776

Scattering of Plane Waves by a Rigid Sphere

in an Acoustic Quarterspace∗

Seyyed Mohammad HASHEMINEJAD∗∗ and Seyyed Ali BADSAR∗∗

The acoustic scattering by a submerged spherical rigid obstacle near an acoustically hard
concave corner, which is insonified by plane waves at arbitrary angles of incidence, is stud-
ied. The formulation utilizes the appropriate wave-harmonic field expansions and the classi-
cal method of images in combination with the translational addition theorems for spherical
wave functions to develop a closed-form solution in form of infinite series. The analytical re-
sults are illustrated by numerical examples where the spherical object is located near the rigid
boundary of a fluid-filled quarterspace and is insonified by plane waves at oblique angles of
incidence. Subsequently, the basic acoustic field quantities such as the form function am-
plitude, the scattered far-field pressure, and the scattered acoustic intensity are evaluated for
representative values of the parameters characterizing the system. The limiting case involv-
ing a spherical object submerged in an acoustic halfspace is considered and good agreement
with a well-known solution is established.

Key Words: Acoustic Scattering, Rigid Corner, Addition Theorems

problem of sound diffraction by an impedance sphere lo-

1. Introduction
cated near a flat impedance boundary. On the other hand,
There exists a vast body of literature on multiple- the solutions of acoustic scattering (radiation) problems
scattering theory, extending back for more than a cen- involving a spherical object (source) in a fluid-filled quar-
tury and across the boundaries of many disciplines such terspace seem to be nonexistent (quite sparse). Only
as acoustics, electromagnetics, and quantum mechanics. recently, Hasheminejad and Azarpeyvand(7) utilized the
In particular, acoustic scattering by (radiation from) a translational addition theorems for spherical wave func-
spherical body (source) positioned near a flat boundary tions to study harmonic acoustic radiation from a modally
has been the subject of several works during the last 20 vibrating spherical source in an acoustic quarterspace. The
years(1) – (6) . Seybert and Soenarko(1) applied the boundary principal objective of present work is to study acoustic
integral equation (BIE) method to study general acoustic scattering from an impenetrable spherical object that is
radiation and scattering in a three-dimensional halfspace. positioned near the rigid boundary of a fluid-filled quar-
Gaunaurd and Huang(2) employed the translational addi- terspace (Fig. 1). The solution of the problem is gener-
tion theorems for the spherical wave functions to study ated by systematically analyzing multi-scattering interac-
acoustic scattering by a hard spherical body near a hard tion between the object and the rigid corner that can be
flat boundary. They also considered acoustic scattering strong or weak depending on their separation, incident
by a thin spherical elastic shell near a free surface(3) , and wave frequency, and angle of wave incidence. The current
by an ideal air-bubble near the sea surface(4) . More re- solution could eventually serve to validate those found by
cently, Hasheminejad(5) examined acoustic radiation from numerical schemes.
a spherical surface undergoing harmonic modal vibrations
near a locally reacting (finite impedance) planar boundary. 2. Formulation
Shenderov(6) used Helmholtz integral equation (Green’s The problem can be analyzed by means of the stan-
function) approach to formulate an exact solution for the dard methods of theoretical acoustics. The fluid is as-
∗
Received 7th January, 2004 (No. 04-5004) sumed to be inviscid and ideal compressible that cannot
∗∗
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of support shear stresses. In view of the fact that the inci-
Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16844, Iran. dent plane wave is supposed to be time-harmonic, with
E-mail: hashemi@[Link] frequency ω, the field equations may conveniently be ex-

Series B, Vol. 48, No. 4, 2005 JSME International Journal

 777

Fig. 1 Problem geometry

Fig. 2 Geometric parameters pertaining to the problem of

pressed in terms of a scalar velocity potential as(8) : scattering by a rigid sphere submerged in an acoustic
quarterspace
(−iω)s = ∇Φ
p = iωρ̄Φ
sphere as(2)
∇2 Φ + k2 Φ = 0 (1)
φ(1)
inc = exp{ikr1 [cosθ1 cosα
where, ¯ is the ambient fluid density, (−iω)s is the fluid-
particle-velocity vector, p is the acoustic pressure in the +sinθ1 sinαcos(ϕ1 − β)]}
inviscid fluid, k = ω/c is the acoustic wave number, c is the (2)
φinc = exp{ikr2 [cosθ2 cos(π − α)
ideal speed of sound, and we have assumed harmonic time +sinθ2 sin(π − α)cos(ϕ2 − β)]}
variations throughout with e−iωt dependence suppressed (3)
for simplicity. φinc = exp{ikr3 [cosθ3 cos(π − α)
Undoubtedly, the sound field scattered by an obsta- +sinθ3 sin(π − α)cos(ϕ3 − π + β)]}
(4)
cle may often be appreciably affected by a neighbouring φinc = exp{ikr4 [cosθ4 cosα
surface. Consider a spherical object of radius “a” po-
+sinθ4 sinαcos(ϕ4 − π + β)]} (2)
sitioned near a concave corner (Fig. 1). A plane sound
wave emerging from a distant source is obliquely inci- which may be expanded in terms of the appropriate spher-
dent on the object from above with angles of incidence ical harmonics as(9)
(α, β). This incident plane wave will be reflected by the φ(i)
inc (ri ,θi ,ϕi ,ω) =
vertical and horizontal boundaries of the corner. The re- ∞


q
flected plane waves act as a set of secondary waves that (−1)mi A pq jq (kri )Pqp (cosθi ) eip(ϕi −β̄i )
q=0 p=−q
are incident upon the spherical object at different angles.
If the vertical and horizontal boundaries are idealized as (i = 1,2,3,4) (3)
hard, planar, and of semi-infinite extent, the method of where jn (x) is the spherical Bessel function of the first
images can be employed to smoothly take their presence kind, Pmn (x) is the associated Legendre function
(10)
, m1 = 0,
into account(7) . Accordingly, the origins Oi (i = 1,2,3,4) m2 = p+q, m3 = q, m4 = p and β̄1 = β̄2 = β, β̄3 = β̄4 = −β and
of the spherical coordinate systems (ri ,θi ,ϕi ) are properly A pq = 2iq Pqp (cosα)/N pq in which
placed at the center of each sphere in the real/image sys- 2 (q + p)!
tem configuration as shown in Fig. 2. These coordinate N pq = · (4)
2q + 1 (q − p)!
systems are separated by the distance li j = l ji (i
j) such
that l12 = l21 = d1 , and l14 = l41 = d2 . Furthermore, the Furthermore, the velocity potentials φ(2) (3) (4)
inc , φinc , φinc , which
corresponding (xi ,yi ,zi ) axes are respectively parallel, i.e., appear in Eq. (2), can be expressed in the coordinate sys-
there is no relative rotation of the coordinate systems. tem of the real sphere as(2)
The dynamics of the multi-scattering problem can be φ(2)
inc = exp{ikr1 [cosθ1 cos(π − α)
expressed in terms of four scalar potentials corresponding
+sinθ1 sin(π − α)cos(ϕ1 − β)]}exp(ikd1 cosα)
to the fields scattered from each sphere in addition to the (3)
plane waves incident on these spheres (Fig. 2). The inci- φinc = exp{ikr1 [cosθ1 cos(π − α)
dent waves are written in the coordinate system of each +sinθ1 sin(π − α)cos(ϕ1 − π + β)]}

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778

×exp[ikd3 (sinαcosβsinγ + cosαcosγ)] where i, j = 1,2,3,4 (i
j), zn (x) is one of the spherical
(4)
φinc = exp{ikr1 [cosθ1 cosα Bessel functions of order n, and
( j,i)
+sinθ1 sinαcos(ϕ1 − π + β)]}exp(ikd2 sinαcosβ) Qmnpq =
(5) 2in−q n+q


 iσ bqpnm
σ zσ (kl ji )Pσp−m (cosθ ji )ei(p−m)ϕ ji
Nmn σ=|n−q|
where d3 = d12 + d22 , γ = tan−1 (d2 /d1 ). Next, the
( j,i)
above expressions may advantageously be expanded in Rmnpq =
the spherical coordinate system associated with the real n+q

bnqpσm
2in−q iσ jσ (kl ji )Pm
σ (cosθ ji )e
imϕ ji
(10)
sphere as(9) σ=|n−q| Nmσ
φ(i)
inc (r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω) = where θi j = π + θ ji (see Fig. 2), and
∞


q
e ikd̄i
(−1) A pq jq (kr1 )Pqp (cosθ1 )eip(ϕ1 −β̄i )
mi bnn1 m1 n2 m2 =
q=0 p=−q 1/2
(n1 + m1 )!(n2 + m2 )!(n − m1 + m2 )!
(6) (−1)m2
(n1 − m1 )!(n2 − m2 )!(n + m1 − m2 )!
where i = 2,3,4, d̄2 = ikd1 cosα, d̄3 = ikd3 (sinαcosβsinγ + ×(n1 n2 00|n0)(n1 n2 m1 ,−m2 |n,m1 − m2 ) (11)
cosαcosγ), and d̄4 = ikd2 sinαcosβ. Similarly, the field
in which Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients are defined as
scattered by each sphere in its own coordinate system may
conveniently expressed by (n1 n2 m1 m2 |n,m1 + m2 ) =
φ(i) 2n + 1
scat (ri ,θi ,ϕi ,ω) = (n + n1 − n2 )!(n1 + n2 − n)!

∞
q (n + n1 + n2 + 1)!
p
B(i)
pq (ω)hq (kri )Pq (cosθi )e
ipϕi
(i = 1,2,3,4) ×(n2 + n − n1 )!(n1 − m1 )!(n1 + m1 )!(n2 − m2 )!
q=0 p=−q
1/2
(7) ×(n2 + m2 )!(n + m1 + m2 )!(n − m1 − m2 )!
where hn (x) = jn (x) + iyn (x) is the spherical Hankel func-

× (−1)z [z!(n1 + n2 − n − z)!(z + n − n1 − m2 )!
tion of order n(10) , and B(i)
pq (ω) are the unknown scattering z
coefficients that are to be determined by imposing the suit- ×(n2 + m2 − z)!(z + n − n2 + m1 )!(n1 − m1 − z)!]−1
able boundary conditions.
Now, utilizing Eqs. (3) and (7), the total acoustic field (12)
may initially be written as where the summation must be performed over the non-
4

negative values of z that makes all factorials involving z
Φ= (φ(i) (i)
inc + φscat ) to be greater than or equal to zero. Subsequently, Incor-
i=1
∞
4 
q

porating Eqs. (6) and (9) in (8) allows us to express all


= (−1)mi A pq jq (kri )e−ipβ̄i wave expansions in terms of the wave functions of the co-
q=0 p=−q i=1 ordinate system centered at the real sphere. Therefore, the
 p
+B(i)
pq (ω)hq (kri ) Pq (cosθi )e
ipϕi
(8) total acoustic field with respect to the coordinate system
of the real sphere can be written as
where we note that each term represents the spherical
wave functions expressed in its original coordinate sys- Φ(r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω) =
tem. They need to be transformed (translated) to the ∞


q

remaining three coordinate systems before imposing the pq hq (kr1 ) + jq (kr1 )

B(1)
q=0 p=−q
boundary conditions. This can be achieved through proper ∞


n  
application of the general form of translational addition × mn Qmnpq + Bmn Qmnpq + Bmn Qmnpq
B(2) (1,2) (3) (1,3) (4) (1,4)
n=0 m=−n
theorem for bi-spherical coordinates. Accordingly, the
spherical wave functions of (r j ,θ j ,ϕ j ) coordinate system +A pq jq (kr1 ) exp[−ipβ] + (−1)q+p exp[−ipβ + d¯2 ]
can be expanded in terms of spherical wave functions of
(ri ,θi ,ϕi ) coordinate system as(9) +(−1)q exp[ipβ + d¯3 ] + (−1) p exp[ipβ + d¯4 ]
zq (kr j )Pqp (cosθ j )eipϕ j ×Pqp (cosθ1 )eimϕ1 (13)

∞




n
( j,i)

 Qmnpq jn (kri )Pm n (cosθi )e
imϕi Similar expressions can be obtained for the total acoustic






n=0 m=−n field with respect to the coordinate systems of the image
 (ri < li j )
=
 ∞
(9) spheres. As a result, Eq. (13) may be generalized in the




n
( j,i) p−m i(p−m)ϕi



Rmnpq z n (kr i )Pn (cosθ i )e form:


 n=0 m=−n
 (ri > li j ) Φ(ri ,θi ,ϕi ,ω) =

Series B, Vol. 48, No. 4, 2005 JSME International Journal

 779

∞


q
pq hq (kri ) + jq (kri )
B(i) 3. Numerical Results and Discussion
q=0 p=−q
∞


n 4


In order to illustrate the nature and general behaviour
( j) (i, j)
× Bmn Qmnpq of the solution, we consider numerical examples in this
n=0 m=−n j=1( j
i)
section. Realizing the crowd of parameters and the rel-
4

atively large sized matrices involved here, while keeping
+A pq jq (kri ) (−1)m j e(−ipβ̄ j +γi j )
j=1 in view our computing hardware limitations, we have to
confine our attention to a particular model in a specific
×Pqp (cosθi )eimϕi (14)
frequency range. The surrounding ambient fluid is as-
where i = 1,2,3,4, γ12 = γ21 = γ34 = γ43 = d̄2 , γ13 = γ31 =
sumed to be water at atmospheric pressure and 300 kelvin
γ24 = γ42 = d̄3 , γ14 = γ41 = γ23 = γ32 = d̄4 and γii = 0.
(¯ =0.997 g/cm3 , c =149 700 cm/s). Accurate compu-
The relevant boundary conditions that must be satis-
tation of the Bessel functions is achieved by employ-
fied on the surface of each sphere are simply vanishing of
ing the MATLAB specialized math functions “besselh”
the total radial surface velocity components, i.e.,
and “besselj.” The precision of the calculated values is
∂Φ(ri ,θi ,ϕi ,ω)
(−iω)sr (ri ,θi ,ϕi ,ω) = =0 checked against the printed tabulations in the handbook
∂ri ri =a by Abramowitz and Stegun(10) . Accurate computations
(i = 1,2,3,4) (15) for derivatives of spherical Bessel functions are accom-
which lead to the linear system of equations: plished by utilizing (10.1.19) and (10.1.22) in the latter
∞

jq (ka)
n
4
( j) (i, j) reference. A MATLAB code is constructed for treating the
pq +
B(i) Bmn Qmnpq =
hq (ka) n=0 m=−n j=1 boundary conditions and to calculate the unknown scatter-
( j
i)
ing coefficients and the relevant acoustic field quantities
jq (ka) 4

as functions of the nondimensional frequency ka, the an-
−A pq (−1)m j e(−ipβ̄ j +γi j )
hq (ka) j=1 gles of plane wave incidence (α,β), and the dimensionless
(i = 1,2,3,4) (16) distance parameters (d1 /a, d2 /a). The computations are
where we have used the following orthogonality relation performed on a Pentium IV personal computer with trun-
for associated Legendre functions(11) : cation constants of nmax = mmax = 20 so that the largest
π matrices involved are roughly about 1 800 × 1 800. This
q (cosθ)Pn (cosθ)sinθdθ = Nmn δqn
Pm m
(17) assures convergence in the high frequency range, and also
0
where δ pq is Kronecker delta and Nmn is defined in Eq. (4). in case of close proximity of the sphere to the quarterspace
The most relevant acoustic field quantities are the boundary.
scattering form-function, the scattered far-field pressure, Figure 3 displays the variation of the backward-
and the scattered intensity. The standard definition of the scattered normalized far-field pressure magnitude or the
form-function amplitude with respect to the real sphere is form function amplitude (i.e., | f∞ (r,θ,ϕ,ω)| θ=π+α ) with the
ϕ=π+β
written as(4) nondimensional frequency in case of (α = π/4, β = 0, π/4)
| f∞ (r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω)| ≡ incidence upon the rigid sphere for several increasing val-
  ues of distance parameters (d1 /a = 2, d2 /a = 3, 5, 20). This

4 
 φ scat (r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω) 
(i)
(complete) form function exactly accounts for the contri-

lim 
2r1 i=1
 (18) butions of the real sphere and the incident wave as well as
r1 →∞  a φ(1) (r ,θ ,ϕ ,ω) 
 inc 1 1 1
 that of the waves reflected from the rigid corner. We also

show the corresponding plot of the standard form function
Likewise, the radial component of the acoustic power flux for a single rigid sphere submerged in a boundless acous-
vector scattered per unit solid angle from the real sphere tic medium. Furthermore, we have generated the form
(scattered acoustic intensity) is given by(8)
 function amplitude results for a rigid sphere submerged
1 at a distance d = d1 = 2a from a rigid flat boundary by
I scat (r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω) = Re p scat (r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω)
2 using an independently developed MATLAB code. Ex-
∗
∂
(i) 4 amination of these plots leads to the following important
× φ (r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω) (19)
∂r1 i=1 scat observations. In case of the sphere in the acoustic halfs-
where the asterisk denotes a complex conjugate quantity, pace, there are strong oscillations in the form-function plot
and (triangular markers) that seem to be centered at a mean

4
value of two with an oscillating amplitude of value near
p scat (r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω) = iω¯ φ(i)
scat (r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω) (20)
i=1 two(2) . This, as one would expect, is twice the value for a
This completes the necessary background required for the single sphere (circular markers) which would be the pre-
exact acoustic analysis of a sphere near a rigid corner. diction offered by Born approximation in this case(12) . In
Next we consider some numerical examples. particular, the amplitude maxima of the form functions

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780

Fig. 4 The angular distribution of the scattered far-field

pressure for a unit amplitude plane wave obliquely
incident upon the sphere located near a rigid corner
at selected nondimensional frequencies and distance
parameters

terspace are much more complex than in the infinite fluid

medium case since there are a variety of repeatedly inci-
dent waves acting on the spherical scatterer from differ-
ent directions and with different phases. Accordingly, the
increasing rapid oscillations observed in figures are asso-
ciated with the fact that the phase difference between the
scattering object and the rigid boundary oscillate increas-
ingly faster as the separation grows. More specifically,
the oscillating nature of the phase factors eikdi cosα , hσ (kdi ),
( j,i) ( j,i)
Fig. 3 The variation of form function amplitude with the and jσ (kdi ) present in φ(i)
inc , Qmnpq , and Rmnpq (i, j = 1,2,3,4;
nondimensional frequency in case of oblique incidence i
j) imply different arrival times for these waves. This ef-
upon the rigid sphere for several increasing values of
fect forms an oscillation pattern in the latter terms at large
distance parameters
kdi .
Figure 4 displays the influence of the distance pa-
extend to over four times that of a (single) rigid sphere rameters (d1 /a, d2 /a) on angular distribution of the scat-
in a boundless medium. The form function plots asso- tered far-field pressure for a unit amplitude plane wave
ciated with the acoustic quarterspace are quite different obliquely incident (α = π/4, β = 0) upon the spherical ob-
from the halfspace results. In fact, the overall amplitudes stacle located near a rigid corner at selected nondimen-
of these form functions are roughly an order of magnitude sional frequencies (ka = 1, 5, 10). The far-field value of the
larger than the corresponding halfspace amplitudes, espe- radial coordinate in each case is simply chosen by making
cially for normal wave incidence (β = 0) at all three sep- several computer runs while seeking for the convergence
arations. These somewhat unexpected large amplitudes of the scattered pressure directivity patterns. The choice
clearly demonstrate that the multiple-scattering interac- of r∞ = 100a is found to be adequate for all cases. Fur-
tions extremely amplify in case of submersion near a rigid thermore, a maximum number of twenty modes are in-
corner even at relatively large separations. As the sep- cluded in all summations in order to assure convergence
aration grows, the form function peaks become sharper at the higher frequencies and also close proximity of the
and more densely packed. This behaviour may be clari- sphere to the rigid boundary. It is very interesting to notice
fied as follows(12) . The successive interactions among the the change in directionality of the scattered waves as the
various reflected and creeping waves in the acoustic quar- frequency, and the distance parameters are varied. First,

Series B, Vol. 48, No. 4, 2005 JSME International Journal

 781

Fig. 6 The form function amplitude versus nondimensional

frequency in the acoustic halfspace limit (i.e., for d1 /a =
2, 4, 10; d2 /a = 100 and d1 /a = 100; d2 /a = 2, 4, 10)

distributed around the rigid sphere for both distance pa-

Fig. 5 The scattered radial acoustic intensity distribution rameters. The proximity to the vertical wall does not seem
at selected nondimensional frequencies and distance to be very influential here. At the intermediate frequency
parameters in the neighbourhood of the rigid sphere of ka = 1, the presence of the vertical wall begins to show
under oblique wave incidence
its effect as the scattered energy directionality somewhat
enhances while its overall magnitude drastically increases.
we note that as the sphere is moved away from either the At ka = 10, the sound intensity magnitudes strongly am-
vertical or the horizontal boundary, the scattered far-field plify and there is a strong lobe in the specular direction
pressure directionality remarkably increases, especially at (i.e., θ = 135◦ ), with fairly small diffraction side-lobes in
the higher frequencies (i.e., ka = 5, 10). At the lowest the neighbouring directions. Furthermore, the symmetry
frequency considered (ka = 1), the pressure patterns are around the specular direction is destroyed due to the phase
very uniform as they show a very low directionality with difference that exists between the wave directly incident
a relatively large backward scattering (i.e., at θ = α + π) on the rigid sphere and the secondary wave also incident
for all distance parameters. However, the overall scattered on the sphere after reflection from the rigid corner. As
pressure magnitudes noticeably increase with decreasing noted earlier, such phase-difference is due to the fact that
the distance parameters. At the intermediate frequency the direct and secondary waves do not hit the sphere si-
(ka = 5), increasing the distance parameters leads to a rad- multaneously, but with a relative delay. Finally, in order
ical increase in the pressure directivities. In other words, to check overall validity of the work we have computed
when the sphere is located relatively close to the halfs- the form function amplitude versus nondimensional fre-
pace boundary (i.e., d1 /a = 2, d2 /a = 3, 5) the pressure quency for a rigid sphere immersed near a hard flat bound-
patterns become very non-directional with appearance of ary by selecting in turn (d1 /a = 2, 4, 10; d2 /a = 100) and
relatively strong backward scattered main (side) lobes. A (d1 /a = 100; d2 /a = 2, 4, 10) in our general MATLAB
very similar behaviour is observed at the highest frequency code. The numerical results, as shown in Fig. 6, accurately
(ka = 10), except that the overall scattered far-field pres- reproduce the curves displayed in Fig. 3 of Ref.(2).
sure magnitudes are now distinctively larger.
4. Conclusions
To further assess the effect of rigid corner on the scat-
tered acoustic field, the radial acoustic intensity distri- This work presents analytical solutions as well as nu-
bution, I scat (r1 ,θ1 ,ϕ1 ,ω), at selected nondimensional fre- merical results for the fundamental boundary value prob-
quencies and distance parameters in the neighbourhood of lem concerning the general interaction of a plane sound
the rigid sphere under (α = π/4, β = 0) wave incidence are wave with an impenetrable sphere immersed in an acous-
presented in Fig. 5. It is interesting to study the change in tic quarterspace. The solution is based on the classical
strength and directionality of the scattered energy as the method of images and the translational addition theorems
incident wave frequency and the distance parameters are for spherical wave functions. The scattered far-field pres-
changed. At the lowest frequency (ka = 0.1), the extremely sure directivity, the form function amplitude, and the scat-
small amplitude scattered sound energy is almost evenly tered acoustic intensity are illustrated for a selected range

JSME International Journal Series B, Vol. 48, No. 4, 2005

782

of frequencies and separations. The numerical results re- Eng., Vol.20 (1995), pp.285–292.
veal the central effects of the distance parameters, the in- (5) Hasheminejad, S.M., Modal Acoustic Force on a
cident wave frequency, and the angle of wave incidence Spherical Radiator in an Acoustic Halfspace with
on amplitude and directionality of the scattered field in Locally Reacting Boundary, Acta Acustica, Vol.87
(2001), pp.443–453.
comparison with the acoustic halfspace problem. The pre-
(6) Shenderov, E.L., Diffraction of Sound by an Elastic
sented exact solution can serve as the benchmark for com- or Impedance Sphere Located near an Impedance or
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asymptotic approaches. It can also be extended to sound Vol.48 (2002), pp.607–617.
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rigid corner. brations of a Spherical Source in an Acoustic Quar-
terspace, ASME J. Vib. Acoustics, to Appear.
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Series B, Vol. 48, No. 4, 2005 JSME International Journal