KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

MALAPPURAM
2023-2024
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
SOFT DRINK

Submitted by
Visakha V. Madhu
XII
CBSE Roll No.74684759
 INDEX

SNO TOPIC
1 CERTIFICATE
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3 AIM
4 INTRODUCTION
5 THEORY
6 MATERIALS USED
7 CHEMICALS USED
8 EXPERIMENT
9 OBSERVATION
10 CONCLUSION
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE

Certified to be a bonafide record of the project work done by

Visakha V. Madhu of Class XII A (Roll No. ).
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Malappuram during the year 2024-2025
submitted for AISSCE Examination.

Teacher in charge :
Date :

External Examiner :
Date :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of this project requires a lot of support and help from
many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this throughout
my project work. I express my thanks to Mrs. Jayasree, Principal,
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Malappuram for extending his support for
carrying out this project. I owe my sincere gratitude to my parents
who have provided a helping hand throughout this project.

I owe my sincere gratitude to Mrs. T. P. Bindu (PGT Chemistry) who

took keen interest in my project and guided me along till the
completion of the project by providing all the necessary information
for developing the project. My thanks and appreciations also got my
fellow Classmates in developing the project and to people who have
willingly helped me out with their abilities.
 AIM

To Qualitatively Analyse different brands of Cold Drinks

1. Sting

2. Pepsi

3. Maa

4. Mountain dew
 INTRODUCTION

A soft drink is a beverage that typically contains water toften, but t

always, carbonated water), usually a sweetener may be sugar, high
fructose com syrup, fruit juice, sugar substitutes (in the case of diet
drink of some combination of these. Soft drinks may also contain
caffeine, colorings preservatives and other ingredients

Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast to "hard drink" (alcoholic

beverages). Small amounts of alcohol may be present in a soft drink,
but the alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume if
the drink is to be considered non-alcoholic. Fruit juice, tea and other
such non alcoholic beverages are technically soft drinks by this
definition but are not generally referred to as such Soft drinks may be
served chilled or at room temperature, and some, such as Dr. pepper,
can be served warm.

The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the industrialization in India
marked its beginning with launching of Limca and Goldspot by parley
group of companies. Since, The beginning of cold drinks was highly
profitable and luring, many multinational companies lanched their
brands in like Pepsi and Cake.

Now days, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed

Sprite, Miranda, and Limca to give feeling of lightness, while pepsi
and Thumps Up to activate pulse and brain.
 HISTORY

CARBONATED DRINKS
In the late 18th century, scientists made important progress in
replicating naturally carbonate mineral water. In 1/67, Englishman-
Joseph Priestley first discovered a method of infusing water when he
suspended a bowl of distilled water above a beer vat at a local
brewery in Leeds, England. llis invention of carbonated water (also
known as soda water) is the major and defining component of most
soft drinks.

SOFT DRINK BOTTLING INDUSTRY

Over 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for either a cork, cap, or lid for the
carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling
industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under great pressure from the
gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon
dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the "Crown Crok Bottle
Seal" was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore, Maryland
machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of
keeping the bubbles in the bottle.

AUTOMATIC PRODUCTION OF GLASS BOTTLES

In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for
the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all
been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine
was in operated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of
Libby Glass Company Within a few years, glass bottle production
increased from 1,400 bottles a day to about 58,000 bottles a day to
about 58,000 bottles a day.

PRODUCTION
Soft Drink Production
Soft drink are made by mixing dry ingredients and or fresh
ingredients (for example, lemons, oranges, etc.) with water,
Production of soft drinks can be done at factories or at home.

Potential Alcohol Content

A report in October 2006 demonstrated that some soft drinks contain
measurable amounts of alcohol. In some older preparations, this
resulted from natural fermentation used to build the carbonation.
Modern drinks introduce carbon dioxide for carbonation, but there is
some speculation that alcohol might result from fermentation of
sugars in an unsterile environment. A small amount of alcohol is
introduced in some soft drinks where alcohol is introduced in some
soft drinks where alcohol is used in the preparation of the flavoring
Extracts such as vanilla extract. Health effects.

Health Effects
Many soft drinks contain ingredients that are themselves sources of
cancer, caffeine is linked to anxiety and sleep disruption when
consumed in excess, and some critics question the health effects of
added sugars and artificial sweeteners. Sodium benzoate has
investigated by researchers at University of Sheffield as a possible
cause of DNA damage and hyperactivity. Other substances have
negative health effects, but are present in such small quantities that
they are unlikely to pose any substantial health risk provided that the
beverage are consumed only in moderation.

Dental Decay
A large number of soft drinks are acidic, and some may have a pll of
3.0 ur even lower. Drinking acidic drinks over a long perived of time
and continuous sipping can therefore erode the tooth enamel.
However, under normal conditions, scientific evidence indicates
Coca-Cola's acidity causes no immediate harm.

Hypokalemia
There has been a handful of published reports describing individuals
with severllypokalemia (low potassium level) related to chronic
extreme consumption (4 10 L/ day) of colas.

Soft Drinks Related to Bone Density and Bone Loss

In a meta-analysis of 88 studies, drinking soda correlates with a
decrease. In milk consumption along with the vitamin D, vitamin B6,
Vitamin B12, calcium, protein and other micronutrients. Phosphorus,
a micronutrient, can be found in cola-type beverages, but there may
be a risk in consuming too much. Phosphorus and calcium are used in
the body to create calcium-phosphate, which is the main component
of bone. However, the combination of too much phosphorus with too
little calcium in the body can lead to a degeneration of bone mass.
 Pesticides in India
In 2003, the Belhi non-profit Centre for Science and Environment
published a Disputed reported report finding pesticide levels in Coke
and Pepsi soft drinks sold in India at levels 30 times that considered
safe by the European Economic Commission This was found in
primarily 12 cold drink brands sold in and around New Deini, The
Indian Health Minister said the CSE tests were inaccurate, and said
that the government's tests found pesticide levels within lndia's
standards but above El standards. A similar CSE report in. August
2006 prompted many state governments to have issued a ban of the
sale of soft drinks in schools. Kerala issued a ban of soft drinks
altogether. (These were later struck down in court) In return, the soft
drink companies like Coca-Cola and Pepsi have issued ads in the
media regarding the safety of consumption of drinks.

Kidney Stone
A study published in the Clinical journal of American Society of
Nephrology in 2013 concluded that consumption of soft drinks was
associated with a 23% higher risk of developing kidney stones.
 THEORY

Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,

carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate lons etc. These soft drinks
give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste which is liked
by everyone Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of forth
on shaking the bottle.
The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid
which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the
naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of
energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is Cx (H20) y on
the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as-
Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a
monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6.
It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in many
sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about
0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life.
It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of
many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar can juice which
contain 15-20% sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-20%
sucrose and sugar been which has about 10-17% sucrose.
The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11- It is produced by a
mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas
glucose is reducing Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their
acidity can be measured by finding their pll value. The pH Values
also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and
phosphoric acid.
MATERIALS USED

• Test Tube

• Test Tube Holder

• Test Tube Stand

• Stop Watch Beaker

• Burner

• PH Paper

• Tripod Stand

• China Dish

• Wire Gauge

• Water Bath
CHEMICALS USED

• Lodine Solution

• Potassium Lodine

• Sodium Hydroxide

• Fehlings A&B Solutions

• Lime Water

• Concentrated HNO3

• Benedict Solution
 EXPERIMENT

1. Detection of pH
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test
tube and put on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper was
noticed and was compared with standard pH Scale.

2. Test For Carbon Dioxide

Experiment: As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the
samples were passed through lime water

3. Test For Glucose

Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the
following
test:
a) Benedict's Reagent Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test
tube and a few drops of Benedict's reagent were added The test tube
was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish colour confirmed
the presence of glucase in cold drinks.
b) Fehling's Solution Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a ta be
and a few drops of Fehling's A solution and Fehling's 8 silution was
added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10
minutes Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of
glucose in cold drinks.
4. Test for Alcohol
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test
tube and lodine followed by Potassium lodide and Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were
heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow
coloured precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks.

5. Test for sucrose

Sml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china
dishes and were heated very storages occur. Black colored residue left
confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.

6. Test for Phosphate

Sample of each brand of cold drinks was taken in a separate test tube
and ammonium moly bate followed by conc. HNO3 was added to it,
the solution was taken and heated and the colour of the ppt confirms
the presence of phosphate.
 OBSERVATION
1. Detection of pH
[Link] Brand Name Colour Change pH
1 Pepsi PINKISH 2
2 MAA DARK ORANGE 3
3 Sting LIGHT ORANGE 3
4. Mountain dew YELLOW 3.5

2. Test For Carbon Dioxide

[Link] Brand Name Whether Lime Water Presence of
turned milky or not CO2
1 Pepsi Yes Yes
2 MAA Yes Yes
3 Sting Yes Yes
4. Mountain dew Yes Yes

3. Test For Glucose

A) Benedict’s Reagent Test
[Link] Brand Name Observation Conclusion
1 Pepsi Reddish Colour PPT Glucose is Present
2 MAA Reddish Colour PPT Glucose is Present
3 Sting Reddish Colour PPT Glucose is Present
4. Mountain dew Reddish Colour PPT Glucose is Present
B) Fehling’s Solution Test

[Link] Brand Name Observation Conclusion

1 Pepsi Reddish Brown PPT Glucose is Present
2 MAA Reddish Brown PPT Glucose is Present
3 Sting Reddish Brown PPT Glucose is Present
4. Mountain dew Reddish Brown PPT Glucose is Present

4. Test for Alcohol

[Link] Brand Name Observation Conclusion
1 Pepsi Yellow PPT Alcohol is Present
2 MAA Yellow PPT Alcohol is Present
3 Sting Yellow PPT Alcohol is Present
4. Mountain dew Yellow PPT Alcohol is Present

5. Test for Sucrose

[Link] Brand Name Observation Conclusion
1 Pepsi Black Residue Sucrose is Present
2 MAA Black Residue Sucrose is Present
3 Sting Black Residue Sucrose is Present
4. Mountain dew Black Residue Sucrose is Present

6. Test for Phosphate

[Link] Brand Name Observation Conclusion
1 Pepsi Canary Yellow PPT Phosphate is Present
2 MAA Canary Yellow PPT Phosphate is Present
3 Sting Canary Yellow PPT Phosphate is Present
4. Mountain dew Canary Yellow PPT Phosphate is Present
 CONCLUSION

DISADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINK

[Link] drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they
contain sugar in large amount which cause problems in diabetes
patients.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body's
natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.
[Link] drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also
harmful for our bones.
4. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must
use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly conceive
material.

USES OF COLD DRINKS

1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.
2. They can loose a rusted bolt
3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals
GALLERY
 BIBLOGRAPHY

1. Laboratory Manual of chemistry

2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]