PIAT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL - 300481

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EARTHQUAKE DETECTION PROTOTYPE AS A PORTABLE

WARNING SYSTEM

A Research Presented to

the faculty of

Piat National High School - Senior High School Department

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Subject

Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion

By:

MARK DAVE GAMMAD

MITSHU AGUILAR

JASMINE NARCISO

CATHLEEN VISITACION

JOSHUA BRIX TEJA

REX GACULA

SY. 2024- 2025

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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ABSTRACT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages
Title Page
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A. Introduction …………... …………………………………………………. 5
B. Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………. 6
C. Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………. 7
D. Significance of the Study ………………………………………………… 8
E. Scope and Delimitation….…………………...…………………………….. 8
F. Definition of Terms ……..………………………………………………… 9
Chapter II. Review Of Related Literature and Studies
Review Of Related Literature and Studies…………………………………… 10
Chapter III. Methodology
A. Research Design ……………………………………………………… 17
B. Research Environment ……………………………………………….. 17
C. Procedure ……………………………………………………………... 17
D. Block Diagram ……………………………………………………….. 18
E. Acceptability Test ……………………………………………………. 19
F. Data Analysis …...…………………………….……………………. .. 19
CHAPTER IV. Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation
A. Presentation of Data (tabular, Graphical, Textual) ……….…………………. 20
B. Analysis of Data ...………………….…………………………………………21
C. Interpretation of Data …………………………………………………….……22
CHAPTER V. Generalization
CHAPTER VI. Recommendation
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CHAPTER 1
Background of the Study
Introduction

Earthquakes are natural disasters that can cause

significant damage to infrastructure and pose a threat to
human life. Early warning systems play a crucial role in
mitigating the impact of earthquakes by providing timely
alerts to individuals in affected areas. As a result,
developing effective earthquake warning systems becomes a
crucial area of research and innovation. In recent years, the
potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing
earthquake alarm systems has gained considerable attention
(Front. Earth Sci., 2021).

The Philippines, located along the Pacific Ring of Fire,

is one of the most seismically active countries in the world.
Its geographic location makes it highly prone to earthquakes,
with tectonic movements threatening communities,
infrastructure, and public safety. This reality demands
heightened disaster preparedness, particularly in settings
where vulnerability is high, such as schools. Educational
institutions serve as hubs for learning and development but
are also places where large numbers of students and educators
converge, making them critical focal points for disaster risk
reduction measures.

On January 9, 2025, an earthquake struck the municipality

of Pagudpud in Ilocos Norte, reminding the nation of the ever-
present risks associated with seismic activity. While the
event caused alarm, it also highlighted the pressing need for
improved earthquake preparedness and early warning mechanisms
across the country. The unpredictable nature of earthquakes
makes real-time detection and warning systems an essential
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tool in reducing potential casualties and damages. Without

such systems, the window for preventive action is minimal,
leaving communities and institutions unprepared for the
potentially devastating impacts.

Schools, in particular, face unique challenges when

responding to earthquakes. In densely populated classrooms and
campus environments, panic can quickly ensue during seismic
events, increasing the likelihood of injuries. In provinces
like Cagayan, where resources for disaster preparedness may be
limited, the absence of a reliable early warning system
exacerbates the risks faced by students and faculty members.

In light of these concerns, this study introduces the

Earthquake Detection Prototype as a Portable Warning System.
This prototype is designed to provide timely alerts, allowing
individuals and institutions to take necessary precautions
before the full force of an earthquake is felt. By focusing on
efficiency, the system is tailored for use in schools, where
mobility and adaptability are crucial. Unlike traditional
earthquake monitoring systems, which are often centralized and
immobile, this prototype aims to be an accessible tool that
can be deployed in classrooms and other school facilities.

Ultimately, the goal of this study is to contribute to

reducing the risks posed by earthquakes, particularly in
educational settings, by offering a practical, scalable, and
effective solution. By equipping schools with this early
warning system, the study hopes to protect lives, minimize
panic, and enhance the overall safety of students and staff in
the face of seismic threats.

Statement of the Problem

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The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of

an Earthquake detection prototype as a portable warning
system.

It aims to answer and determine the following questions:

1. Is there a possibility of developing a portable

earthquake warning system?
2. What is the efficiency of the earthquake alarm system in
terms of:
2.1 Accuracy
2.2 Cost-Effectiveness
3. What is the level of acceptability of the Project
portable earthquake warning system to the respondents?

Hypothesis

1. Ho: There is no possibility to develop a portable

earthquake warning system.
2. Ho: The portable earthquake warning system is not
efficient in terms of its accuracy and cost-
effectiveness.
3. Ho: There is no level of acceptability of the project
portable earthquake warning system to the respondents.

Conceptual framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

a) Collection of
a) Arduino UNO
materials
b) ADXL335 Analog
b) Resembling the
Accelerometer
gathered materials
c) Arduino uno r3
c) Programming
Acrylic Case Earthquake detection
d) Testing
d) 16X2 LCD
revision/Testing prototype as a portable
Arduino display
the constructed warning system
e) Male and Female
Earthquake Alarm
solderless wires
System
f) Solderless PCB
e) Evaluation
breadboard
f) Data analysis
g) Piezo buzzer 4khz
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Research paradigm

Figure 1. shows the conceptual framework for the potential of

the project alarm system for safety and preparedness during
earthquake events. The input shows the materials needed for
the prototype, and the process shows the development of the
Project Alarm System. The output will be the Earthquake
detection prototype as a portable warning system.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study Earthquake detection prototype as a

portable warning system lie in its potential to improve
warning systems and enhance public safety during earthquakes.

Schools; Schools play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of

students and staff during earthquake events. The system can
help facilitate the orderly evacuation of students and staff,
preventing injuries and potential casualties.

Communities; Communities residing in earthquake-prone regions

stand to benefit significantly from an Earthquake Alarm
System. The system can alert residents, businesses, and
emergency responders, enabling them to evacuate buildings,
secure critical infrastructure, and initiate emergency
response protocols.

Government; The findings of this study can also assist the

Philippine government in limiting damage in the event of a
calamity. It will help the Philippine rescue crew stay alert
and prepared in the event of an Earthquake.
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Researchers; Researchers can enhance scientific understanding

and potentially influence the development of future earthquake
alarm systems.

Future Researchers; The study on Earthquake Alarm holds

significant importance for future researchers. It paves the
way for technological advancements by exploring the
implementation of earthquake alarms.

Scope and delimitation

In this study, the security of the students is considered

and an Earthquake warning system is proposed. The system uses
an accelerometer sensor that detects an object's orientation
including tap, shakes, tilt, and positioning for accuracy and
reliability. This study focuses on developing the Earthquake
detection warning system prototype to be programmed using
Arduino Uno. The purpose of this research is to determine if
the Alarm System is effective while the earthquake events are
occurring.

Definition of terms
Arduino Uno – is one of the most popular and widely used
boards in the Arduino family due to its simplicity and
ease of use.

ADXL335 Analog Accelerometer - The ADXL335 is a popular

3-axis Analog accelerometer used in a variety of
applications that require motion sensing and detection.

Earthquake sensor – an instrument that is designed to

detect and record earthquakes or other earthquakes
related to the ground.

Earthquake detection – the term that has been accurately

defined in this study as the act of finding and tracing
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earthquakes through the help of seismographic networks

and other monitoring methods.

Portable- able to be easily carried or moved, especially

because being of a lighter and smaller version than
usual.

Sensor – it is used to produce an output signal to sense

various phenomena such as earthquakes and fire.

CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

Researchers developed an Automated Earthquake Detector

Alarm with a Digital Clock, LED, and LCD Recorded Time Display
that is powered by Arduino Uno and performs automated
functions with the use of the repeated looping of acceleration
checks by the Arduino microcontroller due to the loop ()
function of the inputted code of the Arduino IDE. Each
component has its specific functions; the Buzzer can produce
sound that serves as an alarm. As a result, it was proven that
the device is effective for alarming people when an earthquake
has been detected. The 4-digit seven segment is used to show
the time in Philippine Standard Time with the help of the RTC
module, where it is proven that there is no significant
difference in the developed device. This study introduced a
safer experience with earthquakes by preparing ahead of time
to prevent uncertainty and evacuating the room early to avoid
potential earthquake causes. (Estoesta et al., 2024)

Earthquakes are natural events caused by seismic waves,

making early warning systems crucial. An accelerometer sensor
and Arduino Nano controller, along with a Blynk application,
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send vibration signals to the accelerometer, which displays

earthquake values on an LCD screen. The system also sends
information to the Blynk application for notifications.

(Gunoro et al., 2023)

Christine Joy G. et al., 2023 stated that the presence of

motion detectors and seismometers for detecting seismic waves
and mitigating earthquake hazards using Arduino Uno (MDASH-
UNO) has significant effectiveness for detecting motion and
mitigating earthquake hazards. The researchers conclude that
the MDASH-UNO device effectively attaches the motion detector
and alarm to help mitigate earthquake hazards and detect
motions in terms of setting the parameters in signal plot
points, Drive limit, and Compression rate Bandwidth. The
sensor can also detect motion detected by the buzzer by sound
emission which could help mitigate further earthquake hazards
by alerting people about the motion detected by the sensor.

Due to the strong vibration, earthquakes are often

accompanied by fire and the leakage of toxic gases, causing
loss of life and property. When an earthquake is detected, the
system immediately notifies everyone to evacuate. In the
developed system, capacitive three-axis accelerators are used
as vibration measurement sensors to issue warnings in the
early stage of an earthquake. (Chen et al., 2023)

The need for an earthquake early-warning system (EEWS) is

unavoidable to save lives. In terms of managing earthquake
disasters and achieving effective risk mitigation, the quick
identification of the earthquake’s intensity is a valuable
factor. In light of this, the on-site intensity measurement
can be transmitted over an Internet of Things (IoT) network.
(Abdalzaher et al., 2023)
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The prototype of an Arduino microcontroller-based low-

cost seismograph is seen as progressive in the work of the
authors in the matter of earthquake detection technologies.
That’s the motive for researching to make such a seismograph
cheap yet efficient to record impressive seismic events. By
being designed with Arduino as a microcontroller, it allows
itself to capture sufficiently accurate seismic data by
triggering ground vibrations. The authors have even
demonstrated that this easy at low cost could be deployed in
different learning and research environments to provide an
alternative to expensive seismic monitoring facilities.
(Mohammed Qasim et al.,2023)

An Arduino Uno earthquake detector system was created to

improve preparedness for disasters and reduce possible risks.
To identify even minute tremors the participant used a
sensitive vibration sensor that was integrated with an Arduino
microcontroller. This accessible and affordable option is
especially helpful to places that often experience earthquake
damage. As to reducing property damage and injuries, the study
shows how adaptable Arduino Uno is for creating effective
early warning systems and raises the possibility of including
it in larger disaster management frameworks. (Akshay Kumar et
al.,2023)

Since earthquakes occur within an undetermined period, we

need a device to detect earthquake vibrations as early as
possible within a few seconds and announce real-time warning
information on the website. Earthquake-detecting devices are
useful in reducing their negative impacts, for instance,
fatalities and material losses. The development of this system
is to provide faster and more accurate information, and we can
access the information on the internet network with broad
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coverage. The system can send the information within 5 seconds

to the user. (Edidas & Putra, 2022)

The review of 59 articles found that low-cost MEMS-based

EEWSs can become a feasible solution for generating reliable
and accurate EEW, especially for developing countries, and can
serve as a support system for high-end EEWS in terms of
increasing the density of the sensors.” (Chandrakumar et al.,
2022)

Earthquake early warning system (EEWS) plays an important

role in detecting ground shaking during an earthquake and
alerting the public and authorities to take appropriate safety
measures, reducing possible damages to lives and
property.” (Chandrakumar et al., 2022)

Geophysical research has been working harder over the

past few decades to try to answer the following basic
questions: 1) What physical processes occur in the Earth's
crust that are relevant for an earthquake to nucleate? 2) How
can we observe, describe, and model? Earthquake forecasting is
a difficult scientific task because of the inherent complexity
of the problem as well as the limited size and varying
accuracy of available observations (Martinelli et al., 2021).

Internet of Things (IoT) devices equipped with

accelerometers and CPUs can record and detect earthquake
signals in real time and send out alert messages to nearby
users. However, the signals recorded on IoT devices are noisy
because of two main factors: the urban buildings and
structures these devices are installed in and their cost-
quality trade-off. (S. Kim et al., 2021)
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Jayron et al., (2020) created an earthquake detection

unit system with an Arduino Mega and an ADXL335 accelerometer.
When the Arduino mega earthquake detector detected ground
motion of a certain intensity level, the system activated an
alarm that generated a sound. A solar panel system was
installed to power the specified system. A solar-powered
earthquake detector with an automatic alert system helped
boost awareness when earthquakes occurred, resulting in less
physical harm to persons and accidents. The system employed an
LCD to display messages about the ADXL335 accelerometer’s
current status and data.

Since earthquake early warning (EEW) systems provide

real-time information about ongoing earthquakes, people,
communities, governments, businesses, and others located at a
distance can take prompt action to reduce the probability of
harm or loss before the earthquake-induced ground shaking
reaches them. EEW is a relatively new strategy for reducing
disaster risk and increasing resilience to seismic hazards in
urban settings (Cremen & Galasso, 2020).

To utilize the low-cost MEMS sensors for earthquake early

warning (EEW), it is crucial to construct a high-density
seismic network of the sensors along with a server system to
process a large volume of acceleration data transmitted from
the sensors.” (Kwon et al., 2020)

Huang (2018) examined the impact of deep learning

algorithms on the classification of earthquake precursors for
the extraction of seismic patterns and unique features from
big data.

The 2018 M7.1 Anchorage Earthquake severely damaged over

120 schools in the anchorage and Matanuska-Susitna School
Districts, primarily due to non-structural damage, students
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remained safe, demonstrating the value of seismic safety

programs in addressing school risks.

To predict peak ground motion quickly and precisely with

limited station wave records, we propose a real-time numerical
shake prediction and updating method. Our method first
predicts the ground motion based on the ground motion
prediction equation after P waves detection of several
stations denoted as the initial prediction. Radiative transfer
theory and Monte Carlo simulation are used for modeling wave
propagation in 2-D space, and the peak ground motion is
calculated as quickly as possible. 2008 M S8.0 Wenchuan
earthquake is studied as an example to show the validity of
the proposed method. (Wang et al., 2017)

The 2016 World Risk Index listed the country 3 rd among the
countries most susceptible to natural hazards. World Bank,
2005 also considered the 4th “most at-risk country in terms of
climate-related natural disasters,” including typhoons, rise
in sea water levels, floods, and especially earthquakes.

Many of the present earthquake early warning (EEW) systems

quickly determine an event's hypocenter and magnitude and then
predict the strengths of ground motions. To address these
issues, we propose a new concept for EEW, in which the
distribution of the present wavefield is estimated precisely
in real-time (real‐time shake mapping) by applying a data
assimilation technique, and then the future wavefield is
predicted time evolutionally by simulation of seismic‐wave
propagation. We call this method, in which physical processes
are simulated from the precisely estimated present condition,
numerical shake prediction because of its analogy to numerical
weather prediction in meteorology. By applying the proposed
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method to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and the 2004 Mid‐Niigata

Prefecture earthquake (M w 6.7), we show that numerical shake
prediction can precisely and rapidly predict ground motion in
real-time.” (Hoshiba & Aoki, 2015)

CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the procedures carried out for the
experimentation as well as the collection of data and
statistical treatments that will be used in the study.

Research Design

The study will use a pre-experimental research design to

determine the functionality and reliability of the system
(prototype). It will also determine the capability of the
system to detect Earthquake events. The prototype will use
time detection and response to test the system.

Research Environment

This study will be conducted at Piat, National High

School – Senior High School Department, Science Laboratory.

Research Materials/Equipment

1. Arduino UNO
2. ADXL335 Analog Accelerometer
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3. Arduino uno r3 Acrylic Case

4. 16X2 LCD Arduino display
5. Male and Female solderless wires
6. Solderless PCB breadboard
7. Piezo buzzer 4khz
8. LED lights
9. USB Cable

Procedural Chart

It is important to set up the system properly. Ensuring

that all the components are installed properly. This is based
on seismic sensors. Once the initial setup is complete, it is
time to perform the testing revision. After the testing
revision, it is crucial to review the results and identify any
areas that require improvements. If the system did not perform
optimally during the initial detection, mechanisms. It may
also be necessary to consult with experts or the manufacturer
for guidance on optimizing its performance.
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Block Diagram
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Figure 2. Block Diagram

Figure 2. shows the connection of parts to program the system

and incorporates several key components for effective hazard
detection and alerting. The Arduino UNO board serves as the
central hub, receiving input from the ADXL335 accelerometer,
which connects via analog and digital pins. When this sensor
detects hazards, the Arduino activates the LED and Buzzer,
both connected to its digital output pins, to provide visual
and audible alerts. Lastly, the 16x2 LCD provides real-time
information about the system status and detected hazards.
Together, this component creates an integrated safety system
that effectively monitors and alerts users to earthquake and
fire events.

Procedures

Researchers will use Arduino Uno to program the sensors

to detect an earthquake. This Arduino is an open project
written and debugged.

Phase 1: Process Flow in Programming the Device

Programming the device requires a five-step process. The

first step was to build the code, which laid out the rules for
the Project Alarm System. The second step was to encode the
sketch. The third step was to check the sketch errors. The
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fourth step was to upload the program to a Microcontroller.

The fifth step was to test the portable earthquake detector
warning system (prototype).

The researchers will provide the steps in chronological

order using the first figure below so that the readers can
better grasp the procedures mentioned.

Encode the Check Sketch

Build the code
Sketch for errors

Upload sketch into

Testing the
the
Device
Microcontroller

Phase 2: Data Gathering Procedure (System Testing)

Feature 1: Earthquake Detection

The system detects seismic activity and triggers the sensor to

create a sound produced by the buzzer. Simulate an earthquake
by shaking the table to create seismic events. Measure the
response time from detection to alarm activation. Record any
false alarms during testing.

Acceptability Test

The researchers will survey 25 respondents using the

Hedonic Scale to evaluate user satisfaction with the
alarm system’s usability.

Data Analysis
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The researcher will use descriptive statistics by

getting the mean of the response time in the
different components of the device in the three
trials. Each meantime will be compared to the
standard response time of the alarm system in
earthquake and fire. The acceptability of the ALARM
SYSTEM will be determined using a survey and
interpreted using Hedonic Scale.

SCALE RANGE OF SCORES LEVEL OF ACCEPTABILITY

1 4.50-5.00 HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE (HA)

2 3.50-4.49 MODERATELY HIGH ACCEPTABLE (MHA)

3 2.50-3.49 ACCEPTABLE (A)

4 1.50-2.49 LIGHTLY ACCEPTABLE (LA)

5 1.00-1.49 NOT ACCEPTABLE (NA)

CHAPTER 4
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Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation

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CHAPTER 5

Generalization
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CHAPTER 6

Recommendations
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REFERENCES
Hoshiba, M., & Aoki, S. (2015). Numerical shake prediction for
earthquake early warning: data assimilation, Real‐Time
shake mapping, and simulation of wave propagation.
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105(3),
1324–1338. [Link]
Martinelli, G., Peresan, A., & Li, Y. (2021). Editorial:
Achievements and New Frontiers in Research-oriented to
Earthquake Forecasting. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9.
[Link]
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Wang, T., Jin, X., Wei, Y., & Huang, Y. (2017). Real-time
numerical shake prediction and updating for earthquake
early warning. Earthquake Science, 30(5–6), 251–267.
[Link]
Chen, F., Shieh, H., & Tu, J. (2023). Development of
Earthquake Detection and Warning System Based on Sensors.
Sensors and Materials, 35(4), 1211.
[Link]
Abdalzaher, M. S., Soliman, M. S., & El-Hady, S. M. (2023).
Seismic intensity estimation for earthquake early warning
using optimized machine learning model. IEEE Transactions
on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 61,11.
[Link]
Estoesta, J. R., Santos, M. a. G., Prado, S. K. P., Haley, A.
I. P., Abeleda, J. C. M., Labrador, B. K. P., & Limos-
Galay, J. A. (2024). Automated Arduino Uno earthquake
detector alarm with digital clock, LED, and LCD recorded
time display. International Journal of Research Studies
in Educational Technology, 8(3).
[Link]
Edidas, E., & Putra, R. R. (2022). Designing and building
earthquake warning system with Arduino and web-based
SES60 SLP sensor. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and
Informatics, 11(1), 581–
588. [Link]
Mohammed Qasim Ahmed, Hussein Awfi Abdulzhara, Ali NAwfal
Abdelbagi(2023). Using Arduino Uno 3 and MPU92/65 Sensors
to develop a strong motion seismometer.
[Link]
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Akshay Kumar Singh, Amresh Yadav, Ranajit yadav, & Karunakar
Singh. (2023). EARTHQUAKE DETECTOR USING ARDUINO ALARM
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SYSTEM. International Journal Of Advance Research And

Innovative Ideas In Education, 9(3), 544-550.
Kwon, Y., Ahn, J., Lee, J., & Lee, C. (2020). Earthquake
early-warning using Low-Cost MEMS sensors. IGARSS 2022 -
2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium, 6635–
6637. [Link]
Chandrakumar, C., Prasanna, R., Stephens, M., & Tan, M. L.
(2022). Earthquake early warning systems based on low-
cost ground motion sensors: A systematic literature
review. Frontiers in
Sensors, 3. [Link]
Communication and risk reduction behaviors of residents in
selected disaster-prone communities.
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Cremen, G., & Galasso, C. (2020). Earthquake early-warning:
Recent advances and perspectives. Earth-Science Reviews,
205, 103184.
[Link]
Pales, C.J.G.,Llaneta,R.R.D.,Martinez, G.E., De Juan,M.M.,
Dolores,D.c., & Torres,D.J.M. (2023). Seismograph Motion
Detector Alarm for Detecting Seismic Waves and Mitigating
Earthquake Hazards Using Arduino Uno (MDASH-UNO).
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M. Jayron G., Galang J. Ar F., Felia M. J. T., Fajutnao
C.L.C.C. Felia, And P.G.F. Jr: Int. J. Inf. Technol.
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Mapping Study Huang, L; Xiang, L.-Y. et. Al.
[Link]
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Gunoro, N., Suprapto, N., Iriani, J., Sundawa, B. V.,

Abdullah, N., & Cholish, N. (2023). Design of earthquake
warning alarm using an accelerometer sensor based on the
Internet of Things. International Journal of Research in
Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS), 3(1), 32–35.
[Link]

Rodgers, J.,Hassan,W., Motter, C., & Thornley, J.,(2021).

Impacts of the 2018 M7.1 Anchorage earthquake on schools.
Earthquake Spectra, 37(3), 1849-1874.
[Link]
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APPENDICES
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PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Research Questions

Significance of the study

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Scope and delimitation

Definition of terms

Research design

Procedures