M-I Swaco
JSA / Risk Assessment & Risk Management
Session Agenda
• Definition of an accident
• Accident statistics
• Pro‐active v Re‐active safety management
• JSA Process
• Recent Accidents / Incidents
• JSA Exercises
• Accident Causation Model
• Reason for risk assessment
• The Risk Assessment process
• Risk Assessment Exercise
• Team Presentations
Accidents
What is an accident?
An accident can be defined as:
“An unplanned and / or undesired event that leads to
injury, damage or loss”
Example
A spillage of oil on the floor.
Someone may slip!
The result could be:
• No injury, just a stumble
• A sprain or bruise
• Fractured bone
• Head injury resulting in death
Recognise the Hazard and Consequences
SLIPPING TRIPPING
Loss of Grip Loss of Balance
Obstruction
Recovery Fall
NEAR MISS REPORT INJURY / REPORT
Accident ratios
18 Catastrophic
23 Major
279 Serious
Light
999
Incidents, Unsafe Acts,
30,052
How Many
600
Near Misses? Hazards, Near Misses
The difference is a matter of LUCK!
Reactive v. Proactive
Reactive HSE
Management
8
1
Crisis Management
23 Fire Fighting
Reactive
279
Proactive HSE
999 Management
Proactive Prevention
30,052
600
Reactive v. Proactive
RE‐ACTIVE safety management is acting on accidents and
defects in the workplace i.e. events which have already
happened e.g. accident investigation.
PRO‐ACTIVE safety management is trying to identify
potential accident causes and dealing with them before they
happen.
Safety Management Tools
RE‐ACTIVE safety PRO‐ACTIVE safety
management tools include: management tools include:
Accident Investigation Job Safety Analysis
Lay‐Offs & Redundancies Risk Assessments
Court Appearances Work Instructions
Litigation Tool Box Talks
Damaging Publicity Safety Meetings
Custodial Sentences LPT
Many, many more Many, many more
Job Safety Analysis
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS
The assessment of work
activities and the workplace
to establish whether
adequate precautions are in
place.
Job Safety Analysis
• The JSA Process
• Primary focus of JSA is the TASK
• Sequences / steps involved with the TASK
• Persons involved with the TASK
• Hazards directly and indirectly related to the TASK
• Control measures in place
• Work instructions / documented procedures
Recent Accidents / Incidents
• Piper Alpha – 06 July 1988 – 167 persons killed
• Earlier – Condensate pump out for maintenance. Relief valve removed
for checking.
• 21:45 Main condensate pump trips. Attempts to restart fail. Start spare
pump.
• 22:00 Gas alarm sounds. Small explosion followed by oil fire.
• 22:20 Tartan gas riser explodes. Some men jump into the sea.
• 22:33 Message received most men in galley “come and get us”
• 22:50 Gas riser explodes. Debris thrown 800m. Men who have left galley
jump, some from heli‐deck.
• 23:20 Claymore gas riser explodes. Crane and rill derrick fall. Men
forced out of shelter, some jump.
• 00:45 The entire platform has collapsed.
Recent Accidents / Incidents
• Herald of Free Enterprise – 06 March 1987 – 187 Persons
Killed
• Earlier – High water spring tide. Ship not designed for port with only
one ramp. Ballast tanks at front are full to allow cars on.
• 17:50 Chief officer required to be on bridge 15 minutes before sailing.
Checks there are no passengers on car deck. He is responsible for
ensuring bow doors are closed. He thinks he sees assistant bosun on the
deck.
• 18:06 Herald reverses out of dock, turns and heads out of harbour.
Bosun is last to leave car deck. He sees doors open but it is not his job to
close them.
• 18:20 Master increases speed. Water flows in through open doors.
Scuppers inadequate to remove water.
• 18:27 Herald capsizes. Settles on side in shallow water.
Job Safety Analysis
• Tasks – Exercise 1
• What are the primary tasks at this location?
‐ Identify 3 to 5 KEY tasks to review
‐ Write KEY tasks on white board
‐ Individually Complete the JSA forms
• What are the steps involved with each task?
• Who are the people involved at each step?
• What are the hazards identified at each step?
• What existing control measures are utilised at each step?
Loss Causation Model
1. Ancestry / Environment
2. Fault of Person
• 1
•2
3. Unsafe Act
•3
e nt
c cid
A
•4
• 5 Injury
Loss Causation Model
1. Ancestry / Environment
•2 2. Fault of Person
• 1
3. Unsafe Act
•3
e nt
c cid
A
•4
• 5 Injury
Risk Assessment
RISK ASSESSMENT
Is thinking about what can
go wrong and deciding
whether enough has been
done to prevent it?
Was a proper Risk Assessment done?
Was a proper Risk Assessment done?
Was a proper Risk Assessment done?
Was a proper Risk Assessment done?
Were effective risk assessments conducted?
Perhaps?
Doubtful!
Someone Else did it, didn’t they?
Didn’t know I had to!
But I’ve always done it like this!
[Aye-been-it is]
Why are risk assessments required?
HASAW Act 1974 - MHSWR 1999
Risk Assessment Process
The Risk Assessment & Control Process
1. Identify the Hazards
2. Assess the Risks
3. Control the Risks
Hazard & Risk evaluation
What is a hazard?
‐ Any object, physical condition, physical effect
or behaviour which has the potential to cause
harm
How do we determine the level of risk associated
with a hazard?
1st Determine the Likelihood [Realistic / Practical]
2nd Determine the Severity [Realistic Worst Case]
Pre Control Risk Level [Risk before safe system
implemented]
Residual Risk Level [Risk after control measures
implemented]
Risk = Likelihood x Severity
Recording likelihood
The judgement of how likely it is for the hazard to actually
cause harm should be entered on the risk assessment form as a
number using the scale:
Low/Very Low (Annually / less than once per year) 1
Moderate (Up to once per year) 2
Considerable (Up to once per month) 3
High (Almost each time the operation take place) 4
Recording severity
No personal injury / Limited materials damage / No delay/ No environmental damage 1
Cost of equipment/materials damage and clean-up <$1,000 LIGHT
Personal injury with no lost time / Short stop in operation / Minor environmental emission 2
- could cause breach in regulations. MODERATE
Cost of equipment/materials/damage and clean-up between $1,000 and $25,000
Lost time accident / Major damage to equipment / Significant environmental emission
with definite environmental effect, breach in regulations
Cost of equipment/materials/damage/clean-up between $25,000 and $1,000,000
3
SEVERE
Fatal accident / Disabling injury / Major damages leading to more than 3 days stop in
operation / Major environmental emission with extensive damage and breach of 4
CATASTROPHIC
regulations Cost of equipment/materials/damage/clean-up > $1,000,000
The severity of the most likely consequences of exposure to the
hazard should be entered on the risk assessment form.
Risk outcome
LIKELIHOOD
High 4 8 12 16
Considerable 3 12
6 9
Moderate 2 4 6 8
Low/Very low 1 2 3 4
SEVERITY Light Moderate Severe Catastrophic
The outcome is recorded in the appropriate column of the risk assessment form
Risk Evaluation
This will fall into one of the following :
• trivial
• acceptable
• unacceptable
Trivial - the operation can be carried out without further evaluations.
Acceptable - the operation must be evaluated with regards to risk reducing measures.
Unacceptable - the operation must not be carried out
Hierarchy of control
The hierarchy of risk control measures is:
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Isolation
• Engineering Controls
• Administrative Controls
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Risk management
• All injuries and occupational illnesses can be
prevented.
• Successful risk management is achieved in the same
way as any other aspect of business.
• Risk management should be carried out methodically
and to a system in order to be successful.
• Risk Assessments must be adequately documented.
Who carries out risk assessments?
•Managers provide input on management issues.
•Those directly involved in the activity provide information
on working practices and deviations from working
practices
•HSE Representatives ‐ provide training assistance and
advice
•Critical to any risk assessment is the make‐up of
the assessing team. Ensure competency relevant
to the process being assessed!!
Exercise
Risk Assessment Exercise
Split into groups
Select an area you do not normally work in
Spend 20 minutes in the area and list 3 hazards you can see
Spend 20 minutes completing the risk assessment form
which includes risk control measures for the 3 hazards
Present your findings & controls to the group
Open discussion
