The independent clause

The independent clause can stand on its own as a sentence

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1. Declarative Main Clause
1. Identify the Main Verb Phrase
 Purpose: To make a statement or provide information.
 Structure: Subject + Verb (+ Object/Complement/Modifiers). 2. Determine if It’s a Clause:
 Example: o Independent Clause
o The sun is shining. o Dependent Clause
o She loves reading books.

2. Interrogative Main Clause

 Purpose: To ask a question.

 Subtypes:
o Yes/No Questions: Start with an auxiliary verb (is, does, has, etc.).
 Is it raining?
 Do you like pizza?
o Wh- Questions: Start with a question word (who, what, when, etc.).
 What time is it?
 Who opened the door?
o Tag Questions: A declarative sentence followed by a short question.
 You’re coming, aren’t you?
 It’s late, isn’t it?

3. Imperative Main Clause

 Purpose: To give a command, request, or advice.

 Structure: Verb (base form) + Optional Object/Modifiers.
 Example:
o Close the door.
o Please pass the salt.
o Don’t touch that!

4. Exclamatory Main Clause

 Purpose: To express strong emotions, surprise, or emphasis.

 Structure: Begins with "What" or "How," but is followed by a declarative sentence structure.
 Example:
o What a beautiful day it is!
o How amazing this is!
5. Conditional Main Clause

 Purpose: To express a condition and its result.

 Subtypes:
o Real Conditional: Expresses a possible condition and outcome.
 If it rains, we will stay home.
o Unreal Conditional: Expresses hypothetical or unlikely situations.
 If I were rich, I would travel the world.
o Mixed Conditional: Combines time frames (past condition with present result, or vice versa).
 If you had studied, you would be confident now.

7. Coordinated Main Clause

 Purpose: To join two or more main clauses with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, etc.).
 Structure: Main Clause + Coordinating Conjunction + Main Clause.
 Example:
o I went to the park, and she stayed at home.
o He wanted to go, but it was raining.

The Dependent clause

the dependent clause requires the independent clause to make a complete sentence

🔫🔫Nominal (Noun) Clauses

A nominal clause acts as a noun within a sentence, meaning it can function as a subject, object, complement, or
object of a preposition.

Functions of Nominal Clauses

1. Subject: Acts as the subject of the 3. Subject Complement: Renames or
sentence. (before the main verb) explains the subject (Following linking
a. That he passed the exam is great verbs like is, seems, etc.).
news. a. The question is whether she will
2. Direct /Indirect object: Acts as the come.
object of the verb. 4. Object of a Preposition: Follows a
a. She knows what he wants. preposition and functions as its object.
b. Give whoever answers the a. I sent the notice to whoever was
message. interested

Types of Nominal Clauses

 1. That-Clauses: Introduced by the word 3. Exclamatory Clauses: Express strong
that (sometimes omitted). emotion; introduced by what or how.
a. That he is late annoys me. a. I can’t believe what a mess this is!
(subject) (object)
b. She believes that he will succeed. 4. Whether/If Clauses: Used to express
(object) options or uncertainty.
2. Interrogative Clauses: Answer implied a. We’ll see whether she agrees.
questions; introduced by what, where, (object)
when, who, why, how. b. It depends on if they come.
a. I wonder what he wants. (object) (prepositional object)
b. What you said is important.
(subject)

💎💎Adjectival (Relative) Clauses:

Introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) or relative adverbs an adverb that
heads an adjectival clause (where, when, why).

Who/Whom: Refer to people. o The movie, which I loved, was a hit.

o The girl who won the race is my friend. (who That: Refers to people, animals, or things
= subject) (only in restrictive clauses).
o The man whom I met is kind. (whom =
object) o The car that she drives is new.

Whose: Indicates possession. Where, When, why: Modify nouns of place,

time, or reason.
o The student whose book is missing is upset.
o This is the house where I was born.
Which: Refers to animals or things. o I remember the day when we first met.
o The reason why I left am private.

Functions of Adjectival Clauses

1. Describe or Identify the Noun:

a. Example: The man who is wearing a red shirt is my uncle.

i. The adjectival clause modifies "the man," describing which man we are talking about.

2. Add Information About the Noun:

a. Example: The Eiffel Tower, which is in France, is a famous landmark.

 i. The clause provides additional, non-essential information about "The Eiffel Tower."

3. Restrict or Narrow Down the Noun:

a. Example: Students who study regularly often perform better.

i. The clause specifies which students perform better.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

How do I know what I think, until I see what I say?

1. How do I know what I think?

a. Main Clause.
b. Inside it, what I think is a nominal clause functioning as the direct object of know.

2. Until I see what I say.

a. Subordinate adverbial clause of condition/time, modifying know.

b. Inside it, what I say is a nominal clause functioning as the direct object of see.

 Simple Sentence: One independent clause. No subordinating or coordinating

conjunctions.
 Compound Sentence: Two independent clauses connected by a coordinating
conjunction.
 Complex Sentence: One independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
 Compound-Complex Sentence: Multiple independent clauses and at least one

dependent clause.
Adverbial Clauses
An adverbial clause modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, just like an adverb does. It provides
information about time, place, condition, cause, contrast, purpose, manner, or result.

Function Common Subordinators Examples

• I’ll call you after I arrive.
after, before, once, since, until,
Time: When? • We stayed inside until the rain
when, whenever, while
stopped.

where, wherever, preposition • He went where the road ends.

Place: Where?
(e.g., "in," "on," "near") • You can sit wherever you like.

• You’ll pass if you study hard.

Condition: “Under what if, unless, provided that, as long
condition?”
• You won’t succeed unless you
as, in case, even if
try.
• He left early because he was
tired.
• She succeeded since she worked
because, since, as, now that,
Reason/Cause: “Why?" hard.
inasmuch as
• He deserves credit inasmuch as
he contributed significantly to the
project.
• She studied so that she could
Purpose: “For what so that, in order that, for the pass.
purpose?" purpose that • He left early in order that he
might catch the train.
• Although it was raining, we
although, even though, though,
Concession/Contrast went outside.
while, whereas
• He is rich, yet he is humble.
• He speaks as if he knows
everything.
Manner: How? as if, as though, like, the way
• She acted as though she were
upset.
• It was so cold that we stayed
Result: “What was the home.
result?"
so that, such that, so...that
• He worked so hard that he
succeeded.
 Exercises:
Part 1: Identify Each Noun Clause 3. What is that? Do you know __________?
4. What are those? I don’t know __________.
Instruction: Identify each noun clause and state 5. Whose book is that? I don’t know __________.
whether it is used as a subject, a direct object, an 6. Whose books are those? I don’t know
__________.
indirect object, an object of a preposition, or a
7. What is a wrench? Do you know __________?
predicate noun. 8. Who is that woman? I wonder __________.
9. Whose house is that? I wonder __________.
1. You know that the telephone uses electricity. 10. What is a clause? Don’t you know __________?
2. What you say into a phone creates sound waves. 11. What is in that drawer? I don’t know __________.
3. An electric current carries the sound to whoever 12. What is on TV tonight? I wonder __________.
is listening. 13. Whose glasses are those? Could you tell me
4. Basically, this is how a telephone operates. __________?
5. You can talk to whomever you like and say 14. Who am I? He doesn’t know __________.
whatever you think. 15. What’s at the end of the rainbow? The little girl
6. Campaign workers use whatever helps them. wants to know __________.
7. That telephones can be very helpful has been
shown in many elections.
8. Who will win the election is what people want to
know. Part 4: Identify the Subordinate Clauses
9. Telephoners ask whoever answers a series of
questions. Instruction: Identify the subordinate clauses in each
10. Whether a candidate is popular is a vital matter. sentence.
11. Another question may be what the major issues
are. 1. People who pay their debts are trusted.
12. Voters usually give whoever is calling an answer. 2. We cannot go while it is snowing.
3. Raj thinks that I have made a mistake.
4. Tina bought some chocolates which she wanted
Part 2: Find the Noun Clauses and Their Purpose to give her brother.
5. After I reached home, it started raining.
6. Mani was asked to come to the office though he
Instruction: Find the noun clauses and state their
was not keeping well.
purpose in the sentence. 7. All that glitters is not gold.
8. Tim is the nicest person I’ve ever met.
1. The king ordered that the traitor should be put to 9. She did not go to school as she was sick.
death. 10. This is the boy who got suspended last week.
2. He said that he would not go. 11. Although I was not in the mood for a movie, I
3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to watched Miracle in Cell No. 7 with my friend.
us. 12. Olena likes stories that have fairies in them.
4. He said that he was not feeling well. 13. Riya was sure that Tia would come today.
5. I cannot rely on what he says. 14. Nobody knew who had come first in the race.
6. I don’t know where he has gone. 15. The teacher gave the students another worksheet
as soon as they completed the first one.

Part 3: Complete the Sentences by Changing the

Questions to Noun Clauses Part 5: Locate and Underline Prepositional Phrases

Instruction: Convert the questions into noun clauses Instruction: Locate and underline the prepositional
to complete the sentences. phrases. Indicate the preposition (prep) and its
object (obj).
1. Who is she? I don’t know __________.
2. Who are they? I don’t know __________.
 1. The book is on the shelf.
2. She hit the ball over the fence. Part 6: Identify the Verb Phrases and Their Functions
3. The look in his eye was fierce.
4. The apple fell off the tree.
Instruction: Underline the verb phrases in each
5. The sound of music was heard.
6. Our woods are filled with snow. sentence and indicate their type (transitive,
7. The dog barked at him. intransitive, linking, or auxiliary).
8. Her letter to me was brief.
9. We waited for the sunrise. 1. The cat is sleeping on the couch.
10. Under the rock lay the lizard. 2. She has been writing a novel for months.
11. We looked up the chimney. 3. The students will present their projects
12. Behind the house is a shed. tomorrow.
13. He walked across the road. 4. He does not like loud music.
14. Most songs about love are silly. 5. They were watching a movie when the power
15. The pumpkin rolled down the hill. went out.
16. They danced around the Maypole. 6. I could have helped you if you had asked.
17. The apartment above ours is vacant. 7. The flowers smell delightful in the spring.
18. Lightning struck a tree near our house. 8. She became a successful entrepreneur after years
19. The city beneath the sea is Atlantis. of hard work.
20. The snake bit me below the ankle. 9. The teacher is explaining the concept clearly.
21. He skimmed from page to page. 10. The train arrived late due to bad weather.
22. Through effort we can succeed in many things. 11. We have been preparing for this moment all year.
23. She waited for him by the theater. 12. You must call her before it’s too late.
24. Like a true cowpoke, the dude rode his horse 13. The cake was baked by my grandmother.
toward the ranch. 14. The children ran across the field.
25. During the storm, we stood under the branches 15. He has forgotten his umbrella again.
of a tree.

Answers
Part 2: Find the Noun Clauses and Their Purpose
Part 1: Identify Each Noun Clause
1. that the traitor should be put to death – Object
of the verb "ordered"
1. that the telephone uses electricity – Direct 2. that he would not go – Object of the verb "said"
Object 3. That he is not interested in the offer – Subject
2. What you say into a phone – Subject 4. that he was not feeling well – Object of the verb
3. whoever is listening – Object of a Preposition "said"
4. how a telephone operates – Predicate Noun 5. what he says – Object of the preposition "on"
5. whomever you like – Object of a Preposition; 6. where he has gone – Object of the verb "know"
whatever you think – Direct Object
6. whatever helps them – Direct Object
7. That telephones can be very helpful – Subject
8. Who will win the election – Subject; what people Part 3: Complete the Sentences by Changing the
want to know – Predicate Noun Questions to Noun Clauses
9. whoever answers – Direct Object
10. Whether a candidate is popular – Subject 1. I don’t know who she is.
11. what the major issues are – Predicate Noun 2. I don’t know who they are.
12. whoever is calling – Indirect Object 3. Do you know what that is?
4. I don’t know what those are.
5. I don’t know whose book that is.
6. I don’t know whose books those are.
7. Do you know what a wrench is?
8. I wonder who that woman is.
 9. I wonder whose house that is. 9. for the sunrise (prep: for, obj: sunrise)
10. Don’t you know what a clause is? 10. under the rock (prep: under, obj: rock)
11. I don’t know what is in that drawer. 11. up the chimney (prep: up, obj: chimney)
12. I wonder what is on TV tonight. 12. behind the house (prep: behind, obj: house)
13. Could you tell me whose glasses those are? 13. across the road (prep: across, obj: road)
14. He doesn’t know who he is. 14. about love (prep: about, obj: love)
15. The little girl wants to know what is at the end of 15. down the hill (prep: down, obj: hill)
the rainbow. 16. around the Maypole (prep: around, obj:
Maypole)
17. above ours (prep: above, obj: ours)
Part 4: Identify the Subordinate Clauses 18. near our house (prep: near, obj: house)
19. beneath the sea (prep: beneath, obj: sea)
20. below the ankle (prep: below, obj: ankle)
1. who pay their debts – Adjective Clause
21. from page to page (prep: from/to, obj: page)
2. while it is snowing – Adverb Clause
22. Through effort (prep: through, obj: effort); in
3. that I have made a mistake – Noun Clause
many things (prep: in, obj: things)
4. which she wanted to give her brother – Adjective
23. for him (prep: for, obj: him); by the theater (prep:
Clause
by, obj: theater)
5. After I reached home – Adverb Clause
24. Like a true cowpoke (prep: like, obj: cowpoke);
6. though he was not keeping well – Adverb Clause
toward the ranch (prep: toward, obj: ranch)
7. that glitters – Adjective Clause
25. During the storm (prep: during, obj: storm);
8. I’ve ever met – Adjective Clause
under the branches (prep: under, obj: branches);
9. as she was sick – Adverb Clause
of a tree (prep: of, obj: tree)
10. who got suspended last week – Adjective Clause
11. Although I was not in the mood for a movie –
Adverb Clause
12. that have fairies in them – Adjective Clause Part 6: Identify the Verb Phrases and Their Functions
13. that Tia would come today – Noun Clause
14. who had come first in the race – Noun Clause 1. is sleeping – Intransitive
15. as soon as they completed the first one – Adverb 2. has been writing – Transitive
Clause 3. will present – Transitive
4. does not like – Transitive
5. were watching – Transitive
Part 5: Locate and Underline Prepositional Phrases 6. could have helped – Transitive
7. smell – Linking
8. became – Linking
1. on the shelf (prep: on, obj: shelf)
9. is explaining – Transitive
2. over the fence (prep: over, obj: fence)
10. arrived – Intransitive
3. in his eye (prep: in, obj: eye)
11. have been preparing – Intransitive
4. off the tree (prep: off, obj: tree)
12. must call – Transitive
5. of music (prep: of, obj: music)
13. was baked – Passive
6. with snow (prep: with, obj: snow)
14. ran – Intransitive
7. at him (prep: at, obj: him)
15. has forgotten – Transitive
8. to me (prep: to, obj: me)

Exercises:
EXERCISE 1: Underline the ADJECTIVE 12. Don’t bother your teachers after office hours at 6
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES in each of the following pm.
sentences. 13. We received an update from the agency; the
documents are almost complete.
1. The students in this dormitory are graduating next 14. The students are well-behaved throughout the
year. ceremony.
2. Volunteers from Company X are holding a charity 15. Whoever is interested to participate in the school
event. fair, please come by the office to list your name.
3. "Fight," he said with full determination in his face.
4. I would like to have the dress next to the blue suit.
5. The show on television tonight is about snow
leopards in Asia. EXERCISE 3: Determine whether the underlined
6. The rooms below the deck are reserved for the word groups are dependent clauses, independent
VIP. clauses, or not a clause.
7. Plants store some foods in their leaves.
8. No one is allowed to enter the area beyond this 1. Although it was raining, Maria went for a jog at
line. Civitan Park.
9. I didn’t even notice the clues within the first page. 2. Brianna eats chocolate whenever she gets a poor
10. Someone with blonde hair came looking for you grade in math.
yesterday. 3. After the flood, the family moved into a
11. Rex planted more flowers within their lawn. temporary shelter.
12. My little brother likes to watch the animation 4. While walking at the park, John saw a raccoon
about the titans. eating potato chips.
13. Heat and light from the sun can give electricity to 5. Students enrolled in bachelor's and associate's
some households. degree programs must pass the Regents' Test as a
14. The direction to the hotel given to John was graduation requirement.
confusing. 6. Students who fail to show up for the Regents' test
15. She is one among many contestants who has the must enroll in the Regents' remediation courses.
support from the people. 7. When you finish your homework, please take the
dog for a walk.
8. After Juan completed the assignment, he swam
laps at the gym.
EXERCISE 2: Underline the ADVERB PREPOSITIONAL 9. Christa left home at 4:00 a.m. since she had to
PHRASES in the following sentences. drive to Atlanta for a meeting.
10. Before completing the assignment, Evan decided
1. Despite the bad weather, the kids seem to enjoy to eat a quick lunch.
staying inside.
2. We can change your car wheels after the training.
3. There are a lot of people who will come and go
throughout our life. EXERCISE 4: Identify the sentences as either
4. Drop the shrimp into the seasoned boiling water. dependent (DC) or independent (IC).
5. Who is assigned to clean the board after our
meeting? 1. I went to the park.
6. You can always sign up for the audition. 2. Sandra and Lara have been good friends since first
7. Mr. Monroe has been working at the company for grade.
fifteen years already. 3. Although Shaina likes Mexican, Iraqi, Somali, and
8. Please remove your shoes and put them on the Italian food.
shoe rack. 4. After swimming in the ocean.
9. Nina placed the bag under the table. 5. Animal communication is not considered to be a
10. You can reach us by sending an email or inquire legitimate language by some scientists.
on our business page. 6. When Jim and Ayman eat lunch together in the
11. James waited for 3 hours between 12 noon until 3 breakroom.
pm, and you did not even show up.
 15. The judge, naming Darnay's accusers, allows the
death sentence because the sins of his father
EXERCISE 5: Identify the noun clauses. were so great.

1. The teacher explained how to solve the problem.

2. What you said really shocked me.
Answers
3. That you have failed the exam is obvious.
4. I do not know when he will arrive. EXERCISE 1:
5. Whether she can attend the party depends on her
work. 1. in this dormitory
2. from Company X
3. in his face
EXERCISE 6: Identify and underline every clause in the 4. next to the blue suit
sentences below. Label each clause as adjective, adverb, 5. on television tonight, in Asia
6. below the deck
or noun. If a clause is doing a job, state what job it's
7. in their leaves
doing. If a clause is modifying something, specify what
8. beyond this line
it's modifying. 9. within the first page
1. What Madame Defarge did best was playing the 10. with blonde hair
villain. 11. within their lawn
2. Her husband was the man who followed her 12. about the titans
commands. 13. from the sun
3. Screaming with fear, Lucie collapsed when the 14. to the hotel
soldiers arrived. 15. who has the support from the people
4. Solomon, Miss Pross's long-lost brother, adds a
new twist when he was discovered in the wine
shop.
5. Jerry did not recognize who the spy was until EXERCISE 2:
finding out from Carton.
6. Where Lucie had been living was a lodging located 1. Despite the bad weather
near Tellson's bank. 2. after the training
3. throughout our life
7. Roger Cly, who was a known English spy, desired
4. into the seasoned boiling water
to be believed dead.
5. after our meeting
8. Mr. Cruncher, considered clueless by many
6. for the audition
people, had insider knowledge about where Cly 7. at the company for fifteen years already
had gone. 8. on the shoe rack
9. Sydney Carton, who was in love with Lucie, began 9. under the table
to think of her immediately when he wandered 10. by sending an email, on our business page
the streets of Paris. 11. for 3 hours between 12 noon until 3 pm
10. He thought about what the priest had said when 12. after office hours at 6 pm
his father had been buried. 13. from the agency
11. Although he was already exhausted, he continued 14. throughout the ceremony
to walk through the streets because he was 15. to participate in the school fair, by the office
preparing himself for the morning's trial.
12. Manette, who loves Darnay, thinks that the
accusations against him are impossible.
13. Saving this man has become an obsession for the EXERCISE 3:
doctor, who adored his son-in-law.
1. Dependent Clause
14. Defarge took the stand to tell his story, which was
2. Dependent Clause
a tale of the guilt of Darnay's family.
3. Not a Clause
4. Dependent Clause
 5. Independent Clause 7. who was a known English spy
6. Dependent Clause
7. Dependent Clause o Adjective clause – Modifies Roger Cly.
8. Dependent Clause 8. where Cly had gone
9. Dependent Clause
10. Not a Clause o Noun clause – Object of knowledge.

9. who was in love with Lucie

o Adjective clause – Modifies Sydney

EXERCISE 4: Carton.
when he wandered the streets of Paris
1. IC
2. IC o Adverb clause – Modifies began.
3. DC
4. DC 10. what the priest had said
5. IC o Noun clause – Object of thought about.
6. DC
when his father had been buried

o Adverb clause – Modifies had said.

11. Although he was already exhausted

EXERCISE 5:
o Adverb clause – Modifies he continued.
1. how to solve the problem because he was preparing himself for the
2. What you said morning's trial
3. That you have failed the exam
4. when he will arrive o Adverb clause – Modifies continued.
5. Whether she can attend the party
12. who loves Darnay
EXERCISE 6: o Adjective clause – Modifies Manette.
1. What Madame Defarge did best that the accusations against him are
impossible
o Noun clause – Subject of the sentence.
o Noun clause – Object of thinks.
2. who followed her commands
13. who adored his son-in-law
o Adjective clause – Modifies man.
o Adjective clause – Modifies doctor.
3. when the soldiers arrived
14. which was a tale of the guilt of Darnay's family
o Adverb clause – Modifies collapsed.
o Adjective clause – Modifies story.
4. when he was discovered in the wine shop
15. naming Darnay's accusers
o Adverb clause – Modifies adds.
o Adjective clause – Modifies judge.
5. who the spy was because the sins of his father were so
great
o Noun clause – Direct object of recognize.
until finding out from Carton o Adverb clause – Modifies allows.
Adverb clause – Modifies did not
o
recognize.
Questions
6. Where Lucie had been living Identifying Adjective Clauses
o Noun clause – Subject of the sentence.
Underline the adjective clause in each sentence. 8. If the jacket is too big for you, I can alter it.
Circle the word it modifies. 9. Mother took a nap while Amy and I went
bicycling.
1. Mike, whose ancestors came from Ireland, 10. Phone us when you arrive in town.
marched in the St. Patrick's Day parade. 11. Take a walk until dinner is ready.
2. The woman who lives next door is a registered 12. The movie was just beginning as we bought our
nurse. tickets.
3. Williamsburg, Virginia, is a place that I'd like to 13. When we arrived in Seattle, we took a taxi to our
visit. hotel.
4. Math, which is Dave's favorite subject, has always 14. Since I'll be late for dinner, I will get a sandwich
been easy for him. downtown.
5. There is the house that I'd like to buy. 15. Whenever you make a promise, you must keep it.
6. Larry's letter, which he mailed Tuesday, reached 16. She can swim better than Bob can.
me on Thursday. 17. Although I'd never been in the Martins' house
7. Summer, which is my favorite season, will be here before, I felt at home there.
in another week. 18. Since they left Cleveland, the Smiths have lived in
8. Phil is reading The Call of the Wild, which is Jack three other cities.
London's most famous book. 19. When you listen to music on the radio, do you
9. We live just twenty miles from O'Hare Airport, hum along with it?
which is the world's busiest airport. 20. You may have the job if you will work hard at it.
10. Newton, Iowa, is the town where Barbara was
born.
11. I'm taking golf lessons from Erika Lavery, who is a
pro at the country club. Subordinating Conjunctions and Adverb
12. That dog that you found belongs to the Olsons. Clauses/Phrases
13. Is that the jacket you want to buy?
14. There is a chance that Norm will win the election. Circle the subordinating conjunction and underline
15. Is this the letter you were expecting? the entire subordinating phrase or clause. Indicate if
16. Over there is the school that I attended. it’s an adverb clause (AC) or adverb phrase (AP).
17. Mr. Hartman is a history teacher who also coaches
track. 1. I’ve been waiting for you since noon. (AP)
18. Is that the antique show you visited? 2. We ordered a pizza before we knew you were
19. The Harveys have a dog that is fourteen years old. making dinner. (AC)
20. For dinner, we had chicken fried steak, which is 3. After all that work, Melissa didn’t get the
my favorite dish. promotion. (AP)
4. Unless you improve your grades, you can’t play in
the football game. (AC)
5. Let’s go out for lunch after the game. (AP)
Identifying Adverb Clauses 6. Although my cat is ten years old, she still acts like
a kitten. (AC)
Underline the adverb clause in each sentence. Circle 7. We always go skiing once a year. (AP)
the word it modifies. 8. My cousin is learning French because he’s going to
Paris next year. (AC)
1. When I delivered the newspaper, I saw Mrs. 9. Perla was studying to be a doctor until last year.
Sampson at the window. (AP)
2. Because that clerk was so helpful, I praised her to 10. Since you’re going to the store, could you pick up
the store manager. some milk? (AC)
3. You may play outside until it's dark.
4. Vince becomes nervous when he speaks in public.
5. Please visit us whenever you are in the Chicago
area.
Answers
6. Nero fiddled while Rome burned.
7. You may have piano lessons if you will practice an Identifying Adjective Clauses
hour a day.
 1. whose ancestors came from Ireland – Modifies 16. than Bob can – Modifies better.
Mike. 17. Although I'd never been in the Martins' house
2. who lives next door – Modifies woman. before – Modifies felt.
3. that I'd like to visit – Modifies place. 18. Since they left Cleveland – Modifies have lived.
4. which is Dave's favorite subject – Modifies Math. 19. When you listen to music on the radio – Modifies
5. that I'd like to buy – Modifies house. do hum.
6. which he mailed Tuesday – Modifies letter. 20. if you will work hard at it – Modifies may have
7. which is my favorite season – Modifies Summer. the job.
8. which is Jack London's most famous book –
Modifies The Call of the Wild.
9. which is the world's busiest airport – Modifies
O'Hare Airport. Subordinating Conjunctions and Adverb
10. where Barbara was born – Modifies town. Clauses/Phrases
11. who is a pro at the country club – Modifies Erika
Lavery. 1. since noon – (AP)
12. that you found – Modifies dog. 2. before we knew you were making dinner – (AC)
13. you want to buy – Modifies jacket. 3. After all that work – (AP)
14. that Norm will win the election – Modifies 4. Unless you improve your grades – (AC)
chance. 5. after the game – (AP)
15. you were expecting – Modifies letter. 6. Although my cat is ten years old – (AC)
16. that I attended – Modifies school. 7. once a year – (AP)
17. who also coaches track – Modifies teacher. 8. because he’s going to Paris next year – (AC)
18. you visited – Modifies antique show. 9. until last year – (AP)
19. that is fourteen years old – Modifies dog. 10. Since you’re going to the store – (AC)
20. which is my favorite dish – Modifies chicken fried
steak.

Identifying Adverb Clauses

1. When I delivered the newspaper – Modifies saw.

2. Because that clerk was so helpful – Modifies
praised.
3. until it's dark – Modifies play.
4. when he speaks in public – Modifies becomes
nervous.
5. whenever you are in the Chicago area – Modifies
visit.
6. while Rome burned – Modifies fiddled.
7. if you will practice an hour a day – Modifies may
have piano lessons.
8. If the jacket is too big for you – Modifies can
alter.
9. while Amy and I went bicycling – Modifies took a
nap.
10. when you arrive in town – Modifies Phone.
11. until dinner is ready – Modifies Take a walk.
12. as we bought our tickets – Modifies was just
beginning.
13. When we arrived in Seattle – Modifies took a taxi.
14. Since I'll be late for dinner – Modifies will get.
15. Whenever you make a promise – Modifies must
keep.