Eske Willerslev

Eske Willerslev (born 5 June 1971) is a Danish

evolutionary geneticist notable for his pioneering work Eske Willerslev
in molecular anthropology, palaeontology, and ecology.
He currently holds the Prince Philip Professorship in
Ecology and Evolution at University of
Cambridge, [1][2] UK and the Lundbeck Foundation
Professorship in Evolution at Copenhagen University,
Denmark. He is director of the Centre of Excellence in
GeoGenetics, a research associate at the Wellcome
Trust Sanger Institute, and a professorial fellow at St Eske Willerslev in the laboratory
John's College, Cambridge.[3] Willerslev is a foreign Born 5 June 1971
associate of the National Academy of Sciences (US) Gentofte, Denmark
and holds the Order of the Dannebrog issued by her Nationality Danish
Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark in
Alma mater University of Copenhagen (MSc,
2017.[4][5][6][7]
DSc)
Awards Haldane Lecture (2017)
Early life and education EliteForsk Prize (2011)
Order of the Dannebrog (2017)
Willerslev was born in Gentofte north of Copenhagen Scientific career
as the son of the historian Richard Willerslev and Fields Evolution[1]
teacher Lona Loell Willerslev, and as identical twin
Genomics[1]
brother of the anthropologist Rane Willerslev. He
attended Ordrup Gymnasium. Population genetics[1]
Ancient DNA[1]
Before becoming a scientist Willerslev led several Environmental DNA[1]
expeditions in Siberia in the early 1990s with his twin
Institutions University of Copenhagen
brother, collecting ethnographic materials and
University of Cambridge
megafauna skeleton remains that are stored at
University of Oxford
Moesgaard Museum in Denmark (the largest Siberian
University of California, Berkeley
ethnographical collection in Denmark). Willerslev also
lived as a fur trapper in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Thesis Recovery and analysis of ancient
from 1993 to 1994.[8][9] Willerslev handed in his PhD DNA from ice, sediments, and
thesis as a doctoral thesis and obtained his Doctor of fossil remains ([Link]
Science (DSc) degree from Copenhagen University in [Link]/search/?pure=en/publication
2004.[10] s/recovery-and-analysis-of-ancien
t-dna-from-ice-sediments-and-fos
sil-remains(8edb3320-74be-11db-

Career bee9-02004c4f4f50)/[Link]
l) (2004)
He moved to the University of Oxford as an Website [Link]/directory
independent Wellcome Trust Fellow, and became full /professor-eske-willerslev (https://
professor at Copenhagen University at the age of 33. In [Link]/directory/prof
2014, he became an adopted member of the Crow essor-eske-willerslev)
Tribe in Montana (Apsaalooke), where he carries the
name ChiitdeeXia’ssee (Well Known Scout).[11] In 2015 Willerslev took up the Prince Philip Chair in
Ecology and Evolution at the Department of Zoology at University of Cambridge. Willerslev is a Foreign
Associate Member of The National Academy of Sciences (USA),[12] elected member of the Royal Danish
Academy of Sciences and Letters,[13] and an Honorary Doctor at both University of Oslo and University
of Tartu, Estonia. He also holds the Order of the Dannebrog (issued by her Majesty Queen Margrethe II
of Denmark).[14] He has been a visiting professor at Oxford University, UK, and a Visiting Miller
Professor at UC Berkeley.

He has received several awards including the Antiquity Prize for the best paper in the journal Antiquity in
2009, the Danish Independent Research Council's Major EliteForsk Prize,[15] the Rosenkjær Award[16]
and the Genius Award (Geniusprisen) of Danish Science journalists for "an impressive array of research
successes in the public eye, combined with a unique tour-de-force through university".[17][18]

In 2023 he was awarded the Balzan Prize.[19]

Research

Environmental DNA
During his MSc project Willerslev and colleagues were the first to obtain ancient DNA directly from ice
cores.[20] Later, Willerslev and his team expanded on this approach and was the first to show that DNA
from plants, mammals and birds can be obtained directly from environmental samples (environmental
DNA) ancient as well as modern.[21] He later showed that environmental DNA can also be obtained from
a variety of settings including basal ice and revealed a forested Greenland some 400,000 years ago,
questioning if southern Greenland was ice free during the last interglacial.[22][23] His team has also used
environmental DNA to reveal forested refugia in Scandinavia during the last interglacial,[24] and that
forbs rather than grasses were dominating the steppe environments of the northern hemisphere during the
Pleistocene and were an important food source for the megafauna.[25]

Using environmental DNA, Willerslev and collaborators estimated that woolly mammoth in mainland
Alaska survived more than 3,500 years earlier than previously thought, thereby dismissing the Blitzkrieg
and Impact hypotheses for megafauna extinction.[26] They also clarified the importance of climate change
as a driver of megafauna population dynamics,[27] and the decline of protein rich forbs during the
Pleistocene extinctions.[25]

In 2017 Willerslev's team was the first to apply a metagenomic approach to environmental DNA,
reconstructing the biological succession of North America's interior Ice-Free Corridor.[28] Environmental
DNA analyses showed the Ice-Free Corridor's transition from being a steppe environment with mammoth
and bison, to an open populous-dominated forest inhabited by elk, and ending as the conifer forest with
species like moose we see today. They also claim the interior Ice-Free Corridor is not the first route for
early Americans moving south to lower North America from Alaska, given that it first became viable for
human occupation at 12.6 thousand years ago, i.e., after Clovis and pre-Clovis occupation was seen in the
lower 48 states.

Willerslev and his team obtained and identified two-million-year-old environmental DNA sequences from
the Kap København Formation in Greenland that indicated that the region once had a forested ecosystem
with a wide variety of animal life. They published their results in December 2022.[29][30]

Ice Age megafaunal extinctions

Willerslev lead the team that published in 2011 a large-scale genetic study on the population dynamics of
six Late Pleistocene megafaunal species across the northern hemisphere: woolly mammoth, woolly
rhinoceros, horse, reindeer, muskox, and reindeer, coupling their genetic data with climate niche
modelling and the archaeological record.[27] They found that climate has been a major driver of
population change over the past 50 thousand years. However, each species responded differently to the
effects of climatic change and human contact. Climate change can explain the extinction the Eurasian
musk ox and woolly rhinoceros, while it is more likely that a combination of climate and humans was
responsible for the extinction of Eurasian steppe bison and wild horse. The causes behind the extinction
of the woolly mammoth were ambiguous.[31] They did not find any genetic signature or any distinctive
range dynamics distinguishing extinct (woolly mammoth and rhino) from surviving species (horse, musk
ox, and reindeer), revealing the challenges associated with predicting future responses of extant mammals
to climate and human-derived change to their habitats.

First whole-genome sequencing of an ancient human

In 2010, a team led by Willerslev sequenced the genome of a 4,000-year-old man from the Saqqaq culture
of Greenland from his hair. This was the first whole-genome sequencing of an ancient human. The DNA
obtained from the hair was fragmented into an average size of 55 base pairs.[32][33] They revealed that the
Saqqaq peoples represent a migration from Siberia to the Americas that is separate from that of Native
American and Inuit ancestors. In 2014 his team showed that all paleoeskimos in the New World
representing several distinct cultures all belonged to the same population as the Saqqaq man and that they
lived in genetic isolation from Native Americans for almost 5,000 years before they died out some 700
years ago.[34] This was the first genetic evidence for cultural change happening in isolation through the
spread of ideas within a population rather than through meetings between different groups of peoples as
seen e.g. during the European Neolithisation.

Early peopling of the Americas

In 2008 Willerslev led the DNA study on coprolites from the Paisley Caves in Oregon showing human
presence in North America more than 14,000 years ago and some 1000 years prior to Clovis.[35]

In 2013 his team discovered a genetic link between western Eurasians and Native Americans by
sequencing the genome of the 24,000-year-old Mal´ta boy from central Siberia, showing that all
contemporary Native Americans carry approximately 1/3 of their genome from the Mal’ta population.[36]

In 2014 his team sequenced the Clovis-age genome from the 12,600-year-old Anzick boy from Montana
and found it to be ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans thereby rejecting the Solutrean
theory for early peopling of the Americas.[37] The skeleton of the boy was later reburied through the
support of Willerslev, and this event facilitated his adoption into the Crow tribe.[38]

In 2015 Willerslev's team sequenced the genome of the Kennewick Man, a ca. 8,500 year old skeleton
whose origin have been heavily debated. The DNA analyses showed Kennewick to be more closely
related to Native Americans than to any other contemporary groups and rejecting claims of Kennewick
Man being closely related to Japanese Ainu or Europeans.[39]

It has been discussed how the first people migrated into the Americas from Siberia. Two theories
dominated: 1) People migrated through an ice-free corridor between the ice masses which around the end
of the last ice age covered large areas of North America. 2) People migrated along the Pacific coast. In a
paper in the scientific journal Nature in 2016 Willerslev and co-authors showed that this ice-free corridor
could not sustain humans until much later thereby making it most likely that the early Americans
migrated along the Pacific coast.[40]

In 2018, the Willerslev team found a new group of peoples in the Americas that they termed “Ancient
Beringians” – the earliest group of Native Americans to have diversified.[41] This was done through
sequencing the genome of an 11.5-thousand-year-old skeleton from Upward Sun River (USR) in Alaska.
From this genome they could infer that:

1. the initial split between East Asians and Native Americans happened around 36 thousand
years ago, with gene flow persisting until around 25 thousand years ago, likely when this
group entered the Americas from Siberia. # Gene flow from the Maltá-like ancestor in
Siberia into all Native Americans[36] took place 25–20 thousand years ago, i.e., just around
the time of entrance into the Americas.
2. That Ancient Beringians diversified from other Native Americans some 22–18.1 thousand
years ago and are thus basal to the northern and southern Native American branches that
diversified around 17.5–14.6-11.5 thousand years and to which all other Native Americans
belong.
3. That after 11.5 thousand years, some of the northern Native American populations received
gene flow from a Siberian population more closely related to Koryaks than to Palaeo-
Eskimos, Inuit, or Kets as has previously been suggested.
4. That Native American gene flow into Inuit was through northern and not southern Native
American groups as previously argued by the Reich group.
Their findings finally suggest that the far-northern North American presence of northern Native
Americans is from a back migration that replaced or absorbed the initial founding population of ”Ancient
Beringians”.

Peopling of Australia
In 2011 Willerslev's team sequenced the first Aboriginal Australian genome from an historically ancient
tuft of hair.[42] The study revealed that Aboriginal Australians diversified from the Africans some 20-30
thousand years prior to the evolutionary split between Europeans and Asians. Secondary gene flow has
resulted in Aboriginal Australians being closer related to Asians than to Europeans.

This study was followed up with a new study in 2016 in the journal Nature about the genetic history of
the Australian Aboriginals.[43]

Early peopling of Europe

Willerslev's team sequenced the genome of one of the earliest anatomically modern humans from Europe,
Kostenki 14 from Russia, dated to be between 36-38,000 years old.[44] The results show that most of the
major genetic components present in Europeans today were present in Europe from early on. In 2014 his
team undertook the first large scale past population genomic study reporting more than 100 ancient
genomes from Bronze Age Europe and Asia.[45] They found that lactose tolerance that is common in
northern Europe today was not common even as late as 2,000 years ago. They also found evidence for
major population movements and replacements in both Europe and Asia during the Bronze Age time and
that significant parts of contemporary European and Asian genetic diversity were created during this
period. They later showed that plague was a likely driver of Bronze Age population dynamics, which as
of 2015 is the oldest genomes of Yersinia pestis (the etiological agent of plague) reported.[46]

Early peopling of Central and South Asia

In 2018, Willerslev and colleges published 2 papers in Nature and Science the same day addressing the
population history of Central and Southern Asia.[47][48] The Science paper deals with the spread of the
Bronze Age pastoralists, such as Yamnaya and the peoples they met in Asia. They could show that
descendants of the 24-thousand-year-old Maltá boy from Siberia[36] survived in Central Asia until at least
5 thousand years ago and were the occupants of Botai – an archaeological site in Kazakhstan holding the
oldest evidence of horse domestication some 5-6 thousand years ago. They further showed that in contrast
to Europe, early Bronze Age expansion of Yamnaya into Asia had limited genetic and linguistic impact in
either Central Asia or in South Asia, contrary to earlier claims by the Reich group from Harvard. The
paper thereby challenges the so-called “Steppe Hypothesis” for early spread of the Indo-European
languages that seem to explain the early expansion of Indo-European languages into Europe but not Asia.
The latter is argued to have happened by later Bronze groups, such as the Sintashta, and reaching all the
way to India and Pakistan.

The accompanying Nature paper is based on 137 ancient human genomes of the Eurasian steppe mainly
from the time following the Bronze Age.[48] They find the genetics of the mounted Scythian groups that
dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly diverse, consisting of several
ethnicities of European and Asian origins despite its highly uniform culture. Later, Scythians admixed
and were replaced by steppe nomads from the east coming out of the Xiongnu confederations of
Mongolia and China, including the westward-expanding Huns (fourth–fifth century AD). These were
later admixed and replaced by expanding East Asian groups including Genghis Khan in the Medieval
period. Accordingly, the events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European
speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who
are primarily of East Asian ancestry. According to Willerslev, this was all due to the long-distance
traveling enabled by domestication of the horse.[49]

Peopling of Southeast Asia

In 2018 Willerslev lead an international research team sequencing 26 ancient human genome sequences
from across Southeast Asia, some dating back 8 thousand years,[50] 4 thousand years earlier than previous
sequences from the region.[51] This was made possible by a modified whole genome capture approach.
They used this data to test two hypotheses on southeast Asian population history: One theory argues that
the indigenous Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers who populated Southeast Asia from 44,000 years ago
adopted agricultural practices independently, without the input from early farmers from East Asia. A
second theory, referred to as the ‘two-layer model’, favours the view that migrating rice farmers from
what is now China replaced the indigenous Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers.[52] They determined that neither
interpretation fits the complexity of Southeast Asian history and that contemporary Southeast Asians have
been influenced by at least four migration waves. The first wave is represented by Hòabìnhian hunter-
gatherers who were closely genetically related to traditional hunter-gatherers in Malaysia, the Philippines,
and the Andaman Islands (so-called “negritos”). The second wave derived from mainland China and
brought with them farming economies such as rice 4000 years ago and mixed with the Hòabìnhians.
These were followed by two additional migration waves; by 2 thousand years ago, Southeast Asian
individuals carried additional East Asian ancestry components. One component likely represents the
introduction of ancestral Kradai languages in Mainland southeast Asia, and another the Austronesian
expansion reaching Indonesia by 2.1 thousand years ago and the Philippines by 1.8 thousand years ago.
Among their genomes was also an ancient Jōmon genome from Japan that showed shared genetic history
with the Hòabìnhians.

Past disease genetics

Willerslev's team has been the first to conduct large scale genome sequencing of ancient pathogens. In
2015 they showed that plague was a likely driver of Bronze Age population dynamics, which as of 2015
represents the oldest genomes of Yersinia pestis (the etiological agent of plague) reported.[46] Later they
showed that westward-expanding Huns carried with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague,
and are thus the likely source of this plague entering into Europe with the devastating consequence of
killing millions as a result.[47] In 2018 they published a large-scale study on ancient genomes of Hepatitis
B (HBV).[53] They found evidence of a long-term association of modern HBV genotypes with humans
dating back at least 4,5 thousand years, which includes genotypes that are now extinct. They also found
that in several cases, the geographical locations of the ancient genotypes do not match present-day
distributions. Genotypes that today are typical of Africa and Asia, as well as a subgenotype from India,
are shown to have an early Eurasian presence with humans, revealing a complexity of HBV evolution
that is not evident when considering modern sequences alone.

Other research
Willerslev also led a study showing that living bacteria can take up ancient DNA by natural
transformation allowing for genomic recycling of ancient genetic traits,[54] and another study showing the
survival of bacteria cells in permafrost for about 1/2 million years.[55]

Willerslev and collaborators have sequenced the genome of a 700,000-year-old horse from Yukon in
Canada, which as of 2016 was the oldest genome ever sequenced,[33] until the publication of a million-
year-old mammoth genome in 2021.[56]

Outreach
Willerslev appears regularly in media such as magazines, newspapers, radio and TV when discussions
turn to human evolution, migration, and the role of science in society. He and his staff at the Centre for
GeoGenetics[57] have participated in documentaries including The Great Human Odyssey
(PBS/CBC/DR), Code Breakers (CBC/DR) and Equus - Story of the Horse (CBC/PBS/DR/ZDF), First
Peoples (PBS), Search for the Head of John the Baptist and How to Build and Ancient Man (both
National Geographic). In 2016 he was featured in a profile article in The New York Times.[3]
Willerslev's work is featured in the documentary Hunt for the Oldest DNA which aired on Nova in
2024.[58]

Personal life
His father's education of Eske and his brother was rather authoritarian, and included frequent physical
challenges, such as obstacle paths and swimming in ice water, already at the age of six. His father thought
this would help them to become hardy later in life.[59]

Willerslev's father was fiercely atheist.[60] However, influenced by numerous experiences living with
native people, Willerslev came to respect, and to some extent believe, in supernatural powers unknown to
science. Such experiences included encounters with descendants of Sitting Bull and trapper tribes in
Siberia:

"Something similar happened to me when I shot a bear in Siberia. The tradition there is that
you pin the bear's head high up in a tree, overlooking where the bear had its hunting grounds.
I refused and instead took the bear's head with me home as a trophy. Back home, everything
started to go wrong for me, and I suffered terrible nightmares. In Siberia the trappers had told
me, if I didn't hang up the head as required, all the bears in the world would know about it
and hate me for it. I then took a trip to our summer house in Sweden and pinned up the bear's
head in a tree there, and the nightmares stopped."[60]

At the age of 32, he became baptized as Christian, although he declares himself as "religious, but not
Christian".[60] Willerslev married Ulrikke Ji Mee Willerslev in 2007. They have the sons Rasken
Willerslev and Bror Willerslev.[59] The family lives in Kongens Lyngby.

References
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