Scattering and active acoustic control from a submerged

spherical shell
Clyde Scandrett
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943

共Received 2 August 2001; revised 24 October 2001; accepted 29 October 2001兲

This paper is concerned with the scattering from a submerged 共heavy fluid兲 bilaminate spherical
shell composed of an outer layer of steel, and an inner layer of radially polarized piezoelectric
material. The methodology used includes separation formulas for the stresses and displacements,
which in turn are used 共coupled with spherical harmonics兲 to reduce the governing equations to
linear systems of ordinary differential equations. This technique uses the full equations of elasticity
rather than any of the various thin-shell approximations in determining the axisymmetric scattering
from a shell, normal modes of vibration for the shell, as well as voltages necessary for annihilation
of a scattered pressure due to insonification of the shell by an incident plane wave. © 2002
Acoustical Society of America. 关DOI: 10.1121/1.1428749兴
PACS numbers: [Link], [Link], [Link] 关EGW兴

I. INTRODUCTION present problem introduces a matrix with variable coeffi-

Piezoelectric materials have for some time been impor- cients. Furthermore, for the flat, layered media, the lateral
tant in the study of transducers, and of particular interest to extent of the layers is usually taken to be infinite with the
the Navy in the area of underwater acoustics.1 Use of piezo- result that all dependent field variables are represented by
electric materials in applications involving active acoustic plane waves that have equivalent functional dependence in
control of structures has more recently become an important terms of the lateral independent variables in order to phase
area of research,2– 4 and while there has been much written match across layers. With this assumption, an ordinary dif-
on the subject of active acoustic control for light fluid-loaded ferential equation with constant coefficients results for each
structures, there has been decidedly fewer publications re- layer. For the spherically layered structure, expanding all
garding active control of structures constrained by a ‘‘heavy’’ field variables in terms of spherical harmonics eliminates lat-
fluid.5,6 eral variable dependence. The primary difference between
In a recent article, Chen7 considered the free vibrations state-space methods and other matrix techniques is the de-
of laminated piezoelectric hollow spheres by applying a composition of field variables into two groups prior to the
normal-modes methodology involving a decomposition of application of normal modes. For the problem addressed in
the stress and displacement fields referred to as the ‘‘state- this report, this decomposition is particularly useful, since in
space’’ method. In addition to spherical geometries consid- calculations involving the scattering and radiation of acoustic
ered here, the state-space methodology has been used to find pressures into the fluid medium encompassing the sphere,
modes of vibrations for circular and rectangular plates as only one of the two ‘‘groups’’ need be considered.
well.8,9 The decomposition of field variables, as it applies to The paper is summarized as follows. The governing
spherical geometry originated with the work of Hu.10 In most equations are derived in the next section, followed by a short
of the papers that apply state-space methods, in vacuo natu- description of the solution methods and comparisons to pre-
ral frequencies are the sought-after quantities. An exception viously reported results. Determinations of the scattering
is the paper by Ding and Chen,11 which reports on the natural properties for the spherical shell as well as modal voltage
frequencies for an elastic spherically isotropic hollow sphere, potentials necessary to actively cancel scattered pressures
submerged in a heavy fluid. That paper does not, however, from the shell are then given. Numerical results applied to
consider the scattering problem, nor is the issue of applying the particular case of a bilaminate sphere are reported.
a piezoelectric layer for the purpose of active acoustic con-
trol addressed.
In many ways, the state-space method used by Chen is
reminiscent of wave-number integration techniques used for
acoustic wave propagation in marine layers12 and the II. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Thomson–Haskell method13 originally used in seismology.
In each of these methods, a system of first-order differential Governing equations for an elastic spherical shell are
equations is derived with thickness coordinate as the inde- given below. From these, it is a relatively simple matter to
pendent variable, while dependent variables are combina- include the piezoelectric effects as additive terms to the gov-
tions of stresses and displacements. Unlike ‘‘flat,’’ layered erning equations for a piezoelectric shell. Ultimately, both
media, which may be comprised of isotropic or anisotropic will be needed in the analysis of a bilaminate shell. Using
elastic materials for which constant coefficient Stroh abbreviated subscripts,15 strain variables in spherical coordi-
matrices14 are produced, the spherical geometry of the nates are

J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111 (2), February 2002 0001-4966/2002/111(2)/893/15/$19.00 © 2002 Acoustical Society of America 893
 冋册
S rr For radial polarizations of the piezoelectric layer, one
S ␪␪ can introduce a Bond matrix to transform the constitutive
S ␾␾ relationships from those of a flat piezoelectric layer with po-
S⫽ larization in the z direction, to a radial polarization. Applying
2S ␪␾
these transformations, the piezoelectric, dielectric, and stiff-
2S r ␾
ness matrices for a 6-mm crystal 共PZT兲 can be determined.

冋 册
2S r ␪
For the piezoelectric equations,15 using stress and electric
⳵ w/ ⳵ r displacements as dependent variables, total stresses acting on
w/r⫹ 共 1/r 兲 ⳵ u/ ⳵ ␪ the piezoelectric material are
w/r⫹ 共 cot ␪ /r 兲 u⫹ 共 1/r sin ␪ 兲 ⳵ v / ⳵ ␾
⫽ , 共1兲 ⳵⌽
共 1/r sin ␪ 兲 ⳵ u/ ⳵ ␾ ⫹ 共 1/r 兲 ⳵ v / ⳵ ␪ ⫺ 共 cot ␪ /r 兲v T rr ⫽c 33S rr ⫹c 13共 S ␪␪ ⫹S ␾␾ 兲 ⫹e 33 ,
⳵r
共 1/r sin ␪ 兲 ⳵ w/ ⳵ v ⫹ ⳵ v / ⳵ r⫺ 共 1/r 兲v
共 1/r 兲 ⳵ w/ ⳵ ␪ ⫹ ⳵ u/ ⳵ r⫺ 共 1/r 兲 u ⳵⌽
T ␪␪ ⫽c 11S ␪␪ ⫹c 13S rr ⫹c 12S ␾␾ ⫹e 31 ,
where w, u, and v are displacements in the radial, longitudi- ⳵r
nal, and latitudinal directions, respectively.
The stress/strain relationship for an isotropic homoge- ⳵⌽
T ␾␾ ⫽c 11S ␾␾ ⫹c 12S ␪␪ ⫹c 13S rr ⫹e 31 , 共6兲
neous elastic substance is given by ⳵r
T rr ⫽ 共 ␭⫹2 ␮ 兲 S rr ⫹␭ 共 S ␪␪ ⫹S ␾␾ 兲 ,
T ␪␾ ⫽2c 66S ␪␾ ,
T ␪␪ ⫽ 共 ␭⫹2 ␮ 兲 S ␪␪ ⫹␭ 共 S rr ⫹S ␾␾ 兲 ,
共2兲 1 ⳵⌽
T ␾␾ ⫽ 共 ␭⫹2 ␮ 兲 S ␾␾ ⫹␭ 共 S ␪␪ ⫹S rr 兲 , T r ␾ ⫽2c 44S r ␾ ⫹e 15 ,
r sin ␪ ⳵ ␾
T ␪␾ ⫽2 ␮ S ␪␾ , T r ␾ ⫽2 ␮ S r ␾ , T r ␪ ⫽2 ␮ S r ␪ ,
1 ⳵⌽
T r ␪ ⫽2c 44S r ␪ ⫹e 15 ,
while the governing equilibrium equations are r ⳵␪

⳵2
⳵t
w
ⵜ•T⫽ ␳ 2 u .
v
冋册 共3兲
where the electric field has been represented by the negative
gradient of an electric potential under the quasistatic
approximation15 (E⫽⫺ⵜ⌽). The electric displacement vec-
Introducing new dependent variables related to the stress tor in terms of the strains and electric potential function of
the new coordinate system is
␴⫽rT, 共4兲
⳵⌽
and multiplying the equations of motion by r 2 , they become D r ⫽e 33S rr ⫹e 31共 S ␪␪ ⫹S ␾␾ 兲 ⫺␧ 3 ,
⳵r
1 ⳵␴ r ␾
ⵜ2 ␴ rr ⫹ ␴ rr ⫺ 共 ␴ ␪␪ ⫹ ␴ ␾␾ 兲 ⫹ ⫹cot ␪ ␴ r ␪ 1 ⳵⌽
sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ D ␾ ⫽2e 15S r ␾ ⫺␧ 1 , 共7兲
r sin ␪ ⳵ ␾
⳵␴ r ␪ ⳵ w
2
⫹ ⫽ ␳ er 2 2
⳵␪ ⳵t 1 ⳵⌽
D ␪ ⫽2e 15S r ␪ ⫺␧ 1 .
r ⳵␪
⳵␴ ␪␪ 1 ⳵␴ ␪␾
ⵜ2 ␴ r ␪ ⫹2 ␴ r ␪ ⫹cot ␪ 共 ␴ ␪␪ ⫺ ␴ ␾␾ 兲 ⫹ ⫹
⳵␪ sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ The governing equation for the electric displacement given
the quasistatic approximation is that the divergence of the
⳵ u
2
⫽ ␳ er 2 共5兲 electric displacement vanishes
⳵t2

ⵜ2 ␴ r ␾ ⫹2 ␴ r ␾ ⫹
1 ⳵␴ ␾␾
sin ␪ ⳵ ␾
⫹2 cot ␪ ␴ ␪␾ ⫹
⳵␴ ␪␾
⳵␪
1 ⳵
r ⳵r
2 冉
r2
⳵Dr
⳵r
⫹ 冊 1 ⳵
r sin ␪ ⳵ ␪
共 sin ␪ D ␪ 兲 ⫹
1 ⳵D␾
r sin ␪ ⳵ ␾
⫽0. 共8兲
⳵ 2v
⫽ ␳ er 2
,
⳵t2 As was done for the isotropic, homogeneous elastic
equations, the equations of motion 共and electric displacement
where ⵜ2 ⫽r( ⳵ / ⳵ r). equation兲 are scaled by r 2 and new dependent variables for
A similar set of equations can be derived for the piezo- the stress and electric displacement are introduced
electric shell. The strain elastic equations and the divergence
of the stress are equivalent, but the stress quantities must ␶⫽rT and ␦⫽rD. 共9兲
now be amended due to the fact that the material is radially
anisotropic, and because the additional piezoelectric effect The equations of motion for the piezoelectric layer can then
must be accounted for. be written

894 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell
 1 ⳵ ␶ r␾ ⳵ ␶ r␪ ⳵V ⳵V
ⵜ2 ␶ rr ⫹ ␶ rr ⫺ 共 ␶ ␪␪ ⫹ ␶ ␾␾ 兲 ⫹ ⫹cot ␪␶ r ␪ ⫹ A⫽ , B⫽sin ␪ ⇒ⵜ 21 V⫽0,
sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵␪ ⳵␾ ⳵␪
共13兲
⳵ 2w p
⫽ ␳ pr 2
⳵2
⳵ 1 ⳵ 2
⳵t2 ⵜ 21 ⫽ ⫹cot ␪ ⫹ ,
⳵␪2 ⳵ ␪ sin2 ␪ ⳵ ␾ 2
⳵ ␶ ␪␪ 1 ⳵ ␶ ␪␾
ⵜ2 ␶ r ␪ ⫹2 ␶ r ␪ ⫹cot ␪ 共 ␶ ␪␪ ⫺ ␶ ␾␾ 兲 ⫹ ⫹
⳵␪ sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ one typically chooses V⫽0, and is left with the two first-
order equations
⳵ 2u p
⫽ ␳ pr 2
⳵t2 1 e 15 1
共10兲 ⵜ2 G⫽ ⌺ ⫹w⫹G⫹ ⌽, ⵜ2 ␺ ⫽ ⌺ ⫹␺.
1 ⳵ ␶ ␾␾ ⳵ ␶ ␪␾ c 44 2 c 44 c 44 1
f ⵜ2 ␶ r ␾ ⫹2 ␶ r ␾ ⫹ ⫹2 cot ␪␶ ␪␾ ⫹ 共14兲
sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵␪
⳵ 2v p The corresponding elastic equations that result are
⫽ ␳ pr 2
⳵t2
1 1
⳵␦␪ 1 ⳵␦␾ ⵜ2 G⫽ ⌺ ⫹w⫹G, ⵜ2 ␺ ⫽ ⌺ ⫹␺. 共15兲
ⵜ2 ␦ r ⫹ ␦ r ⫹ ⫹cot ␪ ␦ ␪ ⫹ ⫽0. ␮ 2 ␮ 1
⳵␪ sin ␪ ⳵ ␾
With the above expressions, some of the dependent vari-
III. SEPARATION OF VARIABLES USING POTENTIAL ables in the original sets of equations can be eliminated. In
FUNCTIONS AND THE STATE-SPACE METHOD particular, the stress variables ␶ ␪␾ , ␶ ␪␪ , ␶ ␾␾ 共and the elastic
For both the elastic and piezoelectric layers the same expressions ␴ ␪␾ , ␴ ␪␪ , ␴ ␾␾ ) can be rewritten as functions of
procedure of ‘‘separation’’ will be performed. Hu10 was evi- the new potentials, normal displacement, and electric poten-
dently the first to employ the separation method, with other tial. These intermediate expressions can then be used in the
researchers more recently adopting and modifying the proce- equations for radial components of the electric displacement
dure for special cases.7,16 In this technique, new displace- and stress. For the elastic case there is no electric potential,
ment and stress potentials are introduced in order to reduce so only one equation is produced by the substitution.
the order and coupling of the governing equations. In Hu’s The remaining four equations for the piezoelectric ma-
original paper, displacements were separated to produce two terial 共three for the elastic material兲 come from manipulating
sets, one set with zero dilatation and zero radial displace- the equations of motion. The two shear-stress equations of
ment, and a second with the property that the radial compo- motion are transformed into the familiar coupled system
nent of the curl of the displacements is zero. In this paper,
the application of the state-space method closely follows that 1 ⳵A ⳵B 1 ⳵B ⳵A
⫽⫺ , ⫽ ,
found in Chen’s paper.7 Displacement and stress potentials ␺, sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵␪ sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵ ␪
G, ⌺ 1 , and ⌺ 2 , are introduced in the following fashion:

1 ⳵␺ ⳵G 1 ⳵G ⳵␺ ⳵ 2␺
u⫽⫺ ⫺ , v ⫽⫺ ⫹ , A⫽ⵜ2 ⌺ 1 ⫹2⌺ 1 ⫹c 66共 ⵜ 21 ␺ ⫹2 ␺ 兲 ⫺ ␳ p r 2 ,
sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵ ␪ sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵ ␪ ⳵t2

1 ⳵⌺1 ⳵⌺2 ⳵ 2G
␶ r ␪ or ␴ r ␪ ⫽⫺ ⫺ , 共11兲 B⫽ⵜ2 ⌺ 2 ⫹2⌺ 2 ⫺ ␤␶ rr ⫺k 2 ⵜ 21 G⫹2c 66G⫺ ␳ p r 2
sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵␪ ⳵t2
1 ⳵⌺2 ⳵⌺1 ⫹k 1 w p ⫺ ␥ ␦ r , 共16兲
␶ r ␾ or ␴ r ␾ ⫽⫺ ⫹ .
sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵␪
k 1 ⫽2 共 ␤ c 13⫹ ␥ e 31兲 ⫺ 共 c 11⫹c 12兲 ,
Replacing all expressions in the above shear stresses
with the new values for the displacements u and v , one ob-
tains the coupled equations for the piezoelectric case k 2 ⫽ ␤ c 13⫹ ␥ e 31⫺c 11 ,

1 ⳵A ⳵B 1 ⳵B ⳵A
⫽ , ⫺ ⫽ , whereby in applying the same argument as before, a potential
sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵ ␪ sin ␪ ⳵ ␾ ⳵ ␪ function equal to zero can be hypothesized that ultimately
leads to the vanishing of both A and B above, and an equiva-
A⫽⌺ 2 ⫹c 44w⫺c 44ⵜ2 G⫹c 44G⫹e 15⌽, 共12兲
lent set for the elastic case. The final two equations for the
B⫽⌺ 1 ⫺c 44ⵜ2 ␺ ⫹c 44␺ . piezoelectric case 共one for the elastic case兲 are straightfor-
ward 共but tedious兲 substitutions.
Choosing A and B to have a common potential function V, as The final sets of equations are consolidated into matrix
follows: form, and a time-harmonic frequency dependence of the

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell 895
 form e ⫺i ␻ t is assumed throughout. The decoupled sets of equations for the elastic material are given first, followed by
those for the piezoelectric material.

r
⳵ ⌺1
⳵r ␺
⫽ 冋 册冋
⫺2 ⫺ ␮ 共 ⵜ 21 ⫹2 兲 ⫺r 2 ␻ 2 ␳ e ⌺ 1
␺ 册冋 册
冋 册冋 册冋 册
1/␮ 1
2 ␤ e ⫺1 ⵜ 21 k 1e ⵜ 21 ⫺2k 1e ⫺ ␳ e r 2 ␻ 2
␴ rr ␴ rr
⳵ ⌺2 ␤e ⫺2 k 2e ⵜ 21 ⫺2 ␮ ⫺ ␳ e r 2 ␻ 2 ⫺k 1e ⌺2
r 共17兲
⳵r G 0 1/␮ 1 1 G
w w
1/␣ e 0 ␤ e ⵜ 21 ⫺2 ␤ e

r
⳵ ⌺1
⳵r ␺
冋 册冋
⫽
⫺2 ⫺c 66共 ⵜ 21 ⫹2 兲 ⫺r 2 ␻ 2 ␳ p ⌺ 1
1/c 44 1 ␺ 册冋 册

冋册冤 冋冥 册
2 ␤ ⫺1 ⵜ 21 k 1 ⵜ 21 ⫺2k 1 ⫺ ␳ p r 2 ␻ 2 2␥ 0
␤ ⫺2 k 2 ⵜ 21 ⫺2c 66⫺ ␳ p r 2 ␻ 2 ⫺k 1 ␥ 0

␶ rr 1 e 15 ␶ rr
0 1 1 0
⌺2 c 44 c 44 ⌺2
⳵ G e 33 G
r ⫽ ␧3 /␣ 0 ␤ ⵜ 21 ⫺2 ␤ 0 . 共18兲
⳵r wp ␣ wp
␦r ␦r
e 15ⵜ 21
⌽ 0 0 0 ⫺1 k 3 ⵜ 21 ⌽
c 44
c 33
e 33 / ␣ 0 ␥ ⵜ 21 ⫺2 ␥ ⫺ 0
␣

The piezoelectric equations are identical to those ⬁ n

reported in Chen’s paper,7 and as done in Chen’s work, w⫽ 兺 兺

n⫽0 m⫽⫺n
n 共 cos ␪ 兲 e
w nm 共 r 兲 P m im ␾

the dependent variables are scaled

⌺ 1,n
s
共 ␰ 兲 ⫽⌺ 1,n 共 r 兲 /a 1 c 44 , ——→
assuming axisymmetry n⫽0
兺 w n 共 r 兲 P n 共 cos ␪ 兲 , 共20兲

and the independent variable ‘‘r’’ is altered by the simple

␺ sn 共 ␰ 兲 ⫽ ␺ n 共 r 兲 /a 1 , ␶ rr,n
s
共 ␰ 兲 ⫽ ␶ rr,n 共 r 兲 /a 1 c 44 ,
substitution

⌺ 2,n
s
共 ␰ 兲 ⫽⌺ 2,n 共 r 兲 /a 1 c 44 , G sn 共 ␰ 兲 ⫽G n 共 r 兲 /a 1 , 共19兲
r⫽a i e ⇒ ␰
再 r

r 2
d
⫽
d
dr d ␰
⫽a 2i e 2 ␰
. 共21兲

w sn 共 ␰ 兲 ⫽w n 共 r 兲 /a 1 ,
Using the property that ⵜ 21 P n (cos ␪)⫽⫺LPn(cos ␪)
where L⫽n(n⫹1) 共and n refers to the particular mode of
the expansion兲, the matrix equations result in systems of
␦ r,n
s
共 ␰ 兲 ⫽ ␦ r,n 共 r 兲 /a 1 e 33 , ⌽ sn 共 ␰ 兲 ⫽⌽ n 共 r 兲 /a 1 e 33 . ordinary differential equations in the new radial variable ␰.
For the piezoelectric layer, the matrices are

冋 册冋 册冋 册
Normal modes in the form of spherical harmonics are
introduced 共with axisymmetry assumed a representative of d ⌺ 1,n
s ⫺2 c 66共 L⫺2 兲 /c 44⫺J p ⌺ 1,n
s
⫽
the expansions is the radial displacement w兲 d ␰ ␺ sn 1 1 ␺ sn

896 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell
 k 1L 2k 1 2 ␥ e 33
2 ␤ ⫺1 ⫺L ⫺ ⫺ ⫺J p 0
c 44 c 44 c 44

冋 册l 冋m 册
共 k 2 L⫹2c 66兲 ␥ e 33
␤ ⫺2 ⫺ ⫺J p ⫺k 1 /c 44 0
␶ rr,n
s c 44 c 44 ␶ rr,n
s

⌺ 2,n
s e 15e 33 ⌺ 2,n
s
0 1 1 1 0
d G sn c 44␧ 3 G sn
⫽ ,
d␰ w sp,n ␧ 3 c 44 w sp,n
0 ⫺␤L ⫺2 ␤ 2
e 33 /␣ 0
␦ r,n
s
␣ ␦ r,n
s

⌽ sn e 15L k 3L ⌽ sn
0 ⫺ 0 0 ⫺1 ⫺
e 33 ␧3
c 44␧ 3 2␥␧3 c 33␧ 3
0 ⫺ ␥ L␧ 3 /e 33 ⫺ ⫺ 0
␣ e 33 ␣
J p ⫽⍀ 2 e 2 ␰ , ⍀ 2 ⫽ ␻ 2 a inner
2
␳ p /c 44 , 共22兲
while the matrices for an outer elastic layer, assuming the inner layer is piezoelectric, are

d␰ ␺ 冋 册冋
d ⌺ 1,n
s
s ⫽
⫺2
c 44 / ␮
␮ 共 L⫺2 兲 /c 44⫺J e ⌺ 1,n
s

␺ sn 册冋 册
冋 册冋 册冋 册
n 1

␴ rr,n
s 2 ␤ e ⫺1 ⫺L ⫺k 1e L/c 44 ⫺2k 1e /c 44⫺J e ␴ rr,n
s

d ⌺ 2,n
s ␤e ⫺2 ⫺ 共 k 2e L⫹2 ␮ 兲 /c 44⫺J e ⫺k 1e /c 44 ⌺ 2,n
s
s ⫽ 共23兲
d␰ Gn 0 c 44 /␮ 1 1 G sn
s
wn c 44 / ␣ e 0 ⫺ ␤ eL ⫺2 ␤ e w sn

J e⫽ 冉
␳ p a inner 冊
␳ e a interface 2 2 2 ␰
⍀ e .

When there are two layers of differing material, only the of values at the top of the layer. Gilbert and Backus intro-
material parameters for the innermost layer are used for the duced the propagator matrix method to seismology as a more
entire structure, as in Chen.7 If the material is composed of general case of the Thomson–Haskell matrix method,13 but
an isotropic, homogeneous elastic material, the last two vari- the more generic mathematical name for the special matrix is
ables relevant only for piezoelectric material are absent, and the fundamental matrix of the system of ordinary differential
the stiffness parameter c 44 becomes ␮. The distance scale a 1 equations found in standard textbooks.17
is the radius of the inner surface of the hollow sphere. Chen7 uses a Neumann series approach in his determi-
Note that the matrices just developed collapse somewhat nation of the fundamental matrices, which is entirely appro-
when one considers the fundamental mode n⫽0. In this case, priate provided the layer is ‘‘thin’’ ( ␰ Ⰶ1) relative to the
the potential functions introduced earlier can have ampli- radius of the sphere or layer. An alternative technique is to
tudes equal to zero without loss of generality because only apply a simple ordinary differential equation 共ODE兲 solver
their derivatives are used in the definition of the displace- with a constrained tolerance. If the Neumann series approach
ments and stresses. Therefore, for the n⫽0 case, the two is adopted, one must split a thick layer into several thin lay-
piezoelectric matrix equations collapse to a single four-by- ers, each of which must necessarily find fundamental matri-
four matrix system, and the elastic equations collapse to a ces. A matrix for the entire layer is then found by simply
single three-by-three matrix system. These are again equiva- multiplying the matrices of each of the sublayers together.
lent to those given in Chen for the purely piezoelectric layer. By comparison, use of an ODE solver requires many more
function evaluations, but a single fundamental matrix is
IV. FUNDAMENTAL OR PROPAGATOR MATRICES
found without further substructuring of the layer.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the Neumann series
The matrix formulations are exact within the theory of method, while comparing it to the use of an ODE solver,
linear elasticity as they stand, and can be used to solve ra- consider the simple, first-order ordinary differential equation
diation and scattering problems from structures that enjoy that has a form similar to the radially dependent entry from
spherical symmetry. What is sought essentially is the propa- the governing matrices
gator matrix for each layer, which can be used to translate a
given set of boundary conditions in the form of stresses and dy 2 ␰ ⫺1 兲 /2
⫽e 2 ␰ y, y 共 0 兲 ⫽1⇒y 共 ␰ 兲 ⫽e 共 e . 共24兲
displacements at the bottom of a given layer to a second set d␰

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell 897
 FIG. 1. Comparison of Neumann se-
ries and RKF errors for model scalar
equation.

In the Neumann series technique, a nine-term expansion well for short intervals, but as expected its error grows dra-
is compared with a solution found using a Runge–Kutta– matically compared to the two RKF solutions over longer
Fehlberg 共RKF兲 algorithm of orders 4 and 5.18 The standard intervals.
application of this algorithm in MATLAB, applies a scalar In performing the scattering calculations to be consid-
relative error tolerance of 10⫺3 , and a vector absolute error ered in subsequent sections of this paper, thicknesses of each
tolerance of 10⫺6 . The tolerance level in MATLAB is set by layer are on the order of one-hundredths of the radius of the
these two parameters by maintaining the following inequal- shell, so that either method works well. However, for thicker
ity, where the subscript ‘‘i’’ refers to the particular compo- shells, it may be advisable to use an ODE solver rather than
nent of the solution vector: a Neumann series to avoid accuracy issues, and program-
ming difficulties in sublayering thick layers.
estimated errori ⭐max兵 RelTol* 兩 y i 兩 ,AbsToli 其 . In the matter of determining free modes of vibration, the
The first few terms of the Neumann series are given use of applying an ODE solver versus the series solution is
below considered. Labeling the propagator or fundamental matrices
for n⬎0, T 1n , and T 2n , and the fundamental matrices for
T共 0 兲 ⫽T0 , n⫽0, T 10 , and T 20 , one can find the mechanical resonances
of the shell by finding zeros of the real part of certain com-
T⬘ ⫽NT⇒T⬘ 共 0 兲 ⫽N 共 0 兲 T0 , ponents or submatrices of the fundamental matrices after ap-
共25兲 plication of the appropriate boundary conditions. In the case
T⬙ ⫽N ⬘ T⫹NT⬘ ⫽ 共 N ⬘ ⫹NN 兲 T
of an anisotropic elastic or piezoelectric shell, the two inde-
⇒T⬙ 共 0 兲 ⫽ 共 N ⬘ 共 0 兲 ⫹N 共 0 兲 N 共 0 兲兲 T0 , pendent classes of vibrations correspond to the vanishing of
the 共1,2兲 component of T 1n , 共first class兲, vanishing of the
T⵮ ⫽N ⬙ T⫹2N ⬘ T⬘ ⫹NT⬙ 共1,2兲 component of T 20 for the second class n⫽0 case, and
for the second class n⬎0 cases 共open-circuit modes兲, the
⫽ 共 N ⬙ ⫹2N ⬘ N⫹N 共 N ⬘ ⫹NN 兲兲 T vanishing of the three-by-three determinant
⇒T⵮ 共 0 兲 ⫽ 关 N ⬙ 共 0 兲 ⫹2N ⬘ 共 0 兲 N 共 0 兲 ⫹N 共 0 兲 N ⬘ 共 0 兲
⫹N 共 0 兲 N 共 0 兲 N 共 0 兲兴 T0 ,
and the Neumann series terms so constructed can be used to
冏 T 2n,13 T 2n,14 T 2n,16

冏
T 2n,23 T 2n,24 T 2n,26 ⫽0, n⫽1,2,3,... .
T 2n,53 T 2n,54 T 2n,56
共26兲

find values of the dependent variables as a polynomial in the The boundary conditions that lead to the above conditions
independent variable ␰. for the eigenfrequency calculations are vanishing from the
The errors in solving the model first-order scalar differ- stresses on both inner and outer surfaces, with the additional
ential equation using the ODE solvers are plotted against constraint that the normal component of the electric displace-
errors using a nine-term Neumann series over the interval ment vector 共open-circuit case兲 vanish at both surfaces when
from zero to one on a semilog graph 共Fig. 1兲. For this simple the material is piezoelectric. Symbolically, these conditions
example, one can see that the Neumann series does quite are

898 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell
 TABLE I. Comparison of results for an elastic hollow sphere.

n 0 1 2 3 4 5

RKF45 First class 0 3.5558 2.3919 3.6966 4.8732 5.9375

Tol⫽(10⫺3 ,10⫺6 ) Second class 5.1514 3.3933 1.7823 2.4971 3.2849 3.6242
RKF45 First class 0 3.5558 2.3919 3.6966 4.8732 5.6171
Tol⫽(10⫺5 ,10⫺8 ) Second class 5.1514 3.3933 1.7822 2.4963 3.1045 3.6740
RKF45 First class 0 3.5558 2.3919 3.6966 4.8732 5.6171
Tol⫽(10⫺8 ,10⫺11) Second class 5.1514 3.3933 1.7822 2.4963 3.1045 3.6733
Chen’s results 共9 terms in 0 3.5558 2.3919 3.6966 4.8732 5.9974
series, using 5 sublayers兲 5.1514 3.3933 1.7823 2.4963 3.1047 3.6744
Cohen et al. 共Ref. 19兲 and 0 3.5558 2.3919 3.6966 4.8732 5.9974
Chen and Ding 共Ref. 20兲 results 5.1514 3.3933 1.7822 2.4963 3.1045 3.6733

␴ rr ⫽ ␴ r ␪ ⫽ ␴ r ␾ ⫽0 for elastic material, ␳ ⫽7500. Again, the results using the RKF method with tol-
erances shown in the table compare well to the values re-
␶ rr ⫽ ␶ r ␪ ⫽ ␶ r ␾ ⫽ ␦ r ⫽0 ported in Chen’s paper for which a nine-term Neumann se-
for piezoelectric material 共open circuit兲, ries is used, with presumably five sublayers. The results
differ by less than one percent in all cases, with the first-class
␶ rr ⫽ ␶ r ␪ ⫽ ␶ r ␾ ⫽⌽⫽0
values being identical.
for piezolectric material 共short circuit兲.
A two-by-two matrix consisting of the first two rows and
columns of the three-by-three matrix replaces the three-by-
three determinant used in calculating the upper branch eigen-
V. FLUID-LOADING EFFECTS
frequencies of a piezoelectric layer for the elastic case.
Normal modes of vibration of an elastic anisotropic
When a heavy fluid surrounds a sphere, the effects of
thick shell (thickness⫽0.5 m, outer radius⫽1 m), with stiff-
this loading must be taken into account in the determination
ness parameters: c 11⫽20⫻1010, c 12⫽12⫻1010, c 13⫽2
⫻1010, c 33⫽2⫻1010, c 44⫽1010, and density ␳ ⫽7500 were of the mechanical resonances of the sphere, as well as in
reported in the work of Chen,7 in which he varied the num- calculations involving radiation or scattering from the
ber of terms in the Neumann series, as well as the number of sphere. The fluid motion and structural displacements are
sublayers for the thick shell. In Table I are some results re- coupled at the fluid–solid interface in a complicated way. In
ported in that paper, as well as the result of applying the previous examples for which mechanical resonances of in
the RKF45 ordinary differential equation solver with various vacuo spheres were determined, all matrix components are
tolerances. real. With fluid loading, the matrices become complex due to
As can be seen in Table I, the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg the fluid loading, and the decay of energy caused by pressure
method works quite well in determining modal eigenfrequen- radiating into the surrounding fluid medium. The state-space
cies. These have been nondimensionalized in the same fash- methods are particularly useful in that they have decoupled
ion as done in Chen’s paper, namely, by the inner radius the structural equations of motion into those that act inde-
divided by the shear wave speed (⍀ n ⫽ ␻ n a/c T ). The largest pendently 共first-class modes from those that are directly af-
discrepancy appears for the first class, n⫽5 mode, for which fected by the loading 共the second-class modes兲. For the very
the results in the paper by Chen differs from the RKF solu-
special geometry of spherical coordinates, the fluid-loaded
tion by about 5%.
normal modes of the structure remain uncoupled. This is not
A comparison is also made for the eigenfrequencies of a
piezoelectric hollow sphere in Table II. The sphere in this true for more general geometries, where an infinite set of
instance has inner and outer radii of 0.5 and 1 m, respec- normal modes would need to be truncated and solved simul-
tively. The stiffness constants, piezoelectric constants, and taneously.
dielectric constants are the same as those used by Chen: Because of the aforementioned decoupling, only
c 11⫽13.9⫻1010, c 12⫽7.8⫻1010, c 13⫽1.4⫻1010, c 33 ‘‘second-class modes’’ from the previous section are consid-
⫽33.64⫻1010, c 44⫽16.25⫻1010, e 15⫽12.7, e 31⫽⫺5.2, ered in the fluid-loading problem. Scattered or radiated pres-
e 33⫽15.1, ␧ 1 ⫽650⫻10⫺11, ␧ 3 ⫽560⫻10⫺11, and density sures are expanded in terms of spherical Hankel functions

TABLE II. Comparison of results for a piezoelectric hollow sphere.

n 0 1 2 3 4 5

RKF45 First class 0 3.5558 0.5308 0.8374 1.1203 1.3927

Tol⫽(10⫺5 ,10⫺8 ) Second class 1.0961 1.2059 0.4950 0.9576 1.5013 2.0723
Chen’s results 共9 terms in 0 3.5558 0.5308 0.8374 1.1203 1.3927
series, using 5 sublayers兲 1.0893 1.2082 0.4947 0.9551 1.4972 2.0691

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell 899
 TABLE III. Comparison of eigenfrequencies for an elastic hollow sphere.

n 0 1 2 3 4 5

Elastica theory Low branch 0 610 725 777 814

共in vacuo兲 High branch 1403 1717 2367 3160 3996 4846
Elastica theory Low branch 0 390 481 549 605
共fluid loaded兲 High branch 1313 1668 2350 3154 3993 4845
Thin-shell theory Low branch 0 601 711 754 776
共in vacuo兲 High branch 1382 1692 2332 3114 3938 4776
Thin-shell theory Low branch 0 390 479 541 584
共fluid loaded兲 High branch 1294 1643 2315 3108 3935 4775

⬁ for the elastic layer 共steel兲: E⫽2.07⫻1011, v ⫽0.30, ␳ e

p scattered or radiated⫽ 兺
n⫽0
B n h 共n1 兲 共 k f r 兲 P n 共 cos ␪ 兲 , 共27兲 ⫽7850. The shell has an outer radius of 1 m, and a thickness
of 3 cm. As seen in the table, the thin-shell values compare
with unknown modal amplitudes. Applying Euler’s equation, favorably with those of the above theory since the shell
the pressure at the fluid–solid interface is related to the radial thickness relative to the shear wavelengths is quite small.
surface displacement by a modal-specific acoustic imped- The natural mechanical resonances for the bilaminate
ance term21 sphere has an inner layer of piezoelectric material, and an
outer layer of elastic material is found in much the same way,
h 1n 共 k f a outer兲 except that the product of propagator matrices for each of the
p n ⫽⫺i ␻ z n w n , z n ⫽i ␳ f c f , 共28兲
h 1n ⬘ 共 k f a outer兲 layers must be multiplied prior to the imposition of boundary
conditions. Additionally, since the elastic layer does not have
where a outer is the radius at which the fluid–solid interface electric potential or electric displacement degrees of free-
resides, and p n ,w n are the nth modal amplitudes for pressure dom, these must be split off, with the appropriate open- or
and normal displacement at the interface. short-circuit boundary condition placed at inner and outer
For the elastic hollow sphere, the natural frequencies can surfaces of the piezoelectric layer. Open-circuit boundary
be found from the fundamental matrices. For the n⫽0 case conditions were used in the comparison of the previous sec-
one has the two-by-two system tion. Because a voltage potential will be applied for the prob-
共 T 20兲 12w inside surface⫽ 共 ␴ rr 兲 fluid/solid interface , lem of scattered pressure suppression, the formulation for
共29兲 mechanical resonances of the short-circuited case will be
共 T 20兲 22w inside surface⫽w fluid/solid interface . given.
Applying the modal-specific acoustic impedance for a The imposition of the short-circuit condition at the inter-
radiation problem, one obtains the homogeneous system face between the elastic and piezoelectric layers does nothing

冋 册冋
more than provide the value of the electric displacement
⫺i ␻ z 0
册 冋册
T 20,12 component in terms of the normal displacement of the hol-
w inside surface 0
a 1␮ ⫽ , 共30兲 low sphere at its interior surface. The electric displacement
w fluid/solid interface 0
T 20,22 ⫺1 degree of freedom is therefore eliminated in favor of the
inside normal displacement for n⫽0, and in terms of the
and the n⫽0 mechanical resonance occurs at that frequency inside normal displacement and potential function G for n
for which the real part of the two-by-two determinant van- ⬎0. In particular, the relationships are
ishes. Equivalently for the n⬎0 case, the fundamental ma-
p
trix T 2n matrix is used in conjunction with the specific modal T 20,42
␦ r,0⫽⫺

冋 册冋
impedance, producing a three-by-three matrix p w 0,inside surface , n⫽0
T 20,43

册 冋册
⫺i ␻ z n p p
共32兲
T 2n,13 T 2n,14 G inside 0 T 2n,64 T 2n,63
a 1␮ surface
␦ r,n ⫽⫺ p w n,inside surface⫺ p G n,inside surface , n⬎0.
w inside surface ⫽ 0 , T 2n,65 T 2n,65
T 2n,23 T 2n,24 0
w fluid/solid interface 0
T 2n,43 T 2n,44 ⫺1 Not all entries in the fundamental matrix for the piezo-
共31兲 electric matrix are needed in subsequent calculations. With
superscripts ‘‘e’’ and ‘‘p’’ that correspond to elastic and pi-
and again mechanical resonance frequencies occur when the
ezoelectric terms, respectively, the n⫽0, and n⬎0 matrices
real part of the three-by-three matrix determinant vanishes.
needed in calculating the mechanical resonances of the bil-
Table III includes the results of comparing the above
aminate are given by
methodology to thin-shell theory in determining the in vacuo
and fluid-loaded mechanical resonance frequencies. The S 0 ⫽T 20
e p
T 20共 1:2,1:4 兲 and S n ⫽T 2n
e p
T 2n 共33兲
共 1:4,1:6 兲 .
lowest-order thin-shell theory is used in this comparison, and
upper-and lower-branch frequencies correspond to the two The additional subscripts refer to the rows and columns
roots of the thin-shell theory equations.21 The fluid and elas- needed in the matrix multiplications. For the n⫽0 case, the
tic material parameters are: fluid: c f ⫽1500, ␳ f ⫽1000; and two-by-two matrix equation that results is

900 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell
 TABLE IV. Resonant frequencies for a bilaminate hollow sphere.

n 0 1 2 3 4 5

Short-circuit case Low branch 0 509 601 640 663

共in vacuo兲 High branch 1137 1396 1936 2595 3287 3990
Short-circuit Low branch 0 295 368 417 454
共fluid loaded兲 High branch 967 1305 1906 2584 3282 3987
Open-circuit case Low branch 0 513 609 648 669
共in vacuo兲 High branch 1222 1499 2058 2741 3460 4193
Open-circuit Low branch 0 298 373 422 458
共fluid loaded兲 High branch 1064 1414 2029 2729 3455 4190

冋 册冋
⬁
⫺i ␻ z n a 0
S 0,12⫺qS 0,13

S 0,22⫺qS 0,23
a 1 c 44
⫺1
w inside
w fluid/solid
surface
interface
册 冋册
0
⫽ ,
0
e ik f z
⫽I 兺
n⫽0
共 2n⫹1 兲 i n j n 共 k f r 兲 P n 共 cos ␪ 兲 , k f ⫽a ␻ /c f .
共36兲
p
T 20,42 The scattered pressure is expanded in terms of outgoing
q⫽ p . 共34兲 spherical Hankel functions
T 20,43
⬁
Just as with the elastic hollow sphere, the mechanical
resonance occurs when the real part of the two-by-two deter-
p scattered⫽
n⫽0
兺 B n h 共n1 兲 共 k f r 兲 P n 共 cos ␪ 兲 , 共37兲

冋 册
minant vanishes. For n⬎0, one has
and the applied voltage in terms of spherical harmonics
⫺i ␻ a 0 z n ⬁
S n,13⫺q 1 S n,15 S n,14⫺q 2 S n,15
a 1 c 44 ⌽⫽V⫽ 兺
n⫽0
V n P n 共 cos ␪ 兲 . 共38兲
S n,23⫺q 1 S n,25 S n,24⫺q 2 S n,25 0
S n,43⫺q 1 S n,45 S n,44⫺q 2 S n,45 ⫺1 With the introduction of an incident plane wave, the

冋 册
total pressure on the surface of the sphere is the sum of
G n,inner surface incident and scattered pressures. This sum represents the
⫻ w n,inner surface negative normal stress on the surface of the fluid-loaded
w n,fluid/solid sphere, while from Euler’s equation, there is a relationship

冋册
interface
between the normal acceleration and pressure gradient at the
0 p p
T 2n,63 T 2n,64 fluid–solid interface. In terms of the normal modes and pre-
⫽ 0 q 1⫽ p , q 2⫽ p , 共35兲 viously mentioned scaling of the problem, the pertinent
T 2n,65 T 2n,65
0 boundary conditions can be written
and the mechanical resonances are when the real part of the ⫺a outer
three-by-three determinant vanishes. It should be noted that ␴ rr,n
s
共 a outer兲 ⫽
the in vacuo resonances for the bilaminate can be found from a innerc 44
each of the above matrices by simply setting the modal im- ⫻ 关 A n j n 共 k f a outer兲 ⫹B n h n 共 k f a outer兲兴 ,
pedance value to zero and following the same procedure.
In Table IV, in vacuo and fluid-loaded mechanical reso- kf
w sn 共 a outer兲 ⫽
nance frequencies are given for the bilaminate sphere. The a inner␻ 2 ␳ f
sphere is of radius 1 m, and has equal thickness for elastic
and PZT4 layers of 1 cm. The pertinent material parameters ⫻ 关 A n j ⬘n 共 k f a outer兲 ⫹B n h ⬘n 共 k f a outer兲兴 ,
are for the fluid: c f ⫽1500, ␳ f ⫽1000; for the elastic layer 共39兲
⌺ 2,n
s
共 a outer兲 ⫽0,
共steel兲: E⫽2.07⫻1011, v ⫽0.29, ␳ e ⫽7850; and for the
PZT4 layer: c 11⫽13.9⫻1010, c 12⫽7.784⫻1010, c 13⫽7.428 A n ⫽I 共 2n⫹1 兲 i n j n 共 k f a outer兲 .
⫻1010, c 33⫽11.541⫻1010, c 44⫽2.564⫻1010, e 15⫽12.718,
e 31⫽⫺5.203, e 33⫽15.08, ␧ 1 ⫽650⫻10⫺11, ␧ 3 ⫽560 With subscripts ‘‘p’’ and ‘‘e’’ referring to piezoelectric
⫻10⫺11, and density ␳ p ⫽7500. and elastic variables, the remaining relevant interface and
boundary conditions for the bilaminate are

VI. SCATTERING AND CANCELLATION BY ACTIVE ␶ rr,n

s
共 a inner兲 ⫽0, ⌺ 2,n
s
共 a inner兲 ⫽0, ⌽ sn 共 a inner兲 ⫽0,
CONTROL
␶ rr,n
s
共 a inter兲 ⫽ ␴ rr,n
s
共 a inter兲 , ⌺ 2,n
s
共 a inter兲 ⫽⌺ e2,n
s
共 a inter兲 ,
Consider scattering of an incident plane wave propagat- 共40兲
ing in the positive z direction from the fluid-loaded bilami- V n␧ 3
⌽ sn 共 a inter兲 ⫽ ,
nate sphere described in the previous section. The incident a innere 33
plane wave can be expressed in terms of spherical Bessel
functions22 w sp,n 共 a inter兲 ⫽w sn 共 a inter兲 , G sn 共 a inter兲 ⫽G e,n
s
共 a inter兲 .

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell 901
 Solution of the scattering problem is found by applying face is ignored in subsequent calculations since it can be
the above conditions in conjunction with the fundamental found in terms of the remaining unknowns determined by
matrices of each layer. Consider the modes for n⭓0. At the other equations. The voltage potential value is assigned to its
inner surface, three of the unknown values of the dependent interface value, and constitutes one of the final four equa-
variables are known. Writing the values for the six terms tions. The remaining four dependent variables at the inter-
at the inner surface, using the piezoelectric fundamental ma- face are the initial values for the elastic material. When these
trix, gives the values of these dependent variables at the in- are used as inputs to the elastic fundamental matrix, values at
terface between the elastic and piezoelectric layers. The the fluid solid interface can be applied. In mathematical
equation that provides the electric displacement at the inter- terms

冋 册
共41兲
␶ rr,n
s
共 a inner兲
⌺ 2,n 共 a inner兲
s

G sn 共 a inner兲 V n␧ 3
⌽ sn 共 a inter兲 ⫽T 2n
p
共 6,: 兲 s ⇒ ⫽ 共 T 2n
p
兲 63G sn 共 a inner兲 ⫹ 共 T 2n
p
兲 64w sp,n 共 a inner兲 ⫹ 共 T 2n
p
兲 65␦ r,n
s
共 a inner兲 .
w p,n 共 a inner兲 a innere 33
␦ r,n
s
共 a inner兲
⌽ n 共 a inner兲
s

Depending upon whether the applied voltage necessary to cancel the scattered pressure is to be found, or if the amplitude

FIG. 2. Far-field scattered pressure for

two elastic fluid-loaded shells.

902 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell
 FIG. 3. Modal amplitudes of scattered
pressure for a thin elastic shell versus
frequency.

of the scattered pressure with a prescribed voltage and incident pressure is to be found, one obtains slightly different matrix

冋 册冋 册冋
equations. To find the scattered pressure amplitudes (B n ), the four-by-four system of equations for a given mode is

册
S n,13 S n,14 S n,15 a outerh n 共 k f a outer兲 /a innerc 44 G sp,n ⫺A n a outer j n 共 k f a outer兲 /a innerc 44
S n,23 S n,24 S n,25 0 w sp,n 0
. 共42兲
S n,43 S n,44 S n,45 ⫺k f h ⬘n 共 k f a outer兲 /a inner␻ 2 ␳ f ␦ r,n
s
A n k f j n⬘ 共 k f a outer兲 /a inner␻ 2 ␳ f
p
共 T 2n 兲 63 p
共 T 2n 兲 64 p
共 T 2n 兲 65 0 Bn V n ␧ 3 /a innere 33

The above equation can be solved to determine the value of the scattered pressure amplitude. To determine the modal
voltage necessary to cancel the scattered pressure, we take the original set of four equations, but set B n to zero, and solve for
the unknown V n . This leads to the equations

FIG. 4. Modal amplitudes of scattered

pressure for a thick elastic shell versus
frequency.

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell 903
 FIG. 5. Backscattered pressure for
thin and thick elastic shells versus fre-
quency.

冋 册冋 册 冋 册
S n,13 S n,14 S n,15 0 G sp,n ⫺A n a outer j n 共 k f a outer兲 /a innerc 44
S n,23 S n,24 S n,25 0 w sp,n 0
⫽ . 共43兲
S n,43 S n,44 S n,45 0 ␦ r,n
s
A n k f j n⬘ 共 k f a outer兲 /a inner␻ 2 ␳ f
p
共 T 2n 兲 63 p
共 T 2n 兲 64 p
共 T 2n 兲 65 ␧ 3 /a innere 33 Vn 0

VII. RESULTS
As a first example, we consider the plane-wave scattering at 1000 Hz from a fluid-loaded thin steel shell, with pertinent
parameters given by: c f ⫽1500, ␳ f ⫽1000, E⫽2.07⫻1011, v ⫽0.29, ␳ e ⫽7850. Results from the full elastica theory, com-
pared to those using thin-shell theory for a sphere of radius 1 m, with two different thicknesses, 2 and 10 cm, are shown in Fig.
2. As can be seen, the thin-shell theory and elastica theory results coincide in the first case, and differ considerably in the
second. The discrepancy at 10-cm thickness is in spite of the fact that at 1000 Hz, and thickness 10 cm, the ‘‘rule of thumb’’

FIG. 6. Modal amplitudes of scattered

pressure for a PZT4/steel bilaminate
and 2-cm-thick steel shell versus fre-
quency 共modes 0 and 1兲.

904 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell
 FIG. 7. Modal amplitudes of scattered
pressure for a PZT4/steel bilaminate
and 2-cm-thick steel shell versus fre-
quency 共modes 2 through 5兲.

governing the applicability of thin-shell theory that the thick- elastica theory for upper-branch modes of the thicker shell.
ness must be less than one-twentieth of the shear Considering the backscattered pressure for the two elas-
wavelength22 is satisfied. Amplitude of the scattered pressure tic spheres given in Fig. 5, one again sees a near perfect
at 100 m from the spherical shell, scaled by the distance match at 1-cm thickness, with large errors for the 10-cm-
from the sphere as a function of angle measured from the thick shell at frequencies corresponding to the mechanical
shadow pole of the sphere, is shown in the figure. resonance frequencies of the lower-branch modes.
In Figs. 3 and 4, scattered pressure modal amplitudes are Figures 6 and 7 show results corresponding to that given
compared for the same two spheres over a frequency range for the elastic spherical shell in Figs. 3 and 4, for a bilami-
from 0 to 2500 Hz. Again, for the thinner shell, thin-shell nate spherical shell of radius 1 m with elastic and piezoelec-
theory does quite well, but for the thicker shell, the thin-shell tric layers of thickness equal to 1 cm. Material parameters
theory results seem to have a downward shift in the mechani- are the same as those given for the mechanical resonance
cal resonance frequencies for the lower-branch modes. How- frequency results displayed in Table IV. The solid lines in
ever, note that the thin-shell theory matches well with the full these graphs are modal amplitudes for a steel shell of thick-

FIG. 8. Far-field scattered pressure for

a PZT4/steel bilaminate and 2-cm-
thick steel shell.

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell 905
 FIG. 9. Voltage necessary as a func-
tion of angle from shadow pole to can-
cel scattered pressure from a unit inci-
dent plane pressure wave.

ness 2 cm, and are presented only for comparison purposes. pressure, Fig. 9 plots the voltage necessary, as a function of
The case displayed in Figs. 6 and 7 is for a piezoelectric angle measured from the shadow pole of the sphere, to can-
layer that has been short-circuited. The net effect of the cel a unit amplitude plane pressure wave at 1000 Hz. The
piezoelectric/steel composite compared to a purely steel dotted and circled plots in this graph are for the real and
layer is the reduction of the mechanical resonances of the imaginary parts of the voltage as a function of position, re-
lower-branch modes, and an increase in the frequencies of spectively, while the solid line refers to the amplitude of the
the first two upper-branch peaks. In considering the far-field voltage. The voltages are actually quite small, as can be seen.
scattered pressure at 1000 Hz, shown in Fig. 8, there is little Amplitudes of the first ten modal voltages are: V0⫽0.0073,
difference between the elastic and bilaminate spherical V1⫽0.0125, V2⫽0.3927, V3⫽0.3442, V4⫽0.1615,
shells. V5⫽0.0761, V6⫽0.0322, V7⫽0.0129, V8⫽0.0057, and
With the application of a voltage potential across the V9⫽0.0056.
piezoelectric layer for the purpose of canceling the scattered More illuminating are Figs. 10 and 11, displayed on

FIG. 10. Modal amplitudes of scat-

tered pressure and cancellation voltage
for a PZT4/steel bilaminate versus fre-
quency 共modes 0 and 1兲.

906 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell
 FIG. 11. Modal amplitudes of scat-
tered pressure and cancellation voltage
for a PZT4/steel bilaminate versus fre-
quency 共modes 2 through 5兲.

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J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2002 Clyde Scandrett: Control from a spherical shell 907