRANGEMNT OF ACTIONS: IN RELATION TO INFLUENCE LINES

Similarly, loading for maximum shear may be obtained

by loading spans with positive shear influence ordinate
as shown.

Affects both variable

load arrangement
and load combination
values
 Continuous Beams: Analysis 32
LOAD ARRANGEMNT OF ACTIONS: According Eurocode

In building structures, any of the following sets of simplified load arrangements may be used at
ULS and SLS.
• The more critical of: • Or the more critical of:
a) Alternative spans carrying γGGk+ γQQk a) Alternative spans carrying γGGk+ γQQk with
with other spans loaded with γGGk and other spans loaded with γGGk and
b) All spans carrying γGGk+ γQQk b) Any two adjacent spans carrying γGGk+ γQQk
Example 1.2 : Given the three span beam (shown below) subjected to the following loads:
Self-weight Gk1
Permanent imposed load Gk2
Service imposed load Qk1

33
Identify the load arrangement to come up with
a) bending moment verification at mid span of BC (STR)
b) verification of holding down against the uplift of bearings at end span A is as follows. (EQU)
Solution: [a]

Solution: [b]
 Continuous Beams: Design 34

SIMPLE!

After obtaining the maximum load effects of continuous beams, the design of
continuous beam sections is carried out in the same procedure as discussed in
reinforced concrete structures I course for no moment redistribution.

For cases with moment

redistribution, the procedures
will be presented and
illustrated in the subsequent
sections
Example 1.3 : A continues beam with b/h 250/450 is to be constructed out of C20/25 concrete and reinforced
with S400 reinforcement bar . The beam supports a factored permanenet load of 14.5 KN/m including its own
self-weight and a factored variable load of 29 KN/m. Take cover to stirrup to be 25 mm.
Design the beam
a) Without moment redistribution
b) With 20% moment redistribution
USE φ8 and φ20 bars as web and longitudinal reinforcement 35
Solution:
Step1: Summarize the given parameters
Material C20/25 fck=20MPa; fcd=11.33MPa; Case2: alternate span loading (max. span moment at AB and CD)
fctm=2.2MPa;
Em=30,000MPa
S-400 fyk=400MPa;
fyd=347.83MPa;
Es=200,000MPa; εy=1.74‰
Geometry d=h-cover- (φstiruup +φlongitiudinal/2)
=450-25-(8+10)=407mm
Load 1.35Gk=14.5 kN/m
1.50Qk=29.0 kN/m
Step2: Identify the cases for maximum action effect on
(span and support moments)
Case1: when the whole section is loaded Case3: alternate span loading (max. span moment at BC)
Case4: two adjacent spans loading (max. support moment at B or C)

36
𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.814

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = µ𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 = 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 4072 = 138.414 𝐾

𝑁𝑚
Moment envelop: (superimposing the above four cases for the 𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.814 ∗ 407 = 331.298 𝑚
respective maximum moment) 𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠 − 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 138.414 ∗ 106 (172.99 − 138.414) ∗ 10
𝐴𝑠1 = + = +
𝑍𝑓 𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑2) 347.8 ∗ 331.298 347.8 ∗ (407 − 43)
= 1474.28 𝑚𝑚
2

𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟓⌀𝟐𝟎
Check the number of bars that can be placed on the single
row.
Setting on 45 mm gap to insert a vibrator and making the
other gaps equal to 25 mm
Step3: Design the beam section according to the procedures
discussed in RC1 using the either the design chart or design table 20𝑛 + 45 + 25(𝑛 − 2) = 250 − 2 ∗ 25 − 2 ∗ 8

a) Support B and C (-ve moment) 20𝑛 + 45 + 25𝑛 − 50 = 184

Msd=172.99 kNm 𝑛 = 4.2

𝑀𝑠𝑑 172.99 ∗ 10 6
µ𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.369 > µ𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 Revise d
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 407 2
= 0.295 𝑫𝒐𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅
 Revise the effective depth for the reinforcement arrangement

𝑠𝑜 𝑑 = 450 − 61 = 389 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑 172.99 ∗ 106

µ𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.403 > µ𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295 𝑫𝒐𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 3892

𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.814
37
𝑀𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = µ𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 = 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 3892 = 126.48 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.814 ∗ 389 = 316.646 𝑚

𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑀𝑠𝑑 ,𝑠 − 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 126.48 ∗ 106 (172.99 − 126.442) ∗ 106
𝐴𝑠1 = + = + = 1534.84 𝑚𝑚2
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑2) 347.8 ∗ 316.646 347.8 ∗ (389 − 43)

𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟓⌀𝟐𝟎

Compression reinforcement design

Check if the reinforcement has yielded

𝑑2 43
= = 0.1 𝜀𝑠2 = 2.6‰ (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡)
𝑑 389

𝜀𝑠2 = 2.6‰ > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 347.826

Calculate the stress in the concrete at the level of

compression reinforcement to avoid double counting
of area.
𝜀𝑐𝑠2 = 2.6‰ ≥ 2‰ , Therefore, we take

𝜀𝑐 = 3.5‰ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑐𝑑 ,𝑠2 = 11.33 𝑚𝑝𝑎

1 (172.99 − 138.44) ∗ 106

𝐴 1 𝑀𝑠𝑑𝑠 −𝑀𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = ( = 399.48 𝑚𝑚2
𝑠2=
(𝜎𝑠2−𝜎𝑐𝑑 ,𝑠2)
( 𝑑−𝑑 2 ) (347.826 − 11.33) (389 − 43)

𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟐⌀𝟐𝟎
 b) Span AB and/or CD (+ve moment)
Msds=146.28 KNm

Since the design moment is not far in magnitude from the one
discussed in [a], its best if we assume two layers of reinforcement
with 5φ20 bars.
𝑠𝑜 𝑑 = 450 − 61 = 389 𝑚𝑚 38
𝑀𝑠𝑑 146.28 ∗ 106
µ𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.34128 > µ𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 3892

𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.814
Calculate the stress in the concrete at the
𝑀𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = µ𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 = 0.295 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 3892 = 126.442 𝐾 level of compression reinforcement to avoid
𝑁𝑚 double counting of area.
𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.814 ∗ 389 = 316.646 𝑚
𝑚
𝜀𝑐𝑠2 = 2.6‰ ≥ 2‰ , Therefore, we take
𝑀𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑀𝑠𝑑 ,𝑠 − 𝑀 𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 126.442 ∗ 106 (146.28 − 126.442) ∗ 106
𝐴𝑠1 = + = + = 1312.972𝑚𝑚2
𝑍𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓 𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑2) 347.8 ∗ 316.646 347.8 ∗ (389 − 43) 𝜀𝑐 = 3.5‰ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑐𝑑 ,𝑠2 = 11.33 𝑚𝑝𝑎

𝑢𝑠𝑒 5⌀20 𝐴 1 𝑀 −𝑀
𝑠2= ( 𝑠𝑑𝑠𝑑−𝑑 𝑠𝑑 ,𝑙𝑖𝑚 )
(𝜎𝑠2−𝜎𝑐𝑑 ,𝑠2) 2

1 (146.28 − 138.44) ∗ 106

= (
(347.826 − 11.33) (389 − 43)
Compression reinforcement design
Check if the reinforcement has yielded
= 170.07 𝑚𝑚2

𝑑2 43 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝟐⌀𝟐𝟎
= = 0.1 𝜀 = 2.6‰ (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡)
𝑠2
𝑑 389

𝜀𝑠2 = 2.6‰ > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 347.826

c) Span BC (+ ve moment)
Span BC is selected of all the three positive bending moments as its
higher in values.
𝑀𝑠𝑑=91.66 KN m

39
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠 91.66∗10 6
𝜇𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = =
𝑓𝑐 𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑 2 11.33∗250∗407 2

= 0.195 < 𝜇𝑠𝑑, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295

Singly reinforced section
Kz = 0.89 (read from chart)
d) Span BC (- ve moment)
1 𝑀𝑠𝑑, 𝑠
𝐴𝑠1 = ∗
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧 Msd=38.84 kNm
Use 2 φ 20, minimum reinforcements is proved to be sufficien
1 91.66 ∗ 10 6
𝐴𝑠1 = ∗
347.8 0.89 ∗ 407
𝐴𝑠1 = 727.5 𝑚𝑚2
Use 3φ20

Step4: Detailing
Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms 40
 Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms 41
Statically Determinate Beam Statically Indeterminate Beam
• Will fail if ONE plastic hinge develop. • Will require at least TWO plastic hinges to develop
e.g. The simply supported beam shown below will fail to fail.
, if P is increased until a plastic hinge is developed at e.g. The fixed-end beam shown below can’t fail unless
the point of maximum moment (just underneath P),. the three hinges in the figure develop.

e.g. The propped cantilever beam below is an

example of a structure that will fail after two plastic
hinges develop.
Therefore, Mechanism is defined
as the arrangement of plastic
hinges and perhaps real hinges
permit the collapse in a structure
Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms 42

From the discussion in the previous slide we can point out the following as an observation

• If the structure is statically indeterminate, it is still stable after the formation of a

plastic hinge, and for further loading, it behaves as a modified structure with a hinge
at the plastic hinge location (and one less degree of indeterminacy).
• It can continue to carry additional loading (with formation of additional plastic
hinges) until the limit state of collapse is reached on account of one of the following
reasons:
1. formation of sufficient number of plastic hinges, to convert the structure (or a
part of it) into a ‘mechanism’.
2. limitation in ductile behavior (i.e., curvature ϕ reaching the ultimate value
ϕmax, or, in other words a plastic hinge reaching its ultimate rotation capacity)
at any one plastic hinge location, resulting in local crushing of concrete at that
section.
For illustration let us see the behavior of an indeterminate beam shown below, It will be
assumed for simplicity that the beam is symmetrically reinforced, so that the negative bending
capacity is the same as the positive.
The beam still responds elastically
everywhere but at the left support. At that
point the actual fixed support can be
replaced for purpose of analysis with a
43
plastic hinge offering a known resisting
moment Mu, which makes the beam
statically determinate.

Let the load P be increased gradually until

the elastic moment at the fixed support,
3PL/16 is just equal to the plastic moment
capacity of the section, Mu. This load is
16𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑒𝑙 = = 5.33 The load can be increased further until the moment under
3𝐿 3𝐿 the load also becomes equal to Mu, at which load the second
hinge forms. The structure is converted into a mechanism,
At this load the positive moment under the and collapse occurs. 𝑀𝑢 𝑃𝐿
load is 5/32 PL, as shown 𝑀𝑢 + =
2 4

6𝑀𝑢
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑢 =
𝐿
The magnitude of the load causing collapse is easily
calculated from the geometry
It is evident that an increase of 12.5% is possible beyond the
load which caused the formation of the first plastic hinge,
before the beam will actually collapse.
Moment Redistribution 46
 Moment Redistribution 47
As seen in the previous section, the distribution of bending moments in a continuous
beam (or frame) gets modified significantly in the inelastic phase.

The term moment redistribution is generally used to refer to the transfer of moments to the
less stressed sections as sections of peak moments yield on their ultimate capacity being
reached (as witnessed in the example above).

From a design viewpoint, this behavior can be taken advantage of by attempting to effect a
redistributed bending moment diagram which achieves a reduction in the maximum moment
levels (and a corresponding increase in the lower moments at other locations).

Such an adjustment in the moment diagram often leads to the design of a more economical
structure with better balanced proportions, and less congestion of reinforcement at the
critical sections.
Example1.5: Design the beam for flexure that is shown below, with b/h = 200//400mm and carrying a
design load of 24kN/m including its own weight;
24kN/
a) Without moment redistribution
m
b) With 20% moment redistribution

A B
6m
USE C20/25, S-400 and φ8 and φ20 bars for stirrup and longitudinal reinforcement respectively.
Assume cover to stirrup to be 25mm
Step3: design the beam at the supports and mid span
Solution: [a] Carrying out the procedure for flexure design of
Step1: Summarize the given parameters rectangular RC section, we will have the following results
Material C20/25 fck=20MPa; fcd=11.33MPa; Moment Reinforcement provided
fctm=2.2MPa;
Em=30,000MPa 72kNm 3φ20
S-400 fyk=400MPa; (support)
fyd=347.83MPa; 36kNm 2φ20
Es=200,000MPa; εy=1.74‰ (mid span)
Geometry d=h-cover- (φstiruup +φlongitiudinal/2)
=400-25-(8+10)=357mm Step4: Detailing
Load 1.35Gk+1.50Qk=24.0 kN/m 2φ20

Step2: Compute the design action on the beam (Bending 1φ20 1φ20
moment)
72kNm 72kNm

2φ20
36kNm
Solution: [b] Design Moment before Design Moments after
Step1: Summarize the given parameters redistribution redistribution
Material C20/25 fck=20MPa; fcd=11.33MPa; 72kNm (support) 57.6kNm (support)
fctm=2.2MPa;
Em=30,000MPa
36kNm (mid span) 50.4kNm (mid span)
S-400 fyk=400MPa;
fyd=347.83MPa;
Es=200,000MPa; εy=1.74‰
Geometry d=h-cover- (φstiruup +φlongitiudinal/2) Step3: design the beam at the supports and mid span
=400-25-(8+10)=357mm Carrying out the procedure for flexure design of
1.35Gk+1.50Qk=24.0 kN/m rectangular RC section, we will have the following
Load
results.
But keep in mind the value μlim
for 20%moment
Moment redistribution up 20% is allowed.
redistribution which is 0.205
Step2: Select a critical section and carryout the moment Moment Reinforcement provided
redistribution 0.2  72kNm  14.4kNm 57.6kNm (support) 2φ20
72kNm 72kNm  14.4kNm  72kN
57.6kNm m 50.4kNm (mid span) 2φ20
57.6kN 57.6kN
m m
Step4: Detailing
2φ20
36kN
m

Mspan
24kN/m

57.6kN Mo  0
m Mspan
l   24l2 
Mspa  72    57.6   
n 2  2 
Mspan  50.4kNm 2φ20
50
Thank you for the kind attention! 51

Questions?