1. Autogamy: transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of same flower.
2. Cleistogamy: flower does not open at all/ pollination and fertilization occurs in unopened
flower bud. It ensures complete self-pollination and prevents cross-pollination. Ex:
wheat, oats, barley and other grasses.
3. Allogamy: transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of one plant to the stigmas of another
plant.
4. Monoecy—male and female flowers are separate but present in the same plant.
Same inflorescence—castor, mango, banana and coconut.
Separate inflorescence—maize, grape, rubber, cassava, cucurbits, chestnut and walnut
5. Dioecy: male and female flowers are present in different plants.
Ex: datepalm, papaya, hemp, asparagus and spinach.
6. Protogyny—pistils mature before stamens. Bajra
7. Protandry stamens mature before pistils. Maize and Sugarbeet.
8. Geitonogamy: pollen from a flower of one plant falls on the stigmas of other flowers of
the same plant. Ex: maize.
9. Genetically ,geitonogamy is equal to autogamy
10. Often cross pollinated crops: Cross-pollination up to 5 to 30%, Jowar, cotton, pegion
pea, and safflower.
11. Bulbils: modified form of flowers.
12. Apomixis: Seeds are formed but the embryo develops without the fusion of male and
female gametes.
13. Apospory: Vegetative cells of the ovule develop into unreduced embryo sacs after
meiosis. The embryo develops from egg cells or some other cells of such an embryo sac.
14. Apogamy: Development of an embryo from synergids or antipodal cells wthot meiosis
and fertilization
15. Primary introduction: Introduction of semi dwarf wheat- sonara-64, lermarajo., Rice-
TN-1, IR-8, 28, 36
16. Secondary introduction; Kalyana Sona, Sonalika- wheat selections from CIMMYT,
Mexico material.
17. NBPGR:
The bureau has its head quarter at IARI, New Delhi. It has five sub stations for testing
the introduced plant material, these represents various climatic zones of India. They are
Simla - Temperate Zone
Jodhpur - Arid Zone
Kanyalumari - Tropical Zone
Akola - Mixed climatic Zone (shifted from Amaravathi)
Shillong - collections for NE India.
18. Quarantine: to keep materials in isolation to prevent the spread of diseases, pests etc
present in them to the other materials.
19. The process that leads to the adaption of a variety to new environment-acclimatization
20. The sum total of genes or heredity material in a species-germplasm
21. The gradual loss of variability in the cultivated forms and in their wild relatives-genetic
erosion
22. An area of diversity protected from human interference-Gene sanctuary
23. Isolation of desirable plants from the population-selection
24. Selection intensity: Percentage of plants selected to be advanced to next generation from
a population.
25. Selection differential: The difference between the mean of selected plants and mean of
parental population.
26. The ratio of genotypic variance to the phenotypic or total variance is known as
heritability. It is generally expressed in percent.
27. Broad sense heritability: It is the ratio of genotypic variance to the total or phenotypic
variance. H (bs) = Vg/Vp or Vg/Vg+Ve
28. Narrow sense heritability: The proportion of additive genetic variance to the
total variance is called narrow sense heritability. H (ns) = ½ D/Vp,
D-additive genetic variance.
29. Genetic advance
Improvement in the mean phenotypic value of the selected plants over the
parental population is known as genetic advance. The success of genetic
advance under selection depends on genetic variability, heritability and
selection intensity.
GA = P X K X H (bs)
P = phenotypic standard deviation of the character in the population.
K = selection differential (2.06 when 5% of the population is
selected)H (bs) = heritability in broad sense.
30. Mass selection: Useful for purification of pure lines
[Link] of worth of plants on the basis of the performance of their progenies
is called as progeny test, developed by Louis de vilmorin. It is also called as
“vilmorin isolationprinciple or vilmorin principle”
32. Pureline is the progeny of a single homozygous plant of a self-pollinated species.
[Link] The phenotypic differences within a pureline are due to the environment and
have nogenetic basis.
34. Proportion of completely homozygous plants in the population was given by
(2m-1/2m)nWhere m= number of generations of selfing,N=number of genes segregating.
[Link] and pureline selections are applied to genetically variable and
homozygouspopulations of self-pollinated crops.
36. The methods generally used for handling of segregating generations may be grouped into
Pedigree method
Bulk method
Back cross method.
The description of the ancestors of an individual is k/a-pedigree
Bulk method: First used by Nilsson-Ehle in 1908 at Svalof, it is also
called as mass method OR population method of breeding OR
evolutionary method of breeding
37. Bulk method: Provides Opportunity for *natural selection
38. Single - Seed – Descent Method (Goulden): A breeding procedure used with
segregating populations of self pollinated spp in which plants are advanced by
single seedsfrom one generation to the next
39. Single - Seed – Descent Method (Goulden): Modified form of bulk method
Maximum genetic variability is observed in the generation-F2
40. Back cross method: A cross between a hybrid and one of its parents is
known as backcross.
41. Recipient parent: lack one or two characters, repeatedly used in the back
cross programme, also called recurrent parent, which is susceptible to a disease and
high yielding variety.
42. Donor parent: used only once in the breeding programme, also called as non-
recurrentparent, which is resistant variety.
43. Back cross method: useful for inter specific transfer of simply inherited characters
44. Back cross method: Only method for Transfer of cytoplasm from one
variety or species to another
45. Back cross method: useful for Production of isogenic lines
46. Back cross method: useful for Germplasm conservation
47. The variety which is produced by crossing in all possible combinations a
number of inbred lines that will combine well with each other is known as “synthetic
variety”.
