“TRANSFORMER”

A PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY
DEVANSHU DOBARIYA
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
SSCE – 2024-25
IN
PHYSICS (042)
AT

J.B. DIAMONDS & KARP IMPEX VIDYA SANKUL

SCHOOL
LASKANA, KAMREJ ROAD, SURAT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks

of gratitude to my physics teacher
[Link] Mangukiya sir as well as our
principal [Link] Patel Sir who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic Transformer, which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research
and I came to know about so many new
things while making this project.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited
time frame. I am making this project not
only for marks but also to increase my
knowledge. This project will be remarkable
for my career in the field of Chemistry.
INDEX
1. Aim of the project
2. Apparatus required
3. Introduction
4. Principal of the project
5. Theory of the project
6. Uses of transformers
7. Sources of error
8. Precautions
9. Result
10. Bibiliography
 1. Aim of the project

To investigate the relation between

the ratio
of-

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a
self made transformer.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED

IRON ROD

COPPER WIRE

VOLTMETRE

AMMETRE
 3. INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for
converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of
mutual induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing,
an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is
used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is
most widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small that
it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of
tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is
called a step- up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits
 4. PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual

induction that is if a varying current is set-up
in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in
the neighbouring circuit. The varying current
in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux
which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring
circuit.
 5. THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it.
The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced
in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be
the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.'s induced in
the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are
the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
do/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the
coil at this instant, we have Ep = -Np do/dt -
---------(1)
and Es = -Ns do/dt ----------(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant,
so by dividing 2 by 1, we get (3)
Es/Ep-Ns/Np. ----------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E-Ep) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by
Ip = E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3
can be written as Es/Ep = Es/E
= output e.m.f/input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio.
  There are two types of transformers :-
1) step down transformer

2) step up transformer

1. IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant,
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip, And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es is
Or
Es/Ep = Ip / Is = K

ILLUSTRATION
 2. IN A STEP up TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip i.e. current in
secondary is weaker when secondary voltage
is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a
step down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in
reality steps down the current &a step down
transformer steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power. i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses
, η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
loos 𝐼12𝑅1 + 𝑊1
efficiency = 1 − = 1−
input V1I1 cos ∅1
𝐼1 𝑅1 𝑊1
η= 1− −
V1 cos ∅1 V1I1 cos ∅1

differentiating above equation with respect to 1,

𝑑η 𝑅1 𝑊1
=0− +
𝑑𝐼1 V1 cos ∅1 V1 I12 cos ∅1

𝑑η
η will be maximum at =0
𝑑𝐼1

Hence efficiency n will be maximum at

𝑅1 𝑊1
=
V1 cos ∅1 V1I12 cos ∅1

I12𝑅1 𝑊1
2 = 2
V1I1 cos ∅1 V1I1 cos ∅1

I12 𝑅1 = 𝑊1
 ENERGY LOSSES

Following are the major sources of energy loss

in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form
of heat in the copper coils of a transformer.
This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is
due to formation of eddy currents in iron core.
It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of
best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is
less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization
of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 6. USES OF TRANSFORMERS

 In voltage regulator for T.V.,

refrigerator, computer, air conditioner
etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-rays and NEON
advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio
sets, telephones, loud speakers and
electric bells etc.
 7. SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to

heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

8. PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and
voltage the A.C should remain constant.
 9. RESULT
1. The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input
and output coil of a transformer.
 10. BIBILIOGRAPHY

 NCERT Textbook Class 12

 NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class
12
 Google Website

The End