lec-3 Leucocyte production
[Link]. Heba. Q.
Leucocyte production
1- The myeloid line
This gives rise to the three types of granulocyte as well as monocytes and
macrophages. These cells all have important phagocytic roles. The myeloid stem
cell line also produces megakaryocytes from which platelets are derived.
2- The lymphoid line
From this stem cell line the lymphocytes are produce. B cells mature in the marrow
before being distributed to the lymphoid tissues of the body, the lymph nodes,
spleen. T lymphocyte where they mature fully before being redistributed to other
lymphoid sites. Lymphocytes can replicate and develop further within the
lymphoid tissues of the body and there is a continuous recirculation lymphocytes
from blood to lymph and back again.
Platelets
Platelets, also called thrombocytes, no nucleus, they are
between one to two micrometers in diameter. They result from fragmentation of
large cells called Megakaryocytes - which are cells derived from stem cells in the bone
marrow.
Platelets are produced at a rate of 200 billion per day, life of a platelet is 8–10 days.
This aids in the process of hemostasis. Platelets secrete factors that increase local
platelet aggregation (e.g., Thromboxane A), enhance vasoconstriction (e.g.,
Serotonin), and promote blood coagulation (e.g., Thromboplastin).
Hemostasis (Coagulation or Clotting)
1- Prothrombin: When blood vessels are damaged, vessels and nearby platelets
are stimulated to release a substance called prothrombin activator, into an enzyme
called thrombin. This reaction requires calcium ions.
2- Thrombin
conversion of a soluble plasma protein called fibrinogen .
3- Fibrin: Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug at the damaged area of the
blood vessel, This net of fibers traps and helps hold platelets, blood cells and other
molecules tight to the site of injury, functioning as the initial clot.
ABO Group System
Blood Group AB
individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum does not
contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. individual with type AB blood can receive blood
from any group, but can only donate blood to another group AB individual. AB blood is also known as
"Universal receiver.“ Blood Group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and
blood serum containing Ig M antibodies against the B antigen. receive blood from individuals of groups
A or O and can donate blood to individuals of groups A or AB
Blood Group B
individuals have the B antigen on their surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies
against the A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can only receive blood from individuals of groups
individuals of groups B or AB. B or O and can donate blood to Blood group O individuals do not have
either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, but their blood serum contains Ig M antibodies against
both A and B antigens. Therefore, a group O individual can only receive blood from a group O individual,
but they can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (A, B, O or AB). O blood is also know
as "Universal donor
Rh Factor
Many people have the Rh Factor on the red blood cell. Rh carriers do not have the antibodies for the Rh
Factor , Rh is seen when anti-Rh antibodies cross from the mothers placenta into the child before birth. The
Rh Factor enters the child destroying the child's red blood cells. This is called Hemolytic Disease. Sickle cell
genetic disorders caused by sickle hemoglobin (Hb S). the red blood cells change shape upon deoxygenation
because of polymerization of the abnormal sickle hemoglobin. This process damages the red blood cell
membrane causes ischemia and infarction.
Hemophilia is a disease where there is low or no blood protein, causing an inability to produce blood
clots. deficiency in factor VIII and Type B, (Christmas disease). Hemophilia is passed down from mothers
to their sons. Hemophilia is sometimes known as the "Royal Disease". This is because Queen Victoria,
Queen of England (1837-1901), was a carrier of hemophilia.
Leukemia
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually white
blood cells (leukocytes). It is part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms. Damage to the bone
marrow, by way of displacing the normal marrow cells with increasing numbers of malignant cells, results in a lack of blood
platelets, which are important in the blood clotting process. not give area for the mature cells of normal WBC, RBC,
Platelets. This means people with leukemia may become bruised or develop pin-prick bleeds (petechiae
