2

CMB lensing and Lyα forest cross bispectrum from DESI’s first-year quasar sample 34
Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, LPCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
35
Department of Physics, Kansas State University, 116 Cardwell Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
36
Naim Göksel Karaçaylı ,1, 2, 3, ∗ Paul Martini ,1, 2 David H. Weinberg,2 Simone Ferraro,4, 5 Roger de Belsunce,4 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, Korea
37
CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
J. Aguilar,4 S. Ahlen,6 E. Armengaud,7 D. Brooks,8 T. Claybaugh,4 A. de la Macorra,9 B. Dey,10 38
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
P. Doel,8 K. Fanning,11, 12 J. E. Forero-Romero,13, 14 S. Gontcho A Gontcho,4 A. X. Gonzalez-Morales,15, 16 39
Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
G. Gutierrez,17 J. Guy,4 K. Honscheid,1, 3 D. Kirkby,18 T. Kisner,4 A. Kremin,4 A. Lambert,4 M. Landriau,4 40
Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
L. Le Guillou,19 M. E. Levi,4 M. Manera,20, 21 A. Meisner,22 R. Miquel,23, 21 E. Mueller,24 A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez,9 (Dated: May 27, 2024)
A. D. Myers,25 J. A. Newman,10 J. Nie,26 G. Niz,16, 27 N. Palanque-Delabrouille,7, 4 W. J. Percival,28, 29, 30 The squeezed cross-bispectrum Bκ,Lyα between the gravitational lensing in the Cosmic Microwave
C. Poppett,4, 31 F. Prada,32 C. Ravoux,33, 7, 34 M. Rezaie,35 A. J. Ross,1, 2 G. Rossi,36 E. Sanchez,37 Background and the 1D Lyα forest power spectrum can constrain bias parameters and break degen-
E. F. Schlafly,38 D. Schlegel,4 H. Seo,39 D. Sprayberry,22 T. Tan,7 G. Tarlé,40 B. A. Weaver,22 and H. Zou26 eracies between σ8 and other cosmological parameters. We detect Bκ,Lyα with 4.8σ significance at
1
Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University, an effective redshift zeff = 2.4 using Planck PR3 lensing map and over 280,000 quasar spectra from
arXiv:2405.14988v1 [[Link]] 23 May 2024

191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument’s first-year data. We test our measurement against metal
2
Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, contamination and foregrounds such as Galactic extinction and clusters of galaxies by deprojecting
4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 W 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. We compare our results to a tree-level perturbation theory
3
Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, calculation and find reasonable agreement between the model and measurement.
191 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
4
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
5
Department of Astronomy, University of California, I. INTRODUCTION [DESI, 14, 15] first-year quasar sample. These quasar
Berkeley, 110 Sproul Hall #5800 Berkeley, CA 94720, USA spectra are part of the future Data Release 1 [DR1, 16].
6
Physics Dept., Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA The observed large-scale structure of the universe was Key DESI science papers using DR1 already include the
7 highest precision measurements of baryon acoustic oscil-
IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France largely produced by the force of gravity acting on ini-
8
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK tial Gaussian density fluctuations. This non-linear evo- lations (BAO) from galaxies and quasars [17], and from
9
Instituto de Fı́sica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. de México C.P. 04510, México lution couples the originally linearly independent modes the Lyα forest [18], and the cosmological results from
10
Department of Physics & Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, these BAO measurements [19]. To measure P1D , we ap-
of the density field over time, and gives rise to a non-
Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT PACC), ply the optimal estimator method [7, 20], which is robust
University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
zero bispectrum and higher-order correlations. In the
11 position-dependent power spectrum picture, the gravita- against strong sky emission lines, defective CCD pixels,
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology,
tional collapse will be faster in overdense regions due to and low-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) spectra. This estima-
Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94305, USA
12
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94305, USA the presence of more matter, which will then make the tor naturally provides a covariance matrix based on the
13
Departamento de Fı́sica, Universidad de los Andes, matter field clumpier and enhance the local small-scale large-scale correlations and the wavelength-dependent
Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio Ip, CP 111711, Bogotá, Colombia power spectrum [1, 2]. pipeline noise for each quasar and enables the optimal
14
Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de los Andes, The Lyα forest and Cosmic Microwave Background weighting for the measurement of Bκ,Lyα .
Cra. 1 No. 18A-10, Edificio H, CP 111711 Bogotá, Colombia (CMB) lensing maps provide a rare opportunity to ob- Notable similar analyses include cross-correlations be-
15
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582. Colonia Crédito Constructor, serve this effect as one needs a power spectrum and an tween the amplitude of Lyα forest flux decrements and κ
Del. Benito Juárez C.P. 03940, México D.F. México accompanying large-scale density mode estimate at mul- [21, 22], the galaxy-galaxy-κ bispectrum with a > 20σ
16
Departamento de Fı́sica, Universidad de Guanajuato - DCI, C.P. 37150, Leon, Guanajuato, México detection [23], and Lyα forest and CMB temperature
17 tiple locations in the Universe. The Lyα forest technique
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA cross-correlations to study the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect
18
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
maps out the matter field using the absorption lines in the
19 quasar spectrum. The 1D power spectrum (P1D ) of the [24].
Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique
Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), FR-75005 Paris, France Lyα forest is most sensitive to small-scale physics and has The outline of the paper is as follows. We overview
20
Departament de Fı́sica, Serra Húnter, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain been precisely measured in the redshift range of 2 ≲ z ≲ 4 DESI quasar spectra and Planck lensing data in Sec-
21
Institut de Fı́sica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, [3–7]. The paths of the CMB photons are distorted by tion II. We present the quasar continuum fitting algo-
Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona, Spain the intervening matter due to gravitational lensing, which rithm, Bκ,Lyα estimation, and measurement results in
22
NSF NOIRLab, 950 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA was first detected in cross-correlations [8, 9]. The lensing Section III. We develop a tree-level perturbation theory
23
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, convergence κ constructed from CMB temperature and for Bκ,Lyα , and present the best-fit results in Section IV.
Passeig de Lluı́s Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain polarization anisotropies corresponds to an integrated We discuss measurement and modeling challenges in Sec-
24
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, U.K density field along the line of sight weighted by the lens- tion V, and finally summarize in Section VI.
25
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming,
ing kernel Wκ (χ) [10]. This kernel is broad, but peaks at
1000 E. University, Dept. 3905, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
26
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, z ≈ 2, which overlaps with the redshift range of Lyα P1D
A20 Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, P.R. China measurements. II. DATA
27
Instituto Avanzado de Cosmologı́a A. C., San Marcos 11 - Atenas The enhancement of P1D due to large-scale density
202. Magdalena Contreras, 10720. Ciudad de México, México fluctuations was proposed by Zaldarriaga et al. [11]. The A. DESI quasar spectra
28
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, first measurement of the CMB lensing and P1D cross-
200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada bispectrum Bκ,Lyα was reported by Doux et al. [12] using
29
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada The DESI collaboration began a five-year survey in
about 87,000 SDSS-III/BOSS spectra [13] at 5σ. In this
30
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, May 2021 to advance the understanding of the nature
work, we measure Bκ,Lyα using over 280,000 quasar spec-
200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada of dark energy through the most precise clustering mea-
tra from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument’s
31
Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, surements of galaxies, quasars, and the Lyα forest ever
Berkeley, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA obtained. DESI is mounted on the 4 m Mayall telescope
32
Instituto de Astrofı́sica de Andalucı́a (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomı́a, s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain and can obtain 5000 spectra in each observation [25, 26].
33 ∗ karacayli.1@[Link]
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France It has ten, identical spectrographs that are in a climate-

3 4

controlled enclosure to minimize instrumental systematic In our baseline analysis, we apply the Wiener filter In Karaçaylı et al. [7], we found that the noise calibra- B. Power spectrum and cross bispectrum
errors [27, 28]. DESI target selection was based on the to κ̂ and keep all the angular modes (0 ≤ L ≤ 4096). tion errors originate at the CCD level, and we proposed estimation
photometry from the Legacy Imaging Surveys [29] and We perform one variation where we limit modes to the data splits based on spectrograph and CCD amplifier lo-
the Wide-field Infrared Explorer [30], and is described in recommended conservative region of 8 ≤ L ≤ 400 by cation to mitigate these errors. Even though the cross- The quadratic maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE)
detail in Myers et al. [31]. The collaboration refined the setting the other L modes to zero. At z = 2.4, the angu- correlation signal is not biased due to noise calibration gives a power spectrum pq and its covariance matrix Cq
target selection algorithms during the Survey Validation lar mode L = 400 corresponds to comoving wavenumber errors, a noise recalibration step moderately improves the for each quasar q [7, 48]. This covariance matrix Cq
[32] period in early 2021 with a significant visual inspec- k = L/χ(2.4) ≈ 0.1 h Mpc−1 . We then calculate κq for significance of our cross-correlation detection. Regular includes contributions from the pipeline noise estimates
tion effort [33]. The preliminary quasar target sample is each quasar in our catalog by bilinear interpolation. analyses use the spectra in healpix grouping in which the and the signal contribution based on a fiducial power
presented in Yèche et al. [34] and the final quasar target multiple, different exposures of the same object are co- spectrum (see Appendix A for a summary). Using these
selection in Chaussidon et al. [35]. added. To calculate and propagate this CCD-amplifier- matrices as inverse weights, we build the following bis-
We use the DR1 quasar observations in this analysis. III. MEASUREMENT dependent correction, we use the tile grouping of DESI pectrum estimator:
This sample has over 1.5 million quasars observed be- observations, where a tile is a fixed pointing of the tele-
scope with fixed fiber assignments to specific targets [45].
X q
tween December 2020 and June 2022 [36]. Nearly 450,000 A. Continuum fitting Wbc pqc − p̂c κq − κ̂b ,



B̂a = Nab (5)
of these quasars are at z > 2.1, and therefore the DESI This grouping guarantees that the same quasar will be q
spectra include the Lyα forest region. At the end of its We use the standardized continuum fitting algorithm observed by the same spectrograph at the same (approx-
five-year mission, DESI is expected to collect approxi- that was developed over the years and has been applied imate) location on the CCD if it is observed in the same where indices a, b, c correspond to (z, k) bins; b, c are
mately 800,000 Lyα quasars (z > 2.1) and have twice as to both ξ3D and P1D measurements [7, 43]. We summa- tile. We split the data into 20 subsets based on spectro- summed over per Einstein notation; P and weights are
much exposure time as DR1 per quasar spectrum on av- rize the algorithm below and refer the reader to du Mas graph and CCD amplifier region, and calculate the η and given by Wq = Ctot C−1 q and Ctot ≡ q Cq such that
2
erage, which could improve the Bκ,Lyα covariance matrix des Bourboux et al. [43], Ramı́rez-Pérez et al. [44] and σLSS values between 1600–1800 Å in the quasar’s rest P
W q = I. The mean power spectrum and κ are esti-
q
by a factor of 3.5. Karaçaylı et al. [7] for a detailed description. frame for each subset. This range excludes the dominant mated using these weights:
Broad absorption line (BAL) features are identified us- In this continuum fitting framework, the definition of Si iv and C iv systems, but is still affected by weak Mg ii
ing an algorithm similar to the one presented by Guo absorption.
X
the quasar continuum absorbs the mean transmission p̂ = Wq pq , (6)
and Martini [37], except that it does not use the Con- of the IGM F (z), such that the quasar “continuum” We then perform the continuum fitting for each sub- q
volutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier. A detailed F Cq (λRF ) is given by set of quasar spectra using qsonic2 [46] while correcting X X q
study of these features will be presented by Martini et al. κ̂a = κq Wab . (7)
each CCD amplifier region’s noise estimates using the η
[38, in preparation]. 18.5% of our DR1 quasars have BAL 2 q b
F Cq (λRF ) = C(λRF ) (aq + bq Λ) (1) and σLSS values obtained above. We define the Lyα for-
features. We mask the wavelength ranges of S iv, P v, (1) est region to be between 1045 Å < λRF < 1185 Å, and
C iii, Lyα, N v, and Si iv ions based on the velocity log λRF − log λRF The sample bias correction term N is given by
Λ= (2) (1)
, (2) a sideband region to be 1268 Å < λRF < 1380 Å. We
ranges of the absorption troughs observed for the C iv log λRF − log λRF use this sideband region to quantify the possible metal −1 K
X
Wq2 ab .


BAL features outside of the forest region. Nab = δab − (8)
contributions to the cross-correlation. We limit the ob-
Damped Lyα systems (DLA) are identified using a where λRF is the wavelength in the quasar’s rest frame, served wavelength coverage to 3600 Å < λ < 5350 Å,
q
(1,2)
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) [39, 40]. We mask λRF are the minimum and maximum wavelengths con- which only resides in the blue channel. The wavelengths We provide a derivation of the sample bias correction in
all DLAs (log NHI > 20.3) except the ones with confi- sidered in the calculation, C(λRF ) is the global mean contaminated by sky lines are naturally down-weighted Appendix B
dence level less than 0.3 in quasars with SNR < 3, where continuum, and finally aq and bq are two quasar diver- by the pipeline, but we mask certain particularly strong We measure P1D in 35 linearly-spaced k bins with
the average signal-to-noise ratio SNR is calculated be- sity parameters. Note that these parameters do not only lines due to difficulties in modeling3 . For the Lyα forest ∆k = 6 × 10−4 s km−1 and in 4 redshift bins with
tween 1420–1480 Å in quasar’s rest frame [7]. There are fit for intrinsic quasar diversity such as brightness, but region only, we use the fiducial mean flux of Becker et al. ∆z = 0.4 starting at z = 2.0. Unfortunately, the de-
88,858 DLAs observed in 73,513 quasars in our catalog. also for the IGM mean transmission. Given these defini- [47] in qsonic to alleviate the coupling between F and tection significance in each z bin is low, so we average all
We mask the regions where the model DLA transmission tions, transmitted flux fluctuations are given by quasar diversity parameters. z bins using the total Fisher matrix (Ftot = C−1 tot ) to im-
profile is below 80% and correct the damping wings at We select quasars with an average SNR greater than
fq (λ) prove our measurement. The redshift-averaged estimates
larger transmission values based on the same model pro- (q)
δF (λ) = − 1, (3) one at wavelengths greater than the Lyα emission line of ˆ = T B̂ , where
file [7]. These systems and also neutral hydrogen systems F Cq (λRF ) are given by a linear operation B̄ k ka a
the quasar, and with an average SNR greater than 0.3
with log NHi ≳ 19 are expected to be correlated with in the forest region. After these steps, we have 299,781
X
tot
CMB lensing, which we further address in Section III. where λ = (1 + zq )λRF is the observed wavelength and Tka ∝ F(z,k),a , (9)
fq (λ) is the observed flux. quasars that satisfy the SNR cuts and that produce valid z
This continuum fitting algorithm assigns each pixel a continuum fits. We then use the 278,098 quasars that P
variance σq2 (λ): overlap with the Planck lensing map. such that each row of T is normalized, a Tka = 1. Note
B. Gravitional lensing
Since the quadratic estimator is essentially a weighted that this choice correctly takes the correlations between
σq2 (λ) = η(λ)σpipe
2 2
(λ) + σLSS (λ)(F Cq )2 (λ), (4) average, low-SNR spectra are naturally down-weighted, redshift bins into account in averaging.
We use the minimum-variance (MV) CMB lensing con- The estimator in Eq. 5 can be straightforwardly ex-
so these cuts aim to remove possibly non-quasar objects
vergence map κ̂LM of Planck 2018 PR31 [41] (we discuss based on the observed variance statistics of δF , which tended to θ separations between P1D and κ by calculat-
from our input. For example, an SNR cut of 2 in the
the performance of PR4 in Section V). This map is stored includes a pipeline noise correction η(λ) term as a scal- ing κq as a mean inside the ring around the quasar for an
forest region keeps the top 34% of spectra, but increases
in Nside = 2048 HEALPix pixelization [42] with modes up ing of the pipeline variance estimates and an additive angular width ∆θ. The resulting 2D bispectrum ζ(k, θ) is
the covariance matrix by about only 20%.
to Lmax = 4096 available. We construct the Wiener filter 2
large-scale structure variance term σLSS (λ). In the Lyα in Fourier space in the radial direction and in real space
WWF = CL /(CL + NL ) from the noise NL and signal CL forest region of the quasar spectrum, the σLSS 2
term is in the angular direction. Since the Wiener filter sup-
power spectrum of κ̂LM . dominated by actual large-scale fluctuations. However, presses angular fluctuations below θ < 0.45◦ (L > 400),
outside that region, it mostly reflects the additive errors it means that Bκ,Lyα ≈ ζ(k, θ ≲ 0.45◦ ) and also ζ(k, θ)
made by the pipeline in the noise estimation since large- 2 [Link] will be highly correlated between angular bins separated
scale fluctuations due to metal absorption contribute lit- 3 [Link] by the same angle. Furthermore, θ = 0.45◦ corresponds
1 [Link] tle to this term. skylines/list_mask_p1d_DESI_EDR.txt to r⊥ = 31 Mpc h−1 separation, and ζ(k, θ) decreases
 5 6

to non-detectable levels by r⊥ = 70 Mpc h−1 . To ob-

serve the angular dependence more finely, we use slightly
narrower θ bins that are linearly-spaced and centered at
0.2◦ , 0.4◦ , 0.6◦ , and 0.8◦ with ∆θ = 0.2◦ .
We estimate the covariance matrix using the non-
parametric bootstrap method [49]. To account for the
angular correlations, we group Bκ,Lyα measurements into
continuous regions on the sky using HEALPix pixeliza-
tion scheme [42]. DESI organizes spectra using Nside =
64, which corresponds to an angular resolution of 0.92◦ .
This is larger than the Wiener filter scale, and captures
the large angular scale correlations in bootstrap realiza-
tions. There are 12,803 healpixels. We randomly as-
sign an observation frequency for each healpix based on
a Poisson distribution with a mean of one [50, 51]. Using
the healpix number as the seed in random number gener-
ation generates correlated bootstrap realization between FIG. 3. 2D bispectrum ζ(k, θ) for four θ bins and Bκ,Lyα (k) =
angular bins. To speed up these repeated runs, we do not FIG. 2. Correlation matrix based on the bootstrap covariance ζ(k, θ = 0◦ ) bin. The amplitude of ζ(k, θ) decreases as the an-
recalculate the sample bias correction term, and use the matrix of Bκ,Lyα . Adjacent k bins are correlated by 10–20%, gular separation increases as expected. The detection signifi-
original sample’s value for each realization. We calculate whereas the correlations between large-scale modes (small k) cance in each angular bin is 4.1σ, 2.1σ, 1.1σ, and no detection
the covariance matrix with 50,000 realizations. FIG. 1. We detect a redshift averaged Bκ,Lyα (blue circles) range between 20–40%. We do not find any correlations be- respectively, and the detection significance of the combined
at 4.8σ significance in our baseline analysis. The shuffle test tween P1D and Bκ,Lyα . data vector is only 2.7σ due to high correlations.
yields a non-detection (black line). The sideband bispectrum
subtraction to remove metal contamination (orange line) de-
creases the measurement values by around 15% on average.
C. Software The bottom panel shows the effective redshift of each k bin, separations as expected. Due to the Wiener filter sup-
which shows a mild trend between 2.40–2.45. pression of angular fluctuations below ∆θ ≲ 0.45◦ scale,
4 these additional measurements are highly correlated,
Our quadratic estimator is written in c++. It de- which can be seen in Figure 4. The recurrent fluctua-
pends on CBLAS and LAPACKE routines for matrix/vector tions at the same k values between angular bins are most
operations, GSL5 for certain scientific calculations [52], D. Results
likely correlated. The correlation coefficient decreases
FFTW36 for fast Fourier transforms [53]; and uses the from over 90% between the adjacent angular bins, to
Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard7 to paral- Figure 1 shows our average Bκ,Lyα measurement at an 50% between Bκ,Lyα and ζ(θ = 0.8◦ ) bins. The detection
lelize tasks. The quasar spectra are organized with the effective redshift of z = 2.44. The effective redshift per significance in each individual angular bin is as follows:
HEALPix [42] scheme on the sky. We use the following k bin shows a mild trend between z = 2.40 − 2.45 as 4.1σ, 2.1σ, 1.1σ, and no detection respectively. Note that
commonly-used software in python analysis: astropy8 can be seen in the bottom panel of Figure 1. The black at the largest angular separation, the correlation natu-
a community-developed core python package for Astron- line is the average result of the shuffled κ test, where we rally goes to zero and results in a “non-detection”. Since
omy [54–56], numpy9 an open source project aiming to randomly assign κ to each quasar, and the grey-shaded the combined data vector is highly correlated, its detec-
enable numerical computing with python [57], scipy10 region is the amplitude of the scatter between all shuffled tion significance is only 2.7σ. The reduced significance
an open-source project with algorithms for scientific com- bispectra. Figure 2 shows the correlation matrix p based might come as surprising, but it is due to correlations.
puting, healpy to interface with HEALPix in python [58], on the bootstrap covariance matrix, rij = Cij / Cii Cjj . If we had ignored correlations between angular bins, the
numba11 an open source just-in-time (JIT) compiler that We find that the large-scale modes, k < 0.15 h Mpc−1 , significance would have been 5.9σ. Because of these com-
translates a subset of python and numpy code into fast are highly correlated (up to 40%) and adjacent k bins plications, we focus on Bκ,Lyα for the rest of the paper.
FIG. 4. Correlation matrix of the combined data vector. The
machine code, mpi4py12 which provides python bindings are 15% correlated on average. We also calculate the correlation coefficient decreases from over 90% between the
The detection significance of 4.8σ could be attributed adjacent angular bins, to 50% between Bκ,Lyα and ζ(θ = 0.8◦ )
for the MPI standard [59]. Finally, we make plots using cross-covariance between P1D and Bκ,Lyα , and find no to several possible absorption sources besides the dif- bins.
matplotlib13 a comprehensive library for creating static, correlations (< 1%) between them at our current preci- fuse intergalactic medium gas. These sources are high-
animated, and interactive visualizations in python [60]. sion. column density (HCD) systems and metals. To isolate
Using this covariance matrix, we detect a 1D Lyα the Lyα forest contribution, we further refine our bispec- for these reasons. This has a relatively minor effect of
forest-κ bispectrum signal by 4.8σ when we keep all the trum measurement using P1D measurement techniques. reducing the detection significance to 4.5σ.
angular modes in the lensing map, and by 3.8σ when we We note that Doux et al. [12] has no such refinements, Second, we estimate the metal contamination in the
4 limit them to the conservative region of 8 ≤ L ≤ 400. As therefore 4.8σ remains the comparable quantity between cross-correlation by estimating the bispectrum in the
[Link]
5 [Link] we show in Section IV, the signal itself depends on the the two studies. sideband (SB) region. We find that all the k modes are
6 [Link] Wiener filter applied to the lensing map, and therefore First, the continuum marginalization affects the largest highly correlated due to the weak nature of the signal,
7 [Link] this decrease in detection significance can be attributed scales in the bispectrum, similar to P1D . These modes are correlated fluctuations sourced by systematics in this re-
8 [Link]
9
to both loss in the number of modes and loss in the cor- further contaminated by HCDs, which include uniden- gion, and signal originating from line profiles [61]. Hence,
[Link]
10 relation signal itself. tified DLAs and any neutral hydrogen system with we detect a metal-κ cross-correlation at a weaker sig-
[Link]
11 [Link] Figure 3 shows the 2D bispectrum ζ(k, θ) for four θ log NHi ≳ 19. These effects add large power to small nificance (around 1.6σ). We subtract this κ−SB bis-
12 [Link] bins and Bκ,Lyα (k) which is the same as ζ(k, θ = 0◦ ). k bins and strongly correlate them, as seen in Figures 1 pectrum from the κ−Lyα bispectrum to statistically re-
13 [Link] The correlations between P1D and κ diminish at larger and 2. We remove the first two k bins to be conservative move the metal contamination (orange line in Figure 1),

7 8

and add the bootstrap covariance matrices such that and then the terms in brackets will yield the 3D bispec- Symmetry allows us to write the integral in Eq. 19 as
Cnew = CLya + CSB . This step individually reduces the trum between Lyα forest and matter fields. follows:
detection significance to 3.0σ. Further removing the first
⟨δ̃F (q)δ̃F (q ′ )δ̃m (p)⟩ = (2π)3 δqq
D 3D
′ p BF F m (q, p) (18) d2 q⊥ d2 p⊥ p2⊥ d ln p⊥ 2
Z Z Z
two k bins reduces our detection significance to 2.7σ. q⊥ d ln q⊥ dϕ
We emphasize that that detection of absoption−κ cor- → . (24)
(2π)4 2π (2π)2
relation remains 4.8σ, but allowing for metal and HCD Note that the integration over dχdpz sets pz = 0 and
contributions means detection of Lyα alone is 2.7σ. yields 2πδD (k + k ′ ). The ensuing calculus yields the fol-
lowing expression for the 1D κ−Lyα bispectrum: Furthermore, since the integrand only depends on w ≡
cos ϕ, we integrate the angular part by using the Cheby-
Z 2
d q⊥ d2 p⊥ shev–Gauss quadrature method:
IV. THEORY BF1DF κ (k, z) = Wκ (z)
(2π)4 Z 2π Z 1
dw
In this section, we present a standard perturbation the- × BF3DF m (q, q ′ , p)WWF (p⊥ χ∗ ), (19) dϕ → 2 √ . (25)
ory framework for Bκ,Lyα , evaluate it at the tree level, 0 −1 1 − w2
′
and provide best-fit values for the Lyα forest parameters. where q = (q⊥ , k), p = (p⊥ , 0) and q = (−q⊥ −p⊥ , −k).
We also revisit and correctly incorporate the Wiener fil- We found the integration over p⊥ to be more robust There are two major shortcomings of our model. First,
ter of the CMB lensing map into the position-dependent against the divergences in the tree-level bispectrum ex- the second-order bias terms such as b2 of the Lyα forest
formalism. pansion. We present a cross-bispectrum expression in- will contribute to tree-level expressions at the leading
An integral of the density field in the line of sight gives cluding angular modes in Appendix C. order. Second, additional non-linear enhancements and
the lensing convergence κ: These expressions are in units of Mpc h−1 , whereas angular-dependent effects are expected to contribute to FIG. 5. Best-fit vs data, where χ2 /ν = 42.0/(33 − 3), which is
Z Lyα P1D is conventionally calculated in velocity units. the model similar to P1D . As noted above in the text, the a reasonable value. However, some data points are near out-
The conversion factor between these two units is depen- effective field theory for the Lyα forest can incorporate liers by visual inspection. These points could indicate missing
κ = Wκ (χ)δm (χ)dχ, (10)
dent on redshift and cosmology: all these terms. nuisance parameters in our model or underestimated errors in
our bootstrap covariance matrix.
3H02 Ωm,0 (χCMB − χ)χ
Wκ (χ) = , (11) E(z)
2c2 aχCMB 1 Mpc h−1 = 100 km s−1 . (20)
1+z
where χ is the comoving distance and χCMB is the comov- A. Fit to measurement
ing distance to the CMB source plane at zCMB = 1100 Accurate analytical modeling of BF3DF m is a difficult
[10]. To obtain the cross-correlations between P1D and task not only because of the non-linear gravitational evo-
lution but also because of nuisance parameters needed to A full cosmological analysis is unlikely to be success-
κ at redshift z∗ , we employ the Limber approximation ful given the current error bars on Bκ,Lyα and is there-
and limit the density field contributions to κ to the red- describe the non-linearities in the Lyα forest. The effec-
tive field theory for the Lyα forest is a promising avenue fore outside the scope of our paper. Instead, we fix
shift range such that the lensing kernel is approximately the cosmological parameters to Planck 2018 values [67]:
constant Wκ (z) ≈ Wκ (z∗ ) (see Appendix C for the ex- to incorporate all the nuisance parameters [62], but is
outside the scope of this work. Instead, we are going to Ωb h2 = 0.02242, Ωc h2 = 0.11934, h = 0.6766, ns =
pressions without the Limber approximation). 0.9665, ln(1010 As ) = 3.044. Since Bκ,Lyα integrates over
limit our analysis to a simple large-scale structure bias
Z
model for δF with some pressure smoothing and thermal the angular modes, it is less sensitive to the redshift space
κ(x) = Wκ (z∗ ) dχ δm (χ, x), (12) distortion parameter βF . So, we also fix βF = 1.67 from
broadening such that
the Lyα 3D correlation function analysis [43]. We add
where x is the 2D vector perpendicular to the line of 2 2
−qz2 σth
2 Gaussian priors of kp = 7±30 h Mpc−1 and log T = 4±2
δ̃F (q) = bF (1 + βF µ2 )δ̃m (q)e−q /kp /2
, (21)
sight. Wiener filtering smoothes the field on this surface: [68–70]. We then fit this model to our Bκ,Lyα measure-
Z 2 where kp is pthe pressure smoothing/filtering scale [63], ment that has had the side band metal contamination
WF d p⊥ ip⊥ ·x and the first two k bins removed. We calculate the lin-
δm (χ, x) = e WWF (p⊥ χ∗ )δ̃m (χ, p⊥ ), and σth = kB T /mp is the thermal broadening scale
(2π)2 ear matter power spectrum using CosmoPower [71] and
where we reparameterize temperature into a power law
(13) minimize χ2 using iminuit [72, 73]. FIG. 6. One and two sigma contours for bF − kp based on the
such that T → T0 10log T −4 at T0 = 104 K. Since the bis-
where we used the flat-sky approximation l = p⊥ χ∗ and Figure 5 compares the best-fit model to the data minimizer covariance matrix. We find bF = −0.09 ± 0.02 and
pectrum needs a non-linear treatment even to first order
defined χ∗ ≡ χ(z∗ ). points. We find bF = −0.09 ± 0.02, kp = 4.4 ± kp = 4.4 ± 2.7 h Mpc−1 at an effective redshift zeff = 2.44, and
and our measurement is at a modest 3.0σ detection sig- the correlation coefficient between them is r = 0.85.
We now begin the 1D Lyα−κ bispectrum calculation, 2.7 h Mpc−1 and log T = 4.0 ± 2.1 at an effective red-
nificance, we ignore non-linear enhancement terms and
which we define as follows: shift zeff = 2.44. Both bF and kp are highly correlated
additional angular dependencies proposed in the fitting
functions in the literature [64, 65]. We note that σth is in with correlation coefficient r = 0.85, which can be seen
⟨δF (k, x)δF (k ′ , x)κ(x)⟩ ≡ 2πδD (k + k ′ )BF1DF κ (k) (14) B. Position-dependent framework
Z velocity units and needs to be converted to Mpc h−1 units in Figure 6, whereas kp and log T are less correlated with
= Wκ (z∗ ) dχ ⟨δF (k, x)δF (k ′ , x)δmWF
(χ, x)⟩. (15) using Eq. 20. We then calculate the matter bispectrum r = 0.1. The log T constraints are not better than our
using tree-level perturbation theory up to second-order priors, so even though these correlations are expected, Doux et al. [12] provides an intuitive theoretical model
the numerical values we report are affected by the priors. for Bκ,Lyα based on the location-dependent power spec-
The density fields can be written in terms of 3D Fourier 3D du Mas des Bourboux et al. [43] reports a Lyα velocity trum and the response of the power spectrum to a large-
transforms: Bmmm = 2F2 (q, p)PL (q)PL (p) + two cyc. terms, (22)
bias of bη = −0.2014 at zeff = 2.334, which can be con- scale density mode. Their model has a quadratic de-
verted to the flux bias bF = bη f /β = −0.116 ± 0.005, pendence on the Wiener filter, whereas our model has
Z 2
d q⊥ iq⊥ ·x where PL is the linear matter power spectrum and the
δF (k, x) = e δ̃F (q⊥ , k), (16) F2 kernel is [66] where f = 0.97 is the growth rate. So our best-fit bF a linear dependence. Doux et al. [12] erroneously de-
(2π)2
value is in the right vicinity, but 1.5σ away from the fine the large-scale density mode based on the Wiener
d3 p ip·(x,χ)
Z
2 (q · p)2
 
WF
δm (χ, x) = e WWF (p⊥ χ∗ )δ̃m (p), (17) 5 q·p 1 1 literature value. Furthermore, these best-fit parameters filter. However, this filter is a post-processing step based
(2π)3 F2 (q, p) = + + 2 + . (23)
7 2 q2 p 7 q 2 p2 yield χ2 /ν = 42.0/(33 − 3), which is a reasonable value. on the instrumental noise properties of the CMB experi-
 9 10

ment, so the power spectrum cannot respond to it (unless ∆Bκ,Lyα = αBE,Lyα . We do not detect BE,Lyα at any with external observations of the IGM mean flux F , and
the quasar spectra are angularly smoothed with the same significance, but find that it is numerically comparable gains additional constraining power. Similar emulators
Wiener filter). Following Chiang and Slosar [74], the cor- to Bκ,Lyα . However, we also find that α = 0.01 and this for Bκ,Lyα will be powerful in advancing cosmological in-
rect formulation for the location-dependent modeling is weak correlation between κ and the Galactic extinction terpretation.
as follows: does not change our bispectrum measurement and does With increased precision in Bκ,Lyα , metal contribu-
not increase our error budget. As an additional test, we tions such as Si iii and Si ii oscillations may need to be
lin ∂P1D
P1D (k, x) = P1D (k) + δ(x) (26) compare DESI EB−V values to the corrected SFD (cSFD) included in the model.
∂δ with Cosmic Infrared Background (CIB) removed dust A further modeling complication is the He ii reioniza-
∂P1D map values from Chiang [77] and find δEB−V ∼ 0.001. tion at z ≈ 3 [69], and the residual ionization bubbles.
⟨P1D (k, x)κ(x)⟩ = ⟨δ(x)κ(x)⟩ , (27)
∂δ cSFD dust map has a better correction for the imprint of The beginning, strength, and duration of the reionization
the large-scale structure and yields a smaller bias value will be related to the overall density in a given region.
where the “survey window function” WL for each quasar between the gravitational lensing and Galactic extinction The net effect of this inhomogeneous process will likely
is a line in space, so the large-scale density mode is a sim- (α = 0.005). For stronger correlations or more precise fu- add power to k > 0.01s km−1 modes [83].
ple average in the radial directionRwithout any angular ture bispectrum measurements, the κ−EB−V bias model
1
smoothing component: δ(x) = ∆χ dχ δm (χ, x)WL (χ − FIG. 7. κ−EB−V relation. The best linear fit is α = 0.01. As
can be generalized to any polynomial such that:
χ∗ ), where WL is one within the Lyα forest region and an additional test, we also compare DESI EB−V values to the
corrected SFD with CIB removed dust map EB−V values from VI. SUMMARY
zero otherwise [2]. Then, the variance term is given by
X
n
Chiang [77], which yields a smaller bias value of α = 0.005. ∆κ = αn EB−V (32)
These weak biases do not affect our measurement. n=1
Z
dχ d3 p −ipz (χ−χ∗ ) We presented a 1D CMB lensing–Lyα forest bispec-
(n)
X
⟨δ(x)κ(x)⟩ = e ∆Bκ,Lyα = αn BE,Lyα , (33) trum measurement using DESI DR1 quasar spectra and
∆χ (2π)3
n=1 the Planck PR3 lensing map. This cross-bispectrum mea-
× Wκ (χ)WWF (p⊥ χ)W̃L (pz )P (p) (28) Fortunately, Bκ,Lyα is unbiased against noise systemat- surement is robust against some instrumental systemat-
(n) n
ics as instrumental noise and κ are uncorrelated. How- where BE,Lyα is the bispectrum between P1D and . EB−V ics and has a σ84 dependence, compared to the σ82 depen-
Z 2
d p⊥
⟨δ(x)κ(x)⟩ ≈ Wκ (χ∗ ) WWF (p⊥ χ∗ )P (p⊥ ), (29) ever, scatter in noise errors between quasars will inflate Alternatively, this κ − EB−V relation can be used to de- dence of the power spectrum, which could help break the
(2π)2
the covariance of Bκ,Lyα . We applied a CCD amplifier- bias κ values. The angular correlations between Galactic bF − σ8 degeneracy. This is the second measurement of
where we apply the Limber approximation in the last line dependent correction to mitigate this effect as described extinction and gravitational lensing can produce spurious its kind and our 4.8σ detection is comparable to the first
and recover the linear dependence on the Wiener filter. in Section III A. The spectrograph resolution errors will correlations. They may require a more careful treatment detection presented by Doux et al. [12] at 5σ. We found
The response term ∂P1D /∂δ can be calculated with the introduce a scale-dependent bias to Bκ,Lyα since the res- when measuring the angular δF −κ cross-power spectrum that the calibration of the pipeline noise estimates based
standard perturbation theory approach as described in olution correction is multiplicative. This effect is relevant and cross-bispectrum. on CCD amplifier regions reduced the errors in Bκ,Lyα
Doux et al. [12]. at higher k values than we measure, so we ignore it in To test for contamination from clusters in the fore- by reducing the scatter in noise systematics from quasar
this work. ground, we also measure Bκ,Lyα using the thermal to quasar. This calibration produced an improvement in
Z 2
∂P1D d k⊥ 2
2 Additionally, our continuum fitting method biases the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (tSZ) effect-deprojected lensing maps. our detection significance of about 0.7σ.
(kz ) = b 1 + βF µ2 D(k, µ)f (k)PL (k),
∂δ (2π)2 F quasar continuum estimates towards the average trans- These are temperature-only (TT) estimates. We find We performed a shuffle test to confirm the signal was
(30) mission in the forest, which introduces a small bias that both Bκ,Lyα completely agree within the error bars with real and then isolated the signal to the neutral hydrogen
affects all scales. For P1D measurements, this bias is at slight downward trend at low k, but the detection signif-
p
where k = k⊥ 2 + k 2 , µ = k /k, D(k, µ) is the non-linear
z z in the intergalactic medium by subtracting the metal con-
fitting function for the Lyα forest [64, 65] and f (k) is the most 1% at low redshifts (z < 2.6). Since our measure- icance becomes 4.1σ due to lost signal. tamination. We measured κ−metals bispectrum using
response of the linear matter power spectrum [2]: ments are not as precise, we ignore the scaling of P1D in We also test the Planck PR4 lensing map to gauge the the sideband technique and found that the metal con-
Bκ,Lyα . However, the correlations between these biased improvements in the new pipeline [78]. We find a small tamination was not insignificant. With this additional
68 1 d ln k 3 PL (k) continuum errors and lensing convergence could be more increase (≈ 0.2σ) in detection significance, which is not uncertainty, our detection significance decreased to 2.7σ.
f (k) = − . (31) important for Bκ,Lyα . Chiang and Slosar [74] calculated significant enough to repeat the analysis with this new We investigated how Galactic extinction and clusters
21 3 d ln k
that these correlations could constitute 30% of the to- reduction. The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) of galaxies could be foreground contaminants that corre-
As noted in Doux et al. [12], this formulation of tal signal at z = 2.2 and become comparable to the true map has an even lower reconstruction noise power but late with the Lyα forest from DESI and κ from Planck.
∂P1D /∂δ ignores the response of bias and other param- signal at z = 2.6. Due to spectral noise, the fitted contin- covers a smaller area than Planck [79], so the net gain We found that these foregrounds are not strong enough
eters to the large-scale density mode. Alternatively, the uum amplitude is not as correlated with the underlying will be similarly incremental. to affect Bκ,Lyα at our current precision. The angular
response can be numerically derived from separate uni- large-scale density field as assumed in Chiang and Slosar correlations within these foregrounds could complicate
verse simulations [74, 75]. Furthermore, as noted by Chi- [74], so these should be considered upper bounds. future angular κ−Lyα cross-power spectrum and cross-
ang et al. [75], Eq. 26 will have additional terms related Another possible correlated contamination between B. Modeling concerns bispectrum measurements.
to velocity bias and tidal field. DESI quasar spectra and the Planck gravitational lensing We developed a theoretical model within the Limber
map is the Galactic extinction. This is because Galac- Modeling Lyα P1D is a challenging task since it re- and flat-sky approximations and calculated it using tree-
tic extinction corrections are applied to both the data quires sufficient accuracy at small scales to model the level perturbation theory. Our model provided a reason-
V. DISCUSSION used for quasar target selection and the CMB measure- nonlinearities involved in gravitational collapse and hy- able fit, but it lacks the second-order bias terms such as
ments. We calculate the BE,Lyα bispectrum between drodynamics, yet also substantial volumes to capture the b2 and nuisance parameters for additional non-linear en-
A. Measurement concerns P1D and EB−V by replacing κ with EB−V values in full extent of modern surveys. The generation of hydro- hancements and angular dependent effects. The effective
the DESI DR1 quasar catalog [SFD, 76]. We then dynamical simulations that incorporate all these effects field theory of the Lyα forest is an encouraging avenue
Bκ,Lyα faces the same challenges as P1D , originating quantify the correlation between κ and EB−V by bin- is computationally expensive. One promising approach is for future study [62].
with the quasar continuum fitting algorithm, HCDs, met- ning quasar κ values with respect to EB−V . Figure 7 to use emulators that are trained on existing simulations In the future, Bκ,Lyα can be used to constrain bias pa-
als, and pipeline noise and resolution estimates. We par- shows our measured κ − EB−V relation. For a linear to capture the essential mapping between cosmological rameters and break the degeneracy between σ8 and other
tially addressed the errors in the quasar continuum fit- bias relation of κ = αEB−V + signal, Bκ,Lyα will have parameters and the corresponding P1D [80–82]. This ap- cosmological parameters. This requires sizable improve-
ting, HCDs, and metal contamination in Section III D. a dust contamination term proportional to α such that proach essentially trades the free bias parameters bF , βF ments in the data quality of both the Lyα forest and the

11 12

reconstructed CMB lensing maps. lated as follows:

TABLE I. Fiducial parameters X1
−1
A n α θ̂a = Fab (db − nb − tb ), (A2)
2
DATA AVAILABILITY Lyα 0.076 -2.52 -0.13 b
SB 1 0.0021 -3.07 -0.074 where
All data points shown in the figures are available da = δFT C−1 Qa C−1 δF , (A3)
B β k1 [s km−1 ]
in simple text files on the following website: https:
//[Link]/10.5281/zenodo.11152068. DESI DR1 will
Lyα 3.67 0.29 0.037 na = Tr(C−1 Qa C−1 N), (A4)
SB 1 1.60 -0.24 0
be publicly available in the future. ta = Tr(C−1 Qa C−1 Sfid ). (A5)
The covariance matrix C ≡ ⟨δF δFT ⟩ is the sum of sig-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS nal and noise, C = Sfid + N. Note that this is the co-
supported by: the Director, Office of Science, Office of
variance matrix between forest pixels at different wave-
High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of En-
lengths. The quantity Qa ≡ ∂C/∂θa and the estimate of
NGK thanks Christopher Hirata for the helpful discus- ergy; the National Energy Research Scientific Comput-
the Fisher matrix is
sion on numerical integration of the tree-level perturba- ing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility; the
U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astro- 1
tion theory. Fab = Tr(C−1 Qa C−1 Qb ). (A6)
NGK and PM acknowledge support from the United nomical Sciences; the National Astronomical Observato- 2
States Department of Energy, Office of High Energy ries of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Assuming different quasar spectra are uncorrelated, the
Physics under Award Number DE-SC-0011726. Chinese National Natural Science Foundation. LBNL Fisher matrix Fab and the expression in parentheses in
This material is based upon work supported by the is managed by the Regents of the University of Cali- Eq. A2 can be computed for each quasar, then accumu- K
fornia under contract to the U.S. Department of En-
P
lated, i.e. F = q Fq , etc. The power spectrum covari- FIG. 8. Identity subtracted sampling bias matrix Nab − δab .
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, This correction is small as expected from a large sample.
Office of High-Energy Physics, under Contract No. ergy. The complete acknowledgments can be found at ance matrix noted in the text is the inverse of this Fisher
DE–AC02–05CH11231, and by the National Energy Re- [Link] matrix, i.e. Cq = F−1
q .
search Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Sci- Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommen- P
ence User Facility under the same contract. Additional dations expressed in this material are those of the au- Using the relation q′ ̸=q Wq′ = I−Wq , we can collect
support for DESI was provided by the U.S. National Sci- thor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U. Appendix B: Derivation of sample bias correction all the terms into a simple expression
ence Foundation (NSF), Division of Astronomical Sci- S. National Science Foundation, the U. S. Department of
ences under Contract No. AST-0950945 to the NSF’s Energy, or any of the listed funding agencies. The bispectrum estimator in Eq. 5 is biased without !
the sample correction term N. We derive this bias by
X
National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Labora- The authors are honored to be permitted to conduct ⟨B̂a∗ ⟩ = I− Wq2 (⟨pκ⟩b − ⟨p⟩b ⟨κ⟩) , (B7)
tory; the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the scientific research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak), a moun- calculating the expected value of the biased estimator q
∗ ab
United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Founda- tain with particular significance to the Tohono O’odham B̂a .
tion; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alter- Nation. X q q
B̂a∗ = Wab pb − p̂b κq − κ̂a



(B1) and read N−1 = I − q Wq2 . This sampling bias cor-
P
native Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA);
q rection term is small as expected from a large sample,
the National Council of Humanities, Science and Tech- X X
q q q q which is shown in Figure 8. Note that this matrix is not
nology of Mexico (CONACYT); the Ministry of Sci- = Wab pb κ − κq Wab p̂b
ence and Innovation of Spain (MICINN), and by the Appendix A: Quadratic estimator q q symmetric.
DESI Member Institutions: [Link] X q q
X q
− Wab pb κ̂a + Wab p̂b κ̂a (B2)
gov/collaborating-institutions. The QMLE works in real space (instead of Fourier q q
The DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys consist of three in- space) to estimate the power spectrum, and can weight
dividual and complementary projects: the Dark Energy pixels by the pipeline noise and the intrinsic Lyα large- We use the Einstein summation convention such that all
Appendix C: Derivation of bispectrum
Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS), the Beijing-Arizona scale structure correlations. In this section, we provide a repeated indices imply summation except for the index
Sky Survey (BASS), and the Mayall z-band Legacy Sur- summary of our previous work [7, 48]. a. The third and fourth terms cancel regardless of the
vey (MzLS). DECaLS, BASS and MzLS together in- choice for the mean κ estimation method. Then: We can derive the bispectrum expression without as-
Our QMLE implementation adopts a fiducial power
clude data obtained, respectively, at the Blanco tele- suming a constant lensing kernel in a redshift bin:
X q q X q
spectrum Pfid (k, z) to calculate the signal contribution B̂a∗ = Wab pb κq − Wab p̂b κq (B3)
scope, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF’s of 1D Lyα forest correlations of the covariance matrix. q q
NOIRLab; the Bok telescope, Steward Observatory, Uni- X q q
X q q q q ′ ′
Z
versity of Arizona; and the Mayall telescope, Kitt Peak B+β ln k/k0 = Wab pb κq − Wab Wbc pc κ (B4) κWF (χ, x) = WF
dχ Wκ (χ)δm (χ, x), (C1)
(k/k0 )3+n+α ln k/k0

National Observatory, NOIRLab. NOIRLab is operated kPfid 1+z q q,q ′
=A , Z
d2 p⊥ ip⊥ ·x
by the Association of Universities for Research in As- π 1 + (k/k1 )2 1 + z0 =
X q q q
Wab pb κ −
X q
Wab q q q
Wbc pc κ WF
δm (χ, x) = e WWF (p⊥ χ)δ̃m (χ, p⊥ ), (C2)
tronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with (A1)
q q
(2π)2
the National Science Foundation. Pipeline processing where k0 = 0.009 s km−1 and z0 = 3.0. We stress that X ′ ′
q q q q
and analyses of the data were supported by NOIRLab this functional form is sufficient to weight pixels, but does − Wab Wbc pc κ (B5)
where we still applied the flat-sky approximation. The
and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Legacy not capture all of the scientific information in P1D . The q,q ′ ̸=q WF
3D Fourier transform of δm is modified accordingly:
Surveys also uses data products from the Near-Earth Ob- parameters we used in this analysis are the best-fit values ⟨B̂a∗ ⟩ =
X q
Wab ⟨pκ⟩b −
X q
Wab q
Wbc ⟨pκ⟩c
ject Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE), to the DESI early data P1D measurement [7] and are q q
d2 p⊥ dpz i(p⊥ ·x+pz χ)
Z
a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California listed in Table I. ′ WF
δm (χ, x) = e WWF (p⊥ χ)δ̃m (p).
X q
X q
Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aero- Given a collection of pixels representing normalized − Wab Wbc ⟨p⟩c ⟨κ⟩, (B6) (2π)3
nautics and Space Administration. Legacy Surveys was flux fluctuations δF , the quadratic estimator is formu- q q ′ ̸=q (C3)
 13 14

The bispectrum calculation then proceeds as follows: which yields 0.1% corrections on Bκ,Lyα for ∆z = 0.4 at Ribera, J. Forero-Romero, S. Gontcho A Gontcho, A. X. Gunn, H. Guo, D. Haggard, P. B. Hall, J.-C. Hamilton,
z∗ = 2.4. Gonzalez-Morales, C. Gordon, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar, B. Harris, D. W. Harris, S. Ho, D. W. Hogg, D. Holder,
⟨δF (k, x)δF (k ′ , x)κ(x)⟩ K. Honscheid, V. Iršič, M. Ishak, R. Kehoe, T. Kisner, K. Honscheid, J. Huehnerhoff, B. Jordan, W. P. Jordan,
Z To include the angular modes in our model, we start A. Kremin, M. Landriau, L. Le Guillou, M. Levi, G. Kauffmann, E. A. Kazin, D. Kirkby, M. A. Klaene,
= dχ Wκ (χ)⟨δF (k, x)δF (k ′ , x)δm WF
(χ, x)⟩ (C4) from the following definition: Z. Lukić, C. Magneville, A. Meisner, R. Miquel, J. Mous- J.-P. Kneib, J.-M. Le Goff, K.-G. Lee, D. C. Long, C. P.
takas, E.-M. Mueller, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, L. Napoli- Loomis, B. Lundgren, R. H. Lupton, M. A. G. Maia,
Z 2 ′ 2
d q⊥ d 2 q⊥
Z Z
d p⊥ i(q⊥ +q⊥
′
+p′⊥ )·x dpz ipz χ ⟨δF (k, x)δF (k ′ , x)κ(x′ )⟩ = 2πδD (k + k ′ )ζ(k, r), (C9)
tano, J. Nie, G. Niz, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, W. Per- M. Makler, E. Malanushenko, V. Malanushenko, R. Man-
= dχ 6
e e cival, I. Pérez-Ràfols, M. Pieri, C. Poppett, F. Prada, delbaum, M. Manera, C. Maraston, D. Margala, K. L.
(2π) 2π
C. Ramı́rez Pérez, G. Rossi, E. Sanchez, D. Schlegel, Masters, C. K. McBride, P. McDonald, I. D. McGreer,
× Wκ (χ)WWF (p⊥ χ)BF3DF m (q, q ′ , p) M. Schubnell, H.-J. Seo, F. Sinigaglia, T. Tan, G. Tarlé, R. G. McMahon, O. Mena, J. Miralda-Escudé, A. D.
where r = |x′ − x| = θχ∗ and the bispectrum is given by
× (2π)2 δD (q⊥ + q⊥′
+ p⊥ ) the Fourier transform: B. Wang, B. Weaver, C. Yèche, and Z. Zhou, The Montero-Dorta, F. Montesano, D. Muna, A. D. Myers,
Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument: one-dimensional T. Naugle, R. C. Nichol, P. Noterdaeme, S. E. Nuza,
× (2π)δD (k + k ′ + pz ). (C5) power spectrum from first Ly α forest samples with Fast M. D. Olmstead, A. Oravetz, D. J. Oravetz, R. Owen,
Z
Fourier Transform, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 526, 5118 N. Padmanabhan, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, K. Pan,
′
We can integrate out q⊥ as before. The integration over BF2DF m (k, p⊥ ) = d2 reip⊥ ·r ζ(k, r). (C10) (2023), arXiv:2306.06311 [[Link]]. J. K. Parejko, I. Pâris, W. J. Percival, I. Pérez-Fournon,
pz now yields pz = −k − k ′ due to the Dirac delta func- [7] N. G. Karaçaylı, P. Martini, J. Guy, C. Ravoux, I. Pérez-Ràfols, P. Petitjean, R. Pfaffenberger, J. Pforr,
tion. Then: M. L. A. Karim, E. Armengaud, M. Walther, J. Aguilar, M. M. Pieri, F. Prada, A. M. Price-Whelan, M. J. Rad-
Under the same flat-sky and Limber approximations, we S. Ahlen, S. Bailey, J. Bautista, S. F. Beltran, dick, R. Rebolo, J. Rich, G. T. Richards, C. M. Rock-
′
⟨δF (k, x)δF (k , x)κ(x)⟩ can then obtain the following: D. Brooks, L. Cabayol-Garcia, S. Chabanier, E. Chaus- osi, N. A. Roe, A. J. Ross, N. P. Ross, G. Rossi, J. A.
Z 2 sidon, J. Chaves-Montero, K. Dawson, R. de la Cruz, Rubiño-Martin, L. Samushia, A. G. Sánchez, C. Sayres,
d q⊥ d2 p⊥ 3D
= BF F m (q, q ′ , p) A. de la Macorra, P. Doel, A. Font-Ribera, J. E. Forero- S. J. Schmidt, D. P. Schneider, C. G. Scóccola, H.-J.
(2π)4 BF2DF m (k, p⊥ ) = Wκ (χ∗ )WWF (p⊥ χ∗ ) Romero, S. G. A. Gontcho, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, Seo, A. Shelden, E. Sheldon, Y. Shen, Y. Shu, A. Slosar,
Z
C. Gordon, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar, K. Honscheid, S. A. Smee, S. A. Snedden, F. Stauffer, O. Steele, M. A.
Z
−i(k+k′ )χ q⊥ dq⊥ dϕ 3D
× dχ e Wκ (χ)WWF (p⊥ χ) (C6) × BF F m (q, q ′ , p), (C11) V. Iršič, M. Ishak, R. Kehoe, T. Kisner, A. Kremin, Strauss, A. Streblyanska, N. Suzuki, M. E. C. Swanson,
(2π)2
M. Landriau, L. Le Guillou, M. E. Levi, Z. Lukić, T. Tal, M. Tanaka, D. Thomas, J. L. Tinker, R. Tojeiro,
So far we only used the flat-sky approximation. Now A. Meisner, R. Miquel, J. Moustakas, E. Mueller, C. A. Tremonti, M. Vargas Magaña, L. Verde, M. Viel,
we apply the Limber approximation by assuming the in- where q⊥ · p⊥ = q⊥ p⊥ cos ϕ in BF3DF m calculation. Note A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, L. Napolitano, J. Nie, G. Niz, D. A. Wake, M. Watson, B. A. Weaver, D. H. Wein-
tegrand slowly varies in χ: that BF1DF m (k) is equivalent to ζ(k, r = 0). By applying N. Palanque-Delabrouille, W. J. Percival, M. Pieri, berg, B. J. Weiner, A. A. West, M. White, W. M. Wood-
C. Poppett, F. Prada, I. Pérez-Ràfols, C. Ramı́rez-Pérez, Vasey, C. Yeche, I. Zehavi, G.-B. Zhao, and Z. Zheng,
the inverse Fourier transform, we can recover the previ-
Z G. Rossi, E. Sanchez, H. Seo, F. Sinigaglia, T. Tan, The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of SDSS-
′
dχ e−i(k+k )χ Wκ (χ)WWF (p⊥ χ) ous BF1DF m expressions. G. Tarlé, B. Wang, B. A. Weaver, C. Yéche, and Z. Zhou, III, Astron. J. 145, 10 (2013), arXiv:1208.0022 [astro-
Optimal 1D Lyα Forest Power Spectrum Estimation - III. [Link]].
≈ (2π)δD (k + k ′ ) [Wκ (χ∗ )WWF (p⊥ χ∗ ) + O1 ] DESI early data, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 10.1093/mn- [14] M. Levi, C. Bebek, T. Beers, R. Blum, R. Cahn, D. Eisen-
d2 p⊥ −ip⊥ ·r 2D
Z
(C7) ζ(k, r) = e BF F m (k, p⊥ ) (C12) ras/stae171 (2024), arXiv:2306.06316 [[Link]]. stein, B. Flaugher, K. Honscheid, R. Kron, O. Lahav,
(2π)2 [8] K. M. Smith, O. Zahn, and O. Doré, Detection of gravita- P. McDonald, N. Roe, D. Schlegel, and representing the
and recover the expression in the main text. A first-order d2 p⊥ 2D tional lensing in the cosmic microwave background, Phys. DESI collaboration, The DESI Experiment, a whitepa-
Z
correction to the Limber approximation is given by BF1DF m (k) = B F F m (k, p⊥ ) (C13) Rev. D 76, 043510 (2007), arXiv:0705.3980 [astro-ph]. per for Snowmass 2013, arXiv e-prints , arXiv:1308.0847
(2π)2
Z [9] C. M. Hirata, S. Ho, N. Padmanabhan, U. Seljak, and (2013), arXiv:1308.0847 [[Link]].
(∆z)2 ′′ ′ p⊥ dp⊥ 2D N. A. Bahcall, Correlation of CMB with large-scale struc- [15] DESI Collaboration, A. Aghamousa, J. Aguilar,
O1 = χ∗ [Wκ (χ∗ )WWF (p⊥ χ∗ ) = BF F m (k, p⊥ ) (C14)
8 2π ture. II. Weak lensing, Phys. Rev. D 78, 043520 (2008), S. Ahlen, S. Alam, L. E. Allen, C. Allende Prieto,
′ arXiv:0801.0644 [astro-ph]. J. Annis, S. Bailey, C. Balland, O. Ballester, C. Bal-
+ p⊥ Wκ (χ∗ )WWF (p⊥ χ∗ )], (C8) [10] M. Bartelmann and M. Maturi, Weak gravitational lens- tay, L. Beaufore, C. Bebek, T. C. Beers, E. F. Bell, J. L.
ing, Scholarpedia 12, 32440 (2017), arXiv:1612.06535 Bernal, R. Besuner, F. Beutler, C. Blake, H. Bleuler,
[[Link]]. M. Blomqvist, R. Blum, A. S. Bolton, C. Briceno,
[11] M. Zaldarriaga, U. Seljak, and L. Hui, Correlations in D. Brooks, J. R. Brownstein, E. Buckley-Geer, A. Bur-
the Lyα Forest: Testing the Gravitational Instability den, E. Burtin, N. G. Busca, R. N. Cahn, Y.-C. Cai,
[1] Y. Li, W. Hu, and M. Takada, Super-sample signal, Phys- [[Link]].
Paradigm, The Astrophysical Journal 551, 48 (2001). L. Cardiel-Sas, R. G. Carlberg, P.-H. Carton, R. Casas,
ical Review D 90, 103530 (2014). [4] M. Walther, J. F. Hennawi, H. Hiss, J. Oñorbe, K.-G.
[12] C. Doux, E. Schaan, E. Aubourg, K. Ganga, K.-G. Lee, F. J. Castander, J. L. Cervantes-Cota, T. M. Claybaugh,
[2] C.-T. Chiang, C. Wagner, F. Schmidt, and E. Komatsu, Lee, A. Rorai, and J. O’Meara, A new precision mea-
D. N. Spergel, and J. Tréguer, First detection of cosmic M. Close, C. T. Coker, S. Cole, J. Comparat, A. P.
Position-dependent power spectrum of the large-scale surement of the small-scale line-of-sight power spectrum
microwave background lensing and Lyman-α forest bis- Cooper, M. C. Cousinou, M. Crocce, J.-G. Cuby, D. P.
structure: A novel method to measure the squeezed- of the Lyα forest, Astrophys. J. 852, 22 (2017).
pectrum, Phys. Rev. D 94, 103506 (2016). Cunningham, T. M. Davis, K. S. Dawson, A. de la Ma-
limit bispectrum, Journal of Cosmology and Astropar- [5] N. G. Karaçaylı, N. Padmanabhan, A. Font-Ribera,
[13] K. S. Dawson, D. J. Schlegel, C. P. Ahn, S. F. Anderson, corra, J. De Vicente, T. Delubac, M. Derwent, A. Dey,
ticle Physics 2014 (05), 048. V. Iršič, M. Walther, D. Brooks, E. Gaztañaga, R. Ke-
É. Aubourg, S. Bailey, R. H. Barkhouser, J. E. Bautista, G. Dhungana, Z. Ding, P. Doel, Y. T. Duan, A. Ealet,
[3] N. Palanque-Delabrouille, C. Yèche, A. Borde, J.-M. hoe, M. Levi, P. Ntelis, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, and
A. Beifiori, A. A. Berlind, V. Bhardwaj, D. Bizyaev, J. Edelstein, S. Eftekharzadeh, D. J. Eisenstein, A. El-
Le Goff, G. Rossi, M. Viel, É. Aubourg, S. Bailey, G. Tarlé, Optimal 1D Ly α forest power spectrum estima-
C. H. Blake, M. R. Blanton, M. Blomqvist, A. S. Bolton, liott, S. Escoffier, M. Evatt, P. Fagrelius, X. Fan, K. Fan-
J. Bautista, M. Blomqvist, A. Bolton, J. S. Bolton, N. G. tion - II. KODIAQ, SQUAD, and XQ-100, Mon. Not. R.
A. Borde, J. Bovy, W. N. Brandt, H. Brewington, ning, A. Farahi, J. Farihi, G. Favole, Y. Feng, E. Fernan-
Busca, B. Carithers, R. A. C. Croft, K. S. Dawson, Astron. Soc. 509, 2842 (2022), arXiv:2108.10870 [astro-
J. Brinkmann, P. J. Brown, J. R. Brownstein, K. Bundy, dez, J. R. Findlay, D. P. Finkbeiner, M. J. Fitzpatrick,
T. Delubac, A. Font-Ribera, S. Ho, D. Kirkby, K.-G. [Link]].
N. G. Busca, W. Carithers, A. R. Carnero, M. A. Carr, B. Flaugher, S. Flender, A. Font-Ribera, J. E. Forero-
Lee, D. Margala, J. Miralda-Escudé, D. Muna, A. D. [6] C. Ravoux, M. L. Abdul Karim, E. Armengaud,
Y. Chen, J. Comparat, N. Connolly, F. Cope, R. A. C. Romero, P. Fosalba, C. S. Frenk, M. Fumagalli, B. T.
Myers, P. Noterdaeme, I. Pâris, P. Petitjean, M. M. M. Walther, N. G. Karaçaylı, P. Martini, J. Guy,
Croft, A. J. Cuesta, L. N. da Costa, J. R. A. Davenport, Gaensicke, G. Gallo, J. Garcia-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga,
Pieri, J. Rich, E. Rollinde, N. P. Ross, D. J. Schlegel, J. N. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Bailey, J. Bautista, S. F.
T. Delubac, R. de Putter, S. Dhital, A. Ealet, G. L. N. Pietro Gentile Fusillo, T. Gerard, I. Gershkovich,
D. P. Schneider, A. Slosar, and D. H. Weinberg, The Beltran, D. Brooks, L. Cabayol-Garcia, S. Chabanier,
Ebelke, D. J. Eisenstein, S. Escoffier, X. Fan, N. Filiz T. Giannantonio, D. Gillet, G. Gonzalez-de-Rivera,
one-dimensional Lyα forest power spectrum from BOSS, E. Chaussidon, J. Chaves-Montero, K. Dawson, R. de
Ak, H. Finley, A. Font-Ribera, R. Génova-Santos, J. E. V. Gonzalez-Perez, S. Gott, O. Graur, G. Gutierrez,
Astron. Astrophys. 559, A85 (2013), arXiv:1306.5896 la Cruz, A. de la Macorra, P. Doel, K. Fanning, A. Font-
J. Guy, S. Habib, H. Heetderks, I. Heetderks, K. Heit-

15 16

mann, W. A. Hellwing, D. A. Herrera, S. Ho, S. Holland, J. E. Forero-Romero, C. Garcia-Quintero, E. Gaztañaga, R. Miquel, J. Moon, S. Moore, J. Moustakas, N. Mudur, Schlafly, D. Schlegel, M. Schubnell, H. Seo, A. Shafieloo,
K. Honscheid, E. Huff, T. A. Hutchinson, D. Huterer, H. Gil-Marı́n, S. G. A. Gontcho, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, E. Mueller, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, A. D. Myers, S. Na- R. Sharples, J. Silber, A. Slosar, A. Smith, D. Sprayberry,
H. S. Hwang, J. M. Illa Laguna, Y. Ishikawa, D. Jacobs, V. Gonzalez-Perez, C. Gordon, D. Green, D. Gruen, dathur, L. Napolitano, R. Neveux, J. A. Newman, N. M. T. Tan, G. Tarlé, P. Taylor, S. Trusov, L. A. Ureña-
N. Jeffrey, P. Jelinsky, E. Jennings, L. Jiang, J. Jimenez, R. Gsponer, G. Gutierrez, J. Guy, B. Hadzhiyska, Nguyen, J. Nie, G. Niz, H. E. Noriega, N. Padman- López, R. Vaisakh, D. Valcin, F. Valdes, M. Vargas-
J. Johnson, R. Joyce, E. Jullo, S. Juneau, S. Kama, C. Hahn, M. M. S. Hanif, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar, abhan, E. Paillas, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, J. Pan, Magaña, L. Verde, M. Walther, B. Wang, M. S.
A. Karcher, S. Karkar, R. Kehoe, N. Kennamer, S. Kent, K. Honscheid, C. Howlett, D. Huterer, V. Iršič, M. Ishak, S. Penmetsa, W. J. Percival, M. Pieri, M. Pinon, Wang, B. A. Weaver, N. Weaverdyck, R. H. Wechsler,
M. Kilbinger, A. G. Kim, D. Kirkby, T. Kisner, E. Ki- S. Juneau, N. G. Karaçaylı, R. Kehoe, S. Kent, C. Poppett, A. Porredon, F. Prada, A. Pérez-Fernández, D. H. Weinberg, M. White, J. Yu, Y. Yu, S. Yuan,
tanidis, J.-P. Kneib, S. Koposov, E. Kovacs, K. Koyama, D. Kirkby, A. Kremin, A. Krolewski, Y. Lai, T. W. I. Pérez-Ràfols, D. Rabinowitz, A. Raichoor, C. Ramı́rez- C. Yèche, E. A. Zaborowski, P. Zarrouk, H. Zhang,
A. Kremin, R. Kron, L. Kronig, A. Kueter-Young, C. G. Lan, M. Landriau, D. Lang, J. Lasker, J. M. L. Pérez, S. Ramirez-Solano, M. Rashkovetskyi, C. Ravoux, C. Zhao, R. Zhao, R. Zhou, T. Zhuang, and H. Zou,
Lacey, R. Lafever, O. Lahav, A. Lambert, M. Lampton, Goff, L. L. Guillou, A. Leauthaud, M. E. Levi, T. S. M. Rezaie, J. Rich, A. Rocher, C. Rockosi, N. A. DESI 2024 VI: Cosmological Constraints from the
M. Landriau, D. Lang, T. R. Lauer, J.-M. Le Goff, L. Le Li, E. Linder, K. Lodha, C. Magneville, M. Man- Roe, A. Rosado-Marin, A. J. Ross, G. Rossi, R. Rug- Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, arXiv
Guillou, A. Le Van Suu, J. H. Lee, S.-J. Lee, D. Leitner, era, D. Margala, P. Martini, M. Maus, P. McDon- geri, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, L. Samushia, E. Sanchez, e-prints , arXiv:2404.03002 (2024), arXiv:2404.03002
M. Lesser, M. E. Levi, B. L’Huillier, B. Li, M. Liang, ald, L. Medina-Varela, A. Meisner, J. Mena-Fernández, C. Saulder, E. F. Schlafly, D. Schlegel, M. Schubnell, [[Link]].
H. Lin, E. Linder, S. R. Loebman, Z. Lukić, J. Ma, R. Miquel, J. Moon, S. Moore, J. Moustakas, N. Mudur, H. Seo, R. Sharples, J. Silber, F. Sinigaglia, A. Slosar, [20] P. McDonald, U. Seljak, S. Burles, D. J. Schlegel, D. H.
N. MacCrann, C. Magneville, L. Makarem, M. Man- E. Mueller, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, A. D. Myers, S. Na- A. Smith, D. Sprayberry, T. Tan, G. Tarlé, S. Trusov, Weinberg, R. Cen, D. Shih, J. Schaye, D. P. Schneider,
era, C. J. Manser, R. Marshall, P. Martini, R. Massey, dathur, L. Napolitano, R. Neveux, J. A. Newman, N. M. R. Vaisakh, D. Valcin, F. Valdes, M. Vargas-Magaña, N. A. Bahcall, J. W. Briggs, J. Brinkmann, R. J. Brun-
T. Matheson, J. McCauley, P. McDonald, I. D. Mc- Nguyen, J. Nie, G. Niz, H. E. Noriega, N. Padman- L. Verde, M. Walther, B. Wang, M. S. Wang, B. A. ner, M. Fukugita, J. E. Gunn, Ž. Ivezić, S. Kent, R. H.
Greer, A. Meisner, N. Metcalfe, T. N. Miller, R. Miquel, abhan, E. Paillas, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, J. Pan, Weaver, N. Weaverdyck, R. H. Wechsler, D. H. Wein- Lupton, and D. E. V. Berk, The Lyalpha Forest Power
J. Moustakas, A. Myers, M. Naik, J. A. Newman, S. Penmetsa, W. J. Percival, M. Pieri, M. Pinon, berg, M. White, J. Yu, Y. Yu, S. Yuan, C. Yèche, E. A. Spectrum from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Astrophys.
R. C. Nichol, A. Nicola, L. Nicolati da Costa, J. Nie, C. Poppett, A. Porredon, F. Prada, A. Pérez-Fernández, Zaborowski, P. Zarrouk, H. Zhang, C. Zhao, R. Zhao, J. Suppl. Ser. 163, 80 (2006).
G. Niz, P. Norberg, B. Nord, D. Norman, P. Nugent, I. Pérez-Ràfols, D. Rabinowitz, A. Raichoor, C. Ramı́rez- R. Zhou, and H. Zou, DESI 2024 IV: Baryon Acous- [21] A. Vallinotto, S. Das, D. N. Spergel, and M. Viel, Lenses
T. O’Brien, M. Oh, K. A. G. Olsen, C. Padilla, H. Pad- Pérez, S. Ramirez-Solano, M. Rashkovetskyi, M. Rezaie, tic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest, arXiv in the Forest: Cross Correlation of the Lyman-α Flux
manabhan, N. Padmanabhan, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, J. Rich, A. Rocher, C. Rockosi, N. A. Roe, A. Rosado- e-prints , arXiv:2404.03001 (2024), arXiv:2404.03001 with Cosmic Microwave Background Lensing, Physical
A. Palmese, D. Pappalardo, I. Pâris, C. Park, A. Patej, Marin, A. J. Ross, G. Rossi, R. Ruggeri, V. Ruhlmann- [[Link]]. Review Letters 103, 091304 (2009).
J. A. Peacock, H. V. Peiris, X. Peng, W. J. Perci- Kleider, L. Samushia, E. Sanchez, C. Saulder, E. F. [19] DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, [22] A. Vallinotto, M. Viel, S. Das, and D. N. Spergel, Cross-
val, S. Perruchot, M. M. Pieri, R. Pogge, J. E. Pol- Schlafly, D. Schlegel, M. Schubnell, H. Seo, R. Sharples, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, correlations of the lyα forest with weak-lensing conver-
lack, C. Poppett, F. Prada, A. Prakash, R. G. Probst, J. Silber, A. Slosar, A. Smith, D. Sprayberry, J. Swan- A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, gence. analytical estimates of signal-to-noise ratio and
D. Rabinowitz, A. Raichoor, C. H. Ree, A. Refregier, son, T. Tan, G. Tarlé, S. Trusov, R. Vaisakh, D. Valcin, A. Aviles, H. Awan, B. Bahr-Kalus, S. Bailey, C. Bal- implications for neutrino mass and dark energy, The As-
X. Regal, B. Reid, K. Reil, M. Rezaie, C. M. Rockosi, F. Valdes, M. Vargas-Magaña, L. Verde, M. Walther, tay, A. Bault, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, A. Bera, F. Beutler, trophysical Journal 735, 38 (2011).
N. Roe, S. Ronayette, A. Roodman, A. J. Ross, N. P. B. Wang, M. S. Wang, B. A. Weaver, N. Weaverdyck, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller, [23] G. S. Farren, B. D. Sherwin, B. Bolliet, T. Namikawa,
Ross, G. Rossi, E. Rozo, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, E. S. R. H. Wechsler, D. H. Weinberg, M. White, J. Yu, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, E. Burtin, R. Calderon, S. Ferraro, and A. Krolewski, Detection of the CMB lens-
Rykoff, C. Sabiu, L. Samushia, E. Sanchez, J. Sanchez, Y. Yu, S. Yuan, C. Yèche, E. A. Zaborowski, P. Zarrouk, R. Canning, A. C. Rosell, R. Cereskaite, J. L. Cervantes- ing – galaxy bispectrum (2023), arXiv:2311.04213 [astro-
D. J. Schlegel, M. Schneider, M. Schubnell, A. Secroun, H. Zhang, C. Zhao, R. Zhao, R. Zhou, and H. Zou, DESI Cota, S. Chabanier, E. Chaussidon, J. Chaves-Montero, [Link]].
U. Seljak, H.-J. Seo, S. Serrano, A. Shafieloo, H. Shan, 2024 III: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from Galaxies S. Chen, X. Chen, T. Claybaugh, S. Cole, A. Cuceu, [24] R. A. C. Croft, A. J. Banday, and L. Hernquist, Lyman-
R. Sharples, M. J. Sholl, W. V. Shourt, J. H. Silber, and Quasars, arXiv e-prints , arXiv:2404.03000 (2024), T. M. Davis, K. Dawson, A. de la Macorra, A. de Mat- alpha forest-CMB cross-correlation and the search for
D. R. Silva, M. M. Sirk, A. Slosar, A. Smith, G. F. arXiv:2404.03000 [[Link]]. tia, N. Deiosso, A. Dey, B. Dey, Z. Ding, P. Doel, the ionized baryons at high redshift, Monthly Notices
Smoot, D. Som, Y.-S. Song, D. Sprayberry, R. Staten, [18] DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, J. Edelstein, S. Eftekharzadeh, D. J. Eisenstein, A. El- of the Royal Astronomical Society 369, 1090 (2006),
A. Stefanik, G. Tarle, S. Sien Tie, J. L. Tinker, R. To- S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, liott, P. Fagrelius, K. Fanning, S. Ferraro, J. Ereza, arxiv:astro-ph/0512380.
jeiro, F. Valdes, O. Valenzuela, M. Valluri, M. Vargas- A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, N. Findlay, B. Flaugher, A. Font-Ribera, D. Forero- [25] DESI Collaboration, A. Aghamousa, J. Aguilar,
Magana, L. Verde, A. R. Walker, J. Wang, Y. Wang, A. Aviles, H. Awan, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, Sánchez, J. E. Forero-Romero, C. S. Frenk, C. Garcia- S. Ahlen, S. Alam, L. E. Allen, C. Allende Prieto,
B. A. Weaver, C. Weaverdyck, R. H. Wechsler, D. H. J. Bautista, J. Behera, S. BenZvi, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, Quintero, E. Gaztañaga, H. Gil-Marı́n, S. G. A. Gontcho, J. Annis, S. Bailey, C. Balland, O. Ballester, C. Bal-
Weinberg, M. White, Q. Yang, C. Yeche, T. Zhang, G.-B. C. Blake, R. Blum, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller, D. Brooks, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, V. Gonzalez-Perez, C. Gor- tay, L. Beaufore, C. Bebek, T. C. Beers, E. F. Bell, J. L.
Zhao, Y. Zheng, X. Zhou, Z. Zhou, Y. Zhu, H. Zou, and E. Buckley-Geer, E. Burtin, R. Calderon, R. Canning, don, D. Green, D. Gruen, R. Gsponer, G. Gutierrez, Bernal, R. Besuner, F. Beutler, C. Blake, H. Bleuler,
Y. Zu, The DESI Experiment Part I: Science,Targeting, A. C. Rosell, R. Cereskaite, J. L. Cervantes-Cota, S. Cha- J. Guy, B. Hadzhiyska, C. Hahn, M. M. S. Hanif, H. K. M. Blomqvist, R. Blum, A. S. Bolton, C. Briceno,
and Survey Design, arXiv e-prints , arXiv:1611.00036 banier, E. Chaussidon, J. Chaves-Montero, S. Chen, Herrera-Alcantar, K. Honscheid, C. Howlett, D. Huterer, D. Brooks, J. R. Brownstein, E. Buckley-Geer, A. Bur-
(2016), arXiv:1611.00036 [[Link]]. X. Chen, T. Claybaugh, S. Cole, A. Cuceu, T. M. V. Iršič, M. Ishak, S. Juneau, N. G. Karaçaylı, R. Ke- den, E. Burtin, N. G. Busca, R. N. Cahn, Y.-C. Cai,
[16] DESI Collaboration et al., DESI 2024 I: Data Release 1 Davis, K. Dawson, R. de la Cruz, A. de la Macorra, hoe, S. Kent, D. Kirkby, A. Kremin, A. Krolewski, L. Cardiel-Sas, R. G. Carlberg, P.-H. Carton, R. Casas,
of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, in prepa- A. de Mattia, N. Deiosso, A. Dey, B. Dey, J. Ding, Y. Lai, T. W. Lan, M. Landriau, D. Lang, J. Lasker, F. J. Castander, J. L. Cervantes-Cota, T. M. Claybaugh,
ration (2025). Z. Ding, P. Doel, J. Edelstein, S. Eftekharzadeh, D. J. J. M. L. Goff, L. L. Guillou, A. Leauthaud, M. E. M. Close, C. T. Coker, S. Cole, J. Comparat, A. P.
[17] DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, Eisenstein, A. Elliott, P. Fagrelius, K. Fanning, S. Fer- Levi, T. S. Li, E. Linder, K. Lodha, C. Magneville, Cooper, M. C. Cousinou, M. Crocce, J.-G. Cuby, D. P.
S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, raro, J. Ereza, N. Findlay, B. Flaugher, A. Font-Ribera, M. Manera, D. Margala, P. Martini, M. Maus, P. McDon- Cunningham, T. M. Davis, K. S. Dawson, A. de la Ma-
A. Anand, U. Andrade, E. Armengaud, S. Avila, D. Forero-Sánchez, J. E. Forero-Romero, C. Garcia- ald, L. Medina-Varela, A. Meisner, J. Mena-Fernández, corra, J. De Vicente, T. Delubac, M. Derwent, A. Dey,
A. Aviles, H. Awan, S. Bailey, C. Baltay, A. Bault, Quintero, E. Gaztañaga, H. Gil-Marı́n, S. G. A. Gontcho, R. Miquel, J. Moon, S. Moore, J. Moustakas, N. Mudur, G. Dhungana, Z. Ding, P. Doel, Y. T. Duan, A. Ealet,
J. Behera, S. BenZvi, F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, V. Gonzalez-Perez, C. Gor- E. Mueller, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, A. D. Myers, S. Na- J. Edelstein, S. Eftekharzadeh, D. J. Eisenstein, A. El-
R. Blum, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller, D. Brooks, don, D. Green, D. Gruen, R. Gsponer, G. Gutierrez, dathur, L. Napolitano, R. Neveux, J. A. Newman, N. M. liott, S. Escoffier, M. Evatt, P. Fagrelius, X. Fan, K. Fan-
E. Buckley-Geer, E. Burtin, R. Calderon, R. Canning, J. Guy, B. Hadzhiyska, C. Hahn, M. M. S. Hanif, H. K. Nguyen, J. Nie, G. Niz, H. E. Noriega, N. Padman- ning, A. Farahi, J. Farihi, G. Favole, Y. Feng, E. Fernan-
A. C. Rosell, R. Cereskaite, J. L. Cervantes-Cota, S. Cha- Herrera-Alcantar, K. Honscheid, C. Howlett, D. Huterer, abhan, E. Paillas, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, J. Pan, dez, J. R. Findlay, D. P. Finkbeiner, M. J. Fitzpatrick,
banier, E. Chaussidon, J. Chaves-Montero, S. Chen, V. Iršič, M. Ishak, S. Juneau, N. G. Karaçayli, R. Ke- S. Penmetsa, W. J. Percival, M. Pieri, M. Pinon, B. Flaugher, S. Flender, A. Font-Ribera, J. E. Forero-
X. Chen, T. Claybaugh, S. Cole, A. Cuceu, T. M. hoe, S. Kent, D. Kirkby, A. Kremin, A. Krolewski, C. Poppett, A. Porredon, F. Prada, A. Pérez-Fernández, Romero, P. Fosalba, C. S. Frenk, M. Fumagalli, B. T.
Davis, K. Dawson, A. de la Macorra, A. de Mattia, Y. Lai, T. W. Lan, M. Landriau, D. Lang, J. Lasker, I. Pérez-Ràfols, D. Rabinowitz, A. Raichoor, C. Ramı́rez- Gaensicke, G. Gallo, J. Garcia-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga,
N. Deiosso, A. Dey, B. Dey, Z. Ding, P. Doel, J. Edel- J. M. L. Goff, L. L. Guillou, A. Leauthaud, M. E. Pérez, S. Ramirez-Solano, M. Rashkovetskyi, M. Rezaie, N. Pietro Gentile Fusillo, T. Gerard, I. Gershkovich,
stein, S. Eftekharzadeh, D. J. Eisenstein, A. Elliott, Levi, T. S. Li, E. Linder, K. Lodha, C. Magneville, J. Rich, A. Rocher, C. Rockosi, N. A. Roe, A. Rosado- T. Giannantonio, D. Gillet, G. Gonzalez-de-Rivera,
P. Fagrelius, K. Fanning, S. Ferraro, J. Ereza, N. Find- M. Manera, D. Margala, P. Martini, M. Maus, P. McDon- Marin, A. J. Ross, G. Rossi, R. Ruggeri, V. Ruhlmann- V. Gonzalez-Perez, S. Gott, O. Graur, G. Gutierrez,
lay, B. Flaugher, A. Font-Ribera, D. Forero-Sánchez, ald, L. Medina-Varela, A. Meisner, J. Mena-Fernández, Kleider, L. Samushia, E. Sanchez, C. Saulder, E. F. J. Guy, S. Habib, H. Heetderks, I. Heetderks, K. Heit-
 17 18

mann, W. A. Hellwing, D. A. Herrera, S. Ho, S. Holland, L. Le Guillou, P. Martini, J. Moustakas, N. Palanque- D. Scholte, M. Schubnell, A. Secroun, H. Seo, S. Ser- H. Shan, D. R. Silva, Z. Slepian, C. Soto, D. Sprayberry,
K. Honscheid, E. Huff, T. A. Hutchinson, D. Huterer, Delabrouille, X. Peng, W. Percival, F. Prada, C. Al- rano, R. M. Sharples, M. J. Sholl, J. H. Silber, D. R. R. Staten, C. M. Stillman, R. J. Stupak, D. L. Summers,
H. S. Hwang, J. M. Illa Laguna, Y. Ishikawa, D. Jacobs, lende Prieto, G. G. de Rivera, E. Sanchez, J. Sanchez, Silva, M. Sirk, M. Siudek, A. Smith, D. Sprayberry, S. Sien Tie, H. Tirado, M. Vargas-Magaña, A. K. Vivas,
N. Jeffrey, P. Jelinsky, E. Jennings, L. Jiang, J. Jimenez, R. Sharples, M. Soares-Santos, E. Schlafly, B. A. Weaver, R. Staten, B. Stupak, T. Tan, G. Tarlé, S. S. Tie, R. H. Wechsler, D. Williams, J. Yang, Q. Yang, T. Yapici,
J. Johnson, R. Joyce, E. Jullo, S. Juneau, S. Kama, Z. Zhou, Y. Zhu, H. Zou, and DESI Collaboration, The R. Tojeiro, L. A. Ureña-López, F. Valdes, O. Valenzuela, D. Zaritsky, A. Zenteno, K. Zhang, T. Zhang, R. Zhou,
A. Karcher, S. Karkar, R. Kehoe, N. Kennamer, S. Kent, Robotic Multiobject Focal Plane System of the Dark En- M. Valluri, M. Vargas-Magaña, L. Verde, M. Walther, and Z. Zhou, Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Sur-
M. Kilbinger, A. G. Kim, D. Kirkby, T. Kisner, E. Ki- ergy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), Astron. J. 165, 9 B. Wang, M. S. Wang, B. A. Weaver, C. Weaverdyck, veys, Astron. J. 157, 168 (2019), arXiv:1804.08657 [astro-
tanidis, J.-P. Kneib, S. Koposov, E. Kovacs, K. Koyama, (2023), arXiv:2205.09014 [[Link]]. R. Wechsler, M. J. Wilson, J. Yang, Y. Yu, S. Yuan, [Link]].
A. Kremin, R. Kron, L. Kronig, A. Kueter-Young, C. G. [27] DESI Collaboration, B. Abareshi, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, C. Yèche, H. Zhang, K. Zhang, C. Zhao, R. Zhou, [30] E. L. Wright, P. R. M. Eisenhardt, A. K. Mainzer,
Lacey, R. Lafever, O. Lahav, A. Lambert, M. Lampton, S. Alam, D. M. Alexander, R. Alfarsy, L. Allen, Z. Zhou, H. Zou, J. Zou, S. Zou, Y. Zu, and DESI Col- M. E. Ressler, R. M. Cutri, T. Jarrett, J. D. Kirkpatrick,
M. Landriau, D. Lang, T. R. Lauer, J.-M. Le Goff, L. Le C. Allende Prieto, O. Alves, J. Ameel, E. Armen- laboration, Overview of the Instrumentation for the Dark D. Padgett, R. S. McMillan, M. Skrutskie, S. A. Stanford,
Guillou, A. Le Van Suu, J. H. Lee, S.-J. Lee, D. Leitner, gaud, J. Asorey, A. Aviles, S. Bailey, A. Balaguera- Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, Astron. J. 164, 207 M. Cohen, R. G. Walker, J. C. Mather, D. Leisawitz,
M. Lesser, M. E. Levi, B. L’Huillier, B. Li, M. Liang, Antolı́nez, O. Ballester, C. Baltay, A. Bault, S. F. Bel- (2022), arXiv:2205.10939 [[Link]]. I. Gautier, Thomas N., I. McLean, D. Benford, C. J.
H. Lin, E. Linder, S. R. Loebman, Z. Lukić, J. Ma, tran, B. Benavides, S. BenZvi, A. Berti, R. Besuner, [28] J. Guy, S. Bailey, A. Kremin, S. Alam, D. M. Alexan- Lonsdale, A. Blain, B. Mendez, W. R. Irace, V. Duval,
N. MacCrann, C. Magneville, L. Makarem, M. Man- F. Beutler, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, P. Blanc, R. Blum, der, C. Allende Prieto, S. BenZvi, A. S. Bolton, F. Liu, D. Royer, I. Heinrichsen, J. Howard, M. Shan-
era, C. J. Manser, R. Marshall, P. Martini, R. Massey, A. Bolton, S. Bose, D. Bramall, S. Brieden, A. Brodzeller, D. Brooks, E. Chaussidon, A. P. Cooper, K. Daw- non, M. Kendall, A. L. Walsh, M. Larsen, J. G. Cardon,
T. Matheson, J. McCauley, P. McDonald, I. D. Mc- D. Brooks, C. Brownewell, E. Buckley-Geer, R. N. Cahn, son, A. de la Macorra, A. Dey, B. Dey, G. Dhungana, S. Schick, M. Schwalm, M. Abid, B. Fabinsky, L. Naes,
Greer, A. Meisner, N. Metcalfe, T. N. Miller, R. Miquel, Z. Cai, R. Canning, R. Capasso, A. Carnero Rosell, D. J. Eisenstein, A. Font-Ribera, J. E. Forero-Romero, and C.-W. Tsai, The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
J. Moustakas, A. Myers, M. Naik, J. A. Newman, R. C. P. Carton, R. Casas, F. J. Castander, J. L. Cervantes- E. Gaztañaga, S. Gontcho A Gontcho, D. Green, K. Hon- (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Per-
Nichol, A. Nicola, L. Nicolati da Costa, J. Nie, G. Niz, Cota, S. Chabanier, E. Chaussidon, C. Chuang, C. Cir- scheid, M. Ishak, R. Kehoe, D. Kirkby, T. Kisner, S. E. formance, Astron. J. 140, 1868 (2010), arXiv:1008.0031
P. Norberg, B. Nord, D. Norman, P. Nugent, T. O’Brien, costa, S. Cole, A. P. Cooper, L. da Costa, M. C. Cousi- Koposov, T.-W. Lan, M. Landriau, L. Le Guillou, M. E. [[Link]].
M. Oh, K. A. G. Olsen, C. Padilla, H. Padmanabhan, nou, A. Cuceu, T. M. Davis, K. Dawson, R. de la Levi, C. Magneville, C. J. Manser, P. Martini, A. M. [31] A. D. Myers, J. Moustakas, S. Bailey, B. A. Weaver,
N. Padmanabhan, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, A. Palmese, Cruz-Noriega, A. de la Macorra, A. de Mattia, J. Della Meisner, R. Miquel, J. Moustakas, A. D. Myers, J. A. A. P. Cooper, J. E. Forero-Romero, B. Abolfathi, D. M.
D. Pappalardo, I. Pâris, C. Park, A. Patej, J. A. Pea- Costa, P. Demmer, M. Derwent, A. Dey, B. Dey, Newman, J. Nie, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, W. J. Per- Alexander, D. Brooks, E. Chaussidon, C.-H. Chuang,
cock, H. V. Peiris, X. Peng, W. J. Percival, S. Perru- G. Dhungana, Z. Ding, C. Dobson, P. Doel, J. Donald- cival, C. Poppett, F. Prada, A. Raichoor, C. Ravoux, K. Dawson, A. Dey, B. Dey, G. Dhungana, P. Doel,
chot, M. M. Pieri, R. Pogge, J. E. Pollack, C. Poppett, McCann, J. Donaldson, K. Douglass, Y. Duan, P. Dun- A. J. Ross, E. F. Schlafly, D. Schlegel, M. Schubnell, K. Fanning, E. Gaztañaga, S. G. A Gontcho, A. X.
F. Prada, A. Prakash, R. G. Probst, D. Rabinowitz, lop, J. Edelstein, S. Eftekharzadeh, D. J. Eisenstein, R. M. Sharples, G. Tarlé, B. A. Weaver, C. Yéche, Gonzalez-Morales, C. Hahn, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar,
A. Raichoor, C. H. Ree, A. Refregier, X. Regal, B. Reid, M. Enriquez-Vargas, S. Escoffier, M. Evatt, P. Fagrelius, R. Zhou, Z. Zhou, and H. Zou, The Spectroscopic Data K. Honscheid, M. Ishak, T. Karim, D. Kirkby, T. Kisner,
K. Reil, M. Rezaie, C. M. Rockosi, N. Roe, S. Ron- X. Fan, K. Fanning, V. A. Fawcett, S. Ferraro, J. Ereza, Processing Pipeline for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic S. E. Koposov, A. Kremin, T.-W. Lan, M. Landriau,
ayette, A. Roodman, A. J. Ross, N. P. Ross, G. Rossi, B. Flaugher, A. Font-Ribera, J. E. Forero-Romero, Instrument, Astron. J. 165, 144 (2023), arXiv:2209.14482 D. Lang, M. E. Levi, C. Magneville, L. Napolitano,
E. Rozo, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, E. S. Rykoff, C. Sabiu, C. S. Frenk, S. Fromenteau, B. T. Gänsicke, C. Garcia- [[Link]]. P. Martini, A. Meisner, J. A. Newman, N. Palanque-
L. Samushia, E. Sanchez, J. Sanchez, D. J. Schlegel, Quintero, L. Garrison, E. Gaztañaga, F. Gerardi, H. Gil- [29] A. Dey, D. J. Schlegel, D. Lang, R. Blum, K. Burleigh, Delabrouille, W. Percival, C. Poppett, F. Prada, A. Rai-
M. Schneider, M. Schubnell, A. Secroun, U. Seljak, H.-J. Marı́n, S. Gontcho a Gontcho, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, X. Fan, J. R. Findlay, D. Finkbeiner, D. Herrera, choor, A. J. Ross, E. F. Schlafly, D. Schlegel, M. Schub-
Seo, S. Serrano, A. Shafieloo, H. Shan, R. Sharples, M. J. G. Gonzalez-de-Rivera, V. Gonzalez-Perez, C. Gordon, S. Juneau, M. Landriau, M. Levi, I. McGreer, A. Meis- nell, T. Tan, G. Tarle, M. J. Wilson, C. Yèche, R. Zhou,
Sholl, W. V. Shourt, J. H. Silber, D. R. Silva, M. M. Sirk, O. Graur, D. Green, C. Grove, D. Gruen, G. Gutier- ner, A. D. Myers, J. Moustakas, P. Nugent, A. Patej, Z. Zhou, and H. Zou, The Target-selection Pipeline for
A. Slosar, A. Smith, G. F. Smoot, D. Som, Y.-S. Song, rez, J. Guy, C. Hahn, S. Harris, D. Herrera, H. K. E. F. Schlafly, A. R. Walker, F. Valdes, B. A. Weaver, the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, Astron. J.
D. Sprayberry, R. Staten, A. Stefanik, G. Tarle, S. Sien Herrera-Alcantar, K. Honscheid, C. Howlett, D. Huterer, C. Yèche, H. Zou, X. Zhou, B. Abareshi, T. M. C. Ab- 165, 50 (2023), arXiv:2208.08518 [[Link]].
Tie, J. L. Tinker, R. Tojeiro, F. Valdes, O. Valenzuela, V. Iršič, M. Ishak, P. Jelinsky, L. Jiang, J. Jimenez, Y. P. bott, B. Abolfathi, C. Aguilera, S. Alam, L. Allen, A. Al- [32] DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen,
M. Valluri, M. Vargas-Magana, L. Verde, A. R. Walker, Jing, R. Joyce, E. Jullo, S. Juneau, N. G. Karaçaylı, varez, J. Annis, B. Ansarinejad, M. Aubert, J. Beechert, S. Alam, G. Aldering, D. M. Alexander, R. Alfarsy,
J. Wang, Y. Wang, B. A. Weaver, C. Weaverdyck, R. H. M. Karamanis, A. Karcher, T. Karim, R. Kehoe, S. Kent, E. F. Bell, S. Y. BenZvi, F. Beutler, R. M. Bielby, C. Allende Prieto, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand,
Wechsler, D. H. Weinberg, M. White, Q. Yang, C. Yeche, D. Kirkby, T. Kisner, F. Kitaura, S. E. Koposov, A. S. Bolton, C. Briceño, E. J. Buckley-Geer, K. But- F. Andrade-Oliveira, E. Armengaud, J. Asorey,
T. Zhang, G.-B. Zhao, Y. Zheng, X. Zhou, Z. Zhou, A. Kovács, A. Kremin, A. Krolewski, B. L’Huillier, ler, A. Calamida, R. G. Carlberg, P. Carter, R. Casas, S. Avila, A. Aviles, S. Bailey, A. Balaguera-Antolı́nez,
Y. Zhu, H. Zou, and Y. Zu, The DESI Experiment Part O. Lahav, A. Lambert, C. Lamman, T.-W. Lan, M. Lan- F. J. Castander, Y. Choi, J. Comparat, E. Cukanovaite, O. Ballester, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Bautista, J. Be-
II: Instrument Design, arXiv e-prints , arXiv:1611.00037 driau, S. Lane, D. Lang, J. U. Lange, J. Lasker, L. Le T. Delubac, K. DeVries, S. Dey, G. Dhungana, M. Dick- hera, S. F. Beltran, S. BenZvi, L. Beraldo e Silva,
(2016), arXiv:1611.00037 [[Link]]. Guillou, A. Leauthaud, A. Le Van Suu, M. E. Levi, inson, Z. Ding, J. B. Donaldson, Y. Duan, C. J. Duck- J. R. Bermejo-Climent, A. Berti, R. Besuner, F. Beutler,
[26] J. H. Silber, P. Fagrelius, K. Fanning, M. Schubnell, T. S. Li, C. Magneville, M. Manera, C. J. Manser, worth, S. Eftekharzadeh, D. J. Eisenstein, T. Etourneau, D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum, A. S. Bolton, S. Brieden,
J. N. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, J. Ameel, O. Ballester, C. Bal- B. Marshall, P. Martini, W. McCollam, P. McDonald, P. A. Fagrelius, J. Farihi, M. Fitzpatrick, A. Font-Ribera, A. Brodzeller, D. Brooks, Z. Brown, E. Buckley-Geer,
tay, C. Bebek, D. Benton Beard, R. Besuner, L. Cardiel- A. M. Meisner, J. Mena-Fernández, J. Meneses-Rizo, L. Fulmer, B. T. Gänsicke, E. Gaztanaga, K. George, E. Burtin, L. Cabayol-Garcia, Z. Cai, R. Canning,
Sas, R. Casas, F. J. Castander, T. Claybaugh, C. Dob- M. Mezcua, T. Miller, R. Miquel, P. Montero-Camacho, D. W. Gerdes, S. G. A. Gontcho, C. Gorgoni, G. Green, L. Cardiel-Sas, A. Carnero Rosell, F. J. Castander, J. L.
son, Y. Duan, P. Dunlop, J. Edelstein, W. T. Emmet, J. Moon, J. Moustakas, E. Mueller, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, J. Guy, D. Harmer, M. Hernandez, K. Honscheid, L. W. Cervantes-Cota, S. Chabanier, E. Chaussidon, J. Chaves-
A. Elliott, M. Evatt, I. Gershkovich, J. Guy, S. Har- A. D. Myers, S. Nadathur, J. Najita, L. Napolitano, Huang, D. J. James, B. T. Jannuzi, L. Jiang, R. Joyce, Montero, S. Chen, X. Chen, C. Chuang, T. Claybaugh,
ris, H. Heetderks, I. Heetderks, K. Honscheid, J. M. E. Neilsen, J. A. Newman, J. D. Nie, Y. Ning, G. Niz, A. Karcher, S. Karkar, R. Kehoe, J.-P. Kneib, A. Kueter- S. Cole, A. P. Cooper, A. Cuceu, T. M. Davis, K. Daw-
Illa, P. Jelinsky, S. R. Jelinsky, J. Jimenez, A. Karcher, P. Norberg, H. E. Noriega, T. O’Brien, A. Obul- Young, T.-W. Lan, T. R. Lauer, L. Le Guillou, A. Le son, R. de Belsunce, R. de la Cruz, A. de la Macorra,
S. Kent, D. Kirkby, J.-P. Kneib, A. Lambert, M. Lamp- jen, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, A. Palmese, P. Zhiwei, Van Suu, J. H. Lee, M. Lesser, L. Perreault Levasseur, A. de Mattia, R. Demina, U. Demirbozan, J. DeRose,
ton, D. Leitner, M. Levi, J. McCauley, A. Meisner, T. N. D. Pappalardo, X. PENG, W. J. Percival, S. Perru- T. S. Li, J. L. Mann, R. Marshall, C. E. Martı́nez- A. Dey, B. Dey, G. Dhungana, J. Ding, Z. Ding, P. Doel,
Miller, R. Miquel, J. Mundet, C. Poppett, D. Rabi- chot, R. Pogge, C. Poppett, A. Porredon, F. Prada, Vázquez, P. Martini, H. du Mas des Bourboux, S. Mc- R. Doshi, K. Douglass, A. Edge, S. Eftekharzadeh,
nowitz, K. Reil, D. Roman, D. Schlegel, S. Serrano, J. Prochaska, R. Pucha, A. Pérez-Fernández, I. Pérez- Manus, T. G. Meier, B. Ménard, N. Metcalfe, A. Muñoz- D. J. Eisenstein, A. Elliott, S. Escoffier, P. Fagre-
W. Van Shourt, D. Sprayberry, G. Tarlé, S. S. Tie, Ràfols, D. Rabinowitz, A. Raichoor, S. Ramirez-Solano, Gutiérrez, J. Najita, K. Napier, G. Narayan, J. A. New- lius, X. Fan, K. Fanning, V. A. Fawcett, S. Ferraro,
C. Weaverdyck, K. Zhang, M. Azzaro, S. Bailey, S. Be- C. Ramı́rez-Pérez, C. Ravoux, K. Reil, M. Rezaie, man, J. Nie, B. Nord, D. J. Norman, K. A. G. Olsen, J. Ereza, B. Flaugher, A. Font-Ribera, D. Forero-
cerril, T. Blackwell, M. Bouri, D. Brooks, E. Buckley- A. Rocher, C. Rockosi, N. A. Roe, A. Roodman, A. Paat, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, X. Peng, C. L. Pop- Sánchez, J. E. Forero-Romero, C. S. Frenk, B. T.
Geer, J. P. Castro, M. Derwent, A. Dey, G. Dhungana, A. J. Ross, G. Rossi, R. Ruggeri, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, pett, M. R. Poremba, A. Prakash, D. Rabinowitz, A. Rai- Gänsicke, L. Á. Garcı́a, J. Garcı́a-Bellido, C. Garcia-
P. Doel, D. J. Eisenstein, N. Fahim, J. Garcia-Bellido, C. G. Sabiu, S. Safonova, K. Said, A. Saintonge, choor, M. Rezaie, A. N. Robertson, N. A. Roe, A. J. Ross, Quintero, L. H. Garrison, H. Gil-Marı́n, J. Golden-
E. Gaztañaga, S. G. A Gontcho, G. Gutierrez, P. Hörler, J. Salas Catonga, L. Samushia, E. Sanchez, C. Saul- N. P. Ross, G. Rudnick, S. Safonova, A. Saha, F. J. Marx, S. Gontcho A Gontcho, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales,
R. Kehoe, T. Kisner, A. Kremin, L. Kronig, M. Landriau, der, E. Schaan, E. Schlafly, D. Schlegel, J. Schmoll, Sánchez, E. Savary, H. Schweiker, A. Scott, H.-J. Seo, V. Gonzalez-Perez, C. Gordon, O. Graur, D. Green,

19 20

D. Gruen, J. Guy, B. Hadzhiyska, C. Hahn, J. J. Han, son, A. Dey, Y. Duan, S. Eftekharzadeh, D. J. Eisen- tanzi, C. R. Lawrence, M. Le Jeune, F. Levrier, A. Lewis, S. Alam, G. Aldering, D. M. Alexander, R. Alfarsy,
M. M. S. Hanif, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar, K. Honscheid, stein, E. Gaztañaga, R. Kehoe, M. Landriau, D. Lang, M. Liguori, P. B. Lilje, V. Lindholm, M. López-Caniego, C. Allende Prieto, M. Alvarez, O. Alves, A. Anand,
J. Hou, C. Howlett, D. Huterer, V. Iršič, M. Ishak, M. E. Levi, A. M. Meisner, A. D. Myers, J. A. New- P. M. Lubin, Y. Z. Ma, J. F. Macı́as-Pérez, G. Mag- F. Andrade-Oliveira, E. Armengaud, J. Asorey,
A. Jana, L. Jiang, J. Jimenez, Y. P. Jing, S. Joudaki, man, C. Poppett, F. Prada, A. Raichoor, D. J. Schlegel, gio, D. Maino, N. Mandolesi, A. Mangilli, A. Marcos- S. Avila, A. Aviles, S. Bailey, A. Balaguera-Antolı́nez,
E. Jullo, R. Joyce, S. Juneau, N. Kizhuprakkat, N. G. M. Schubnell, R. Staten, G. Tarlé, and R. Zhou, Pre- Caballero, M. Maris, P. G. Martin, E. Martı́nez- O. Ballester, C. Baltay, A. Bault, J. Bautista, J. Be-
Karaçaylı, T. Karim, R. Kehoe, S. Kent, A. Khederlar- liminary Target Selection for the DESI Quasar (QSO) González, S. Matarrese, N. Mauri, J. D. McEwen, A. Mel- hera, S. F. Beltran, S. BenZvi, L. B. e. Silva, J. R.
ian, S. Kim, D. Kirkby, T. Kisner, F. Kitaura, J. Kneib, Sample, Research Notes of the American Astronomical chiorri, A. Mennella, M. Migliaccio, M. A. Miville- Bermejo-Climent, A. Berti, R. Besuner, F. Beutler,
S. E. Koposov, A. Kovács, A. Kremin, A. Krolewski, Society 4, 179 (2020), arXiv:2010.11280 [[Link]]. Deschênes, D. Molinari, A. Moneti, L. Montier, G. Mor- D. Bianchi, C. Blake, R. Blum, A. S. Bolton, S. Brieden,
B. L’Huillier, O. Lahav, A. Lambert, C. Lamman, [35] E. Chaussidon, C. Yèche, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, gante, A. Moss, P. Natoli, L. Pagano, D. Paoletti, A. Brodzeller, D. Brooks, Z. Brown, E. Buckley-Geer,
T. W. Lan, M. Landriau, D. Lang, J. U. Lange, D. M. Alexander, J. Yang, S. Ahlen, S. Bailey, D. Brooks, B. Partridge, G. Patanchon, F. Perrotta, V. Pettorino, E. Burtin, L. Cabayol-Garcia, Z. Cai, R. Canning,
J. Lasker, L. Le Guillou, A. Leauthaud, M. E. Levi, Z. Cai, S. Chabanier, T. M. Davis, K. Dawson, A. de F. Piacentini, L. Polastri, G. Polenta, J. L. Puget, L. Cardiel-Sas, A. Carnero Rosell, F. J. Castander, J. L.
T. S. Li, E. Linder, A. Lyons, C. Magneville, M. Man- laMacorra, A. Dey, B. Dey, S. Eftekharzadeh, D. J. J. P. Rachen, M. Reinecke, M. Remazeilles, A. Renzi, Cervantes-Cota, S. Chabanier, E. Chaussidon, J. Chaves-
era, C. J. Manser, D. Margala, P. Martini, P. McDonald, Eisenstein, K. Fanning, A. Font-Ribera, E. Gaztañaga, G. Rocha, C. Rosset, G. Roudier, J. A. Rubiño-Martı́n, Montero, S. Chen, C. Chuang, T. Claybaugh, S. Cole,
G. E. Medina, L. Medina-Varela, A. Meisner, J. Mena- S. G. A Gontcho, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, J. Guy, H. K. B. Ruiz-Granados, L. Salvati, M. Sandri, M. Savelainen, A. P. Cooper, A. Cuceu, T. M. Davis, K. Dawson, R. de
Fernández, J. Meneses-Rizo, M. Mezcua, R. Miquel, Herrera-Alcantar, K. Honscheid, M. Ishak, L. Jiang, D. Scott, C. Sirignano, R. Sunyaev, A. S. Suur-Uski, Belsunce, R. de la Cruz, A. de la Macorra, A. de Mat-
P. Montero-Camacho, J. Moon, S. Moore, J. Mous- S. Juneau, R. Kehoe, T. Kisner, A. Kovács, A. Kremin, J. A. Tauber, D. Tavagnacco, M. Tenti, L. Toffolatti, tia, R. Demina, U. Demirbozan, J. DeRose, A. Dey,
takas, E. Mueller, J. Mundet, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, T.-W. Lan, M. Landriau, L. Le Guillou, M. E. Levi, M. Tomasi, T. Trombetti, J. Valiviita, B. Van Tent, B. Dey, G. Dhungana, J. Ding, Z. Ding, P. Doel,
A. D. Myers, S. Nadathur, L. Napolitano, R. Neveux, C. Magneville, P. Martini, A. M. Meisner, J. Mous- P. Vielva, F. Villa, N. Vittorio, B. D. Wandelt, I. K. We- R. Doshi, K. Douglass, A. Edge, S. Eftekharzadeh,
J. A. Newman, J. Nie, G. Niz, P. Norberg, H. E. Nor- takas, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, A. D. Myers, J. A. Newman, hus, M. White, S. D. M. White, A. Zacchei, and A. Zonca, D. J. Eisenstein, A. Elliott, S. Escoffier, P. Fagrelius,
iega, E. Paillas, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, A. Palmese, J. Nie, W. J. Percival, C. Poppett, F. Prada, A. Rai- Planck 2018 results. VIII. Gravitational lensing, Astron. X. Fan, K. Fanning, V. A. Fawcett, S. Ferraro, J. Ereza,
P. Zhiwei, D. Parkinson, S. Penmetsa, W. J. Percival, choor, C. Ravoux, A. J. Ross, E. Schlafly, D. Schlegel, Astrophys. 641, A8 (2020), arXiv:1807.06210 [astro- B. Flaugher, A. Font-Ribera, D. Forero-Sánchez, J. E.
A. Pérez-Fernández, I. Pérez-Ràfols, M. Pieri, C. Pop- T. Tan, G. Tarlé, R. Zhou, Z. Zhou, and H. Zou, Target [Link]]. Forero-Romero, C. S. Frenk, B. T. Gänsicke, L. Á.
pett, A. Porredon, F. Prada, R. Pucha, A. Raichoor, Selection and Validation of DESI Quasars, Astrophys. J. [42] K. M. Górski, E. Hivon, A. J. Banday, B. D. Wan- Garcı́a, J. Garcı́a-Bellido, C. Garcia-Quintero, L. H. Gar-
C. Ramı́rez-Pérez, S. Ramirez-Solano, M. Rashkovet- 944, 107 (2023), arXiv:2208.08511 [[Link]]. delt, F. K. Hansen, M. Reinecke, and M. Bartelmann, rison, H. Gil-Marı́n, J. Golden-Marx, S. G. A. Gontcho,
skyi, C. Ravoux, A. Rocher, C. Rockosi, A. J. Ross, [36] A. Ross et al., Construction of Large-scale Structure Cat- HEALPix: A Framework for High-Resolution Discretiza- A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, V. Gonzalez-Perez, C. Gordon,
G. Rossi, R. Ruggeri, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, C. G. Sabiu, alogs for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, in tion and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere, O. Graur, D. Green, D. Gruen, J. Guy, B. Hadzhiyska,
K. Said, A. Saintonge, L. Samushia, E. Sanchez, C. Saul- preparation (2024). Astrophys. J. 622, 759 (2005), arXiv:astro-ph/0409513 C. Hahn, J. J. Han, M. M. S. Hanif, H. K. Herrera-
der, E. Schaan, E. F. Schlafly, D. Schlegel, D. Scholte, [37] Z. Guo and P. Martini, Classification of Broad Absorp- [astro-ph]. Alcantar, K. Honscheid, J. Hou, C. Howlett, D. Huterer,
M. Schubnell, H. Seo, A. Shafieloo, R. Sharples, W. Sheu, tion Line Quasars with a Convolutional Neural Network, [43] H. du Mas des Bourboux, J. Rich, A. Font-Ribera, V. de V. Iršič, M. Ishak, A. Jacques, A. Jana, L. Jiang,
J. Silber, F. Sinigaglia, M. Siudek, Z. Slepian, A. Smith, Astrophys. J. 879, 72 (2019), arXiv:1901.04506 [astro- Sainte Agathe, J. Farr, T. Etourneau, J.-M. Le Goff, J. Jimenez, Y. P. Jing, S. Joudaki, E. Jullo, S. Juneau,
D. Sprayberry, L. Stephey, J. Suárez-Pérez, Z. Sun, [Link]]. A. Cuceu, C. Balland, J. E. Bautista, M. Blomqvist, N. Kizhuprakkat, N. G. Karaçaylı, T. Karim, R. Kehoe,
T. Tan, G. Tarlé, R. Tojeiro, L. A. Ureña-López, [38] P. Martini et al., in preparation (2024). J. Brinkmann, J. R. Brownstein, S. Chabanier, E. Chaus- S. Kent, A. Khederlarian, S. Kim, D. Kirkby, T. Kisner,
R. Vaisakh, D. Valcin, F. Valdes, M. Valluri, M. Vargas- [39] M.-F. Ho, S. Bird, and R. Garnett, Damped Lyman- sidon, K. Dawson, A. X. González-Morales, J. Guy, F. Kitaura, J. Kneib, S. E. Koposov, A. Kovács,
Magaña, A. Variu, L. Verde, M. Walther, B. Wang, M. S. α absorbers from Sloan digital sky survey DR16Q with B. W. Lyke, A. de la Macorra, E.-M. Mueller, A. D. A. Kremin, A. Krolewski, B. L’Huillier, A. Lambert,
Wang, B. A. Weaver, N. Weaverdyck, R. H. Wechsler, Gaussian processes, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 507, 704 Myers, C. Nitschelm, A. Muñoz Gutiérrez, N. Palanque- C. Lamman, T. W. Lan, M. Landriau, D. Lang, J. U.
M. White, Y. Xie, J. Yang, C. Yèche, J. Yu, S. Yuan, (2021), arXiv:2103.10964 [[Link]]. Delabrouille, J. Parker, W. J. Percival, I. Pérez-Ràfols, Lange, J. Lasker, L. Le Guillou, A. Leauthaud, M. E.
H. Zhang, Z. Zhang, C. Zhao, Z. Zheng, R. Zhou, [40] B. Wang, J. Zou, Z. Cai, J. X. Prochaska, Z. Sun, J. Ding, P. Petitjean, M. M. Pieri, C. Ravoux, G. Rossi, D. P. Levi, T. S. Li, E. Linder, A. Lyons, C. Magneville,
Z. Zhou, H. Zou, S. Zou, Y. Zu, and DESI Collaboration, A. Font-Ribera, A. Gonzalez, H. K. Herrera-Alcantar, Schneider, H.-J. Seo, A. Slosar, J. Stermer, M. Vivek, M. Manera, C. J. Manser, D. Margala, P. Martini,
Validation of the Scientific Program for the Dark En- V. Irsic, X. Lin, D. Brooks, S. Chabanier, R. d. Bel- C. Yèche, and S. Youles, The Completed SDSS-IV Ex- P. McDonald, G. E. Medina, L. Medina-Varela, A. Meis-
ergy Spectroscopic Instrument, Astron. J. 167, 62 (2024), sunce, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, G. Tarle, and Z. Zhou, tended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Baryon ner, J. Mena-Fernández, J. Meneses-Rizo, M. Mezcua,
arXiv:2306.06307 [[Link]]. Deep Learning of Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Acoustic Oscillations with Lyα Forests, Astrophys. J. R. Miquel, P. Montero-Camacho, J. Moon, S. Moore,
[33] D. M. Alexander, T. M. Davis, E. Chaussidon, V. A. Mock Spectra to Find Damped Lyα Systems, Astrophys. 901, 153 (2020), arXiv:2007.08995 [[Link]]. J. Moustakas, E. Mueller, J. Mundet, A. Muñoz-
Fawcett, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, T.-W. Lan, C. Yèche, J. Suppl. Ser. 259, 28 (2022). [44] C. Ramı́rez-Pérez, I. Pérez-Ràfols, A. Font-Ribera, M. A. Gutiérrez, A. D. Myers, S. Nadathur, L. Napolitano,
S. Ahlen, J. N. Aguilar, E. Armengaud, S. Bailey, [41] Planck Collaboration, N. Aghanim, Y. Akrami, M. Ash- Karim, E. Armengaud, J. Bautista, S. F. Beltran, R. Neveux, J. A. Newman, J. Nie, R. Nikutta, G. Niz,
D. Brooks, Z. Cai, R. Canning, A. Carr, S. Chabanier, down, J. Aumont, C. Baccigalupi, M. Ballardini, A. J. L. Cabayol-Garcia, Z. Cai, S. Chabanier, E. Chaussidon, P. Norberg, H. E. Noriega, E. Paillas, N. Palanque-
M.-C. Cousinou, K. Dawson, A. de la Macorra, A. Dey, Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, S. Basak, K. Ben- J. Chaves-Montero, A. Cuceu, R. de la Cruz, J. Garcı́a- Delabrouille, A. Palmese, P. Zhiwei, D. Parkinson,
B. Dey, G. Dhungana, A. C. Edge, S. Eftekharzadeh, abed, J. P. Bernard, M. Bersanelli, P. Bielewicz, J. J. Bellido, A. X. Gonzalez-Morales, C. Gordon, H. K. S. Penmetsa, W. J. Percival, A. Pérez-Fernández,
K. Fanning, J. Farr, A. Font-Ribera, J. Garcia-Bellido, Bock, J. R. Bond, J. Borrill, F. R. Bouchet, F. Boulanger, Herrera-Alcantar, V. Iršič, M. Ishak, N. G. Karaçaylı, I. Pérez-Ràfols, M. Pieri, C. Poppett, A. Porredon,
L. Garrison, E. Gaztañaga, S. G. A Gontcho, C. Gor- M. Bucher, C. Burigana, E. Calabrese, J. F. Car- Z. Lukić, C. J. Manser, P. Montero-Camacho, L. Napoli- S. Pothier, F. Prada, R. Pucha, A. Raichoor, C. Ramı́rez-
don, S. G. Medellin Gonzalez, J. Guy, H. K. Herrera- doso, J. Carron, A. Challinor, H. C. Chiang, L. P. L. tano, G. Niz, M. M. Pieri, C. Ravoux, F. Sinigaglia, Pérez, S. Ramirez-Solano, M. Rashkovetskyi, C. Ravoux,
Alcantar, L. Jiang, S. Juneau, N. G. Karaçaylı, R. Ke- Colombo, C. Combet, B. P. Crill, F. Cuttaia, P. de T. Tan, M. Walther, B. Wang, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, A. Rocher, C. Rockosi, A. J. Ross, G. Rossi, R. Ruggeri,
hoe, T. Kisner, A. Kovács, M. Landriau, M. E. Levi, Bernardis, G. de Zotti, J. Delabrouille, E. Di Valentino, S. Bailey, D. Brooks, T. Claybaugh, K. Dawson, A. de V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, C. G. Sabiu, K. Said, A. Sain-
C. Magneville, P. Martini, A. M. Meisner, M. Mezcua, J. M. Diego, O. Doré, M. Douspis, A. Ducout, X. Du- la Macorra, G. Dhungana, P. Doel, K. Fanning, J. E. tonge, L. Samushia, E. Sanchez, C. Saulder, E. Schaan,
R. Miquel, P. M. Camacho, J. Moustakas, A. Muñoz- pac, G. Efstathiou, F. Elsner, T. A. Enßlin, H. K. Forero-Romero, S. G. A. Gontcho, J. Guy, K. Honscheid, E. F. Schlafly, D. Schlegel, D. Scholte, M. Schubnell,
Gutiérrez, A. D. Myers, S. Nadathur, L. Napolitano, Eriksen, Y. Fantaye, R. Fernandez-Cobos, F. Finelli, R. Kehoe, T. Kisner, M. Landriau, L. Le Guillou, M. E. H. Seo, A. Shafieloo, R. Sharples, W. Sheu, J. Silber,
J. D. Nie, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, Z. Pan, W. J. Per- F. Forastieri, M. Frailis, A. A. Fraisse, E. Franceschi, Levi, C. Magneville, P. Martini, A. Meisner, R. Miquel, F. Sinigaglia, M. Siudek, Z. Slepian, A. Smith, D. Spray-
cival, I. Pérez-Ràfols, C. Poppett, F. Prada, C. Ramı́rez- A. Frolov, S. Galeotta, S. Galli, K. Ganga, R. T. J. Moustakas, E. Mueller, A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez, J. Nie, berry, L. Stephey, J. Suárez-Pérez, Z. Sun, T. Tan,
Pérez, C. Ravoux, D. J. Rosario, M. Schubnell, G. Tarlé, Génova-Santos, M. Gerbino, T. Ghosh, J. González- N. Palanque-Delabrouille, W. J. Percival, G. Rossi, G. Tarlé, R. Tojeiro, L. A. Ureña-López, R. Vaisakh,
M. Walther, B. Weiner, S. Youles, Z. Zhou, H. Zou, and Nuevo, K. M. Górski, S. Gratton, A. Gruppuso, J. E. E. Sanchez, E. F. Schlafly, D. Schlegel, H. Seo, G. Tarlé, D. Valcin, F. Valdes, M. Valluri, M. Vargas-Magaña,
S. Zou, The DESI Survey Validation: Results from Vi- Gudmundsson, J. Hamann, W. Handley, F. K. Hansen, B. A. Weaver, C. Yéche, and Z. Zhou, The Lyman-α A. Variu, L. Verde, M. Walther, B. Wang, M. S. Wang,
sual Inspection of the Quasar Survey Spectra, Astron. J. D. Herranz, E. Hivon, Z. Huang, A. H. Jaffe, W. C. forest catalogue from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic In- B. A. Weaver, N. Weaverdyck, R. H. Wechsler, M. White,
165, 124 (2023), arXiv:2208.08517 [[Link]]. Jones, A. Karakci, E. Keihänen, R. Keskitalo, K. Kiiveri, strument Early Data Release, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. Y. Xie, J. Yang, C. Yèche, J. Yu, S. Yuan, H. Zhang,
[34] C. Yèche, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, C.-A. Claveau, J. Kim, L. Knox, N. Krachmalnicoff, M. Kunz, H. Kurki- 528, 6666 (2024), arXiv:2306.06312 [[Link]]. Z. Zhang, C. Zhao, Z. Zheng, R. Zhou, Z. Zhou, H. Zou,
D. D. Brooks, E. Chaussidon, T. M. Davis, K. S. Daw- Suonio, G. Lagache, J. M. Lamarre, A. Lasenby, M. Lat- [45] DESI Collaboration, A. G. Adame, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Zou, and Y. Zu, The Early Data Release of the
 21 22

Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, arXiv e-prints , Ž. Ivezić, A. Jain, T. Jenness, G. Kanarek, S. Kendrew, pard, T. Reddy, W. Weckesser, H. Abbasi, C. Gohlke, Lamarre, A. Lasenby, M. Lattanzi, C. R. Lawrence,
arXiv:2306.06308 (2023), arXiv:2306.06308. N. S. Kern, W. E. Kerzendorf, A. Khvalko, J. King, and T. E. Oliphant, Array programming with NumPy, M. Le Jeune, P. Lemos, J. Lesgourgues, F. Levrier,
[46] N. G. Karaçaylı, QSOnic: fast quasar continuum fitting, D. Kirkby, A. M. Kulkarni, A. Kumar, A. Lee, D. Lenz, Nature 585, 357 (2020). A. Lewis, M. Liguori, P. B. Lilje, M. Lilley, V. Lind-
Journal of Open Source Software 9, 6373 (2024). S. P. Littlefair, Z. Ma, D. M. Macleod, M. Mastropietro, [58] A. Zonca, L. Singer, D. Lenz, M. Reinecke, C. Rosset, holm, M. López-Caniego, P. M. Lubin, Y. Z. Ma,
[47] G. D. Becker, P. C. Hewett, G. Worseck, and J. X. C. McCully, S. Montagnac, B. M. Morris, M. Mueller, E. Hivon, and K. Gorski, healpy: equal area pixeliza- J. F. Macı́as-Pérez, G. Maggio, D. Maino, N. Man-
Prochaska, A refined measurement of the mean trans- S. J. Mumford, D. Muna, N. A. Murphy, S. Nelson, G. H. tion and spherical harmonics transforms for data on the dolesi, A. Mangilli, A. Marcos-Caballero, M. Maris,
mitted flux in the Lyα forest over 2 ¡ z ¡ 5 using compos- Nguyen, J. P. Ninan, M. Nöthe, S. Ogaz, S. Oh, J. K. sphere in python, Journal of Open Source Software 4, P. G. Martin, M. Martinelli, E. Martı́nez-González,
ite quasar spectra, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 430, 2067 Parejko, N. Parley, S. Pascual, R. Patil, A. A. Patil, 1298 (2019). S. Matarrese, N. Mauri, J. D. McEwen, P. R. Mein-
(2013), arXiv:1208.2584 [[Link]]. A. L. Plunkett, J. X. Prochaska, T. Rastogi, V. Reddy [59] L. Dalcin and Y.-L. L. Fang, mpi4py: Status update after hold, A. Melchiorri, A. Mennella, M. Migliaccio, M. Mil-
[48] N. G. Karaçaylı, A. Font-Ribera, and N. Padmanabhan, Janga, J. Sabater, P. Sakurikar, M. Seifert, L. E. Sher- 12 years of development, Computing in Science & Engi- lea, S. Mitra, M. A. Miville-Deschênes, D. Molinari,
Optimal 1D Ly α forest power spectrum estimation - I. bert, H. Sherwood-Taylor, A. Y. Shih, J. Sick, M. T. Sil- neering 23, 47 (2021). L. Montier, G. Morgante, A. Moss, P. Natoli, H. U.
DESI-lite spectra, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 497, 4742 biger, S. Singanamalla, L. P. Singer, P. H. Sladen, K. A. [60] J. D. Hunter, Matplotlib: A 2d graphics environment, Nørgaard-Nielsen, L. Pagano, D. Paoletti, B. Partridge,
(2020), arXiv:2008.06421 [[Link]]. Sooley, S. Sornarajah, O. Streicher, P. Teuben, S. W. Computing in Science & Engineering 9, 90 (2007). G. Patanchon, H. V. Peiris, F. Perrotta, V. Pettorino,
[49] B. Efron, Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jack- Thomas, G. R. Tremblay, J. E. H. Turner, V. Terrón, [61] N. G. Karaçaylı, P. Martini, D. H. Weinberg, V. Iršič, F. Piacentini, L. Polastri, G. Polenta, J. L. Puget,
knife, The Annals of Statistics 7, 1 (1979). M. H. van Kerkwijk, A. de la Vega, L. L. Watkins, B. A. J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, D. Brooks, A. de la Macorra, J. P. Rachen, M. Reinecke, M. Remazeilles, A. Renzi,
[50] J. A. Hanley and B. MacGibbon, Creating non- Weaver, J. B. Whitmore, J. Woillez, V. Zabalza, and As- A. Font-Ribera, S. Gontcho A Gontcho, J. Guy, G. Rocha, C. Rosset, G. Roudier, J. A. Rubiño-Martı́n,
parametric bootstrap samples using Poisson frequencies, tropy Contributors, The Astropy Project: Building an T. Kisner, R. Miquel, C. Poppett, C. Ravoux, M. Schub- B. Ruiz-Granados, L. Salvati, M. Sandri, M. Savelainen,
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 83, 57 Open-science Project and Status of the v2.0 Core Pack- nell, G. Tarlé, B. A. Weaver, and Z. Zhou, A framework D. Scott, E. P. S. Shellard, C. Sirignano, G. Sirri, L. D.
(2006). age, Astron. J. 156, 123 (2018), arXiv:1801.02634 [astro- to measure the properties of intergalactic metal systems Spencer, R. Sunyaev, A. S. Suur-Uski, J. A. Tauber,
[51] N. Chamandy, O. Muralidharan, A. Najmi, and S. Naidu, [Link]]. with two-point flux statistics, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. D. Tavagnacco, M. Tenti, L. Toffolatti, M. Tomasi,
Estimating uncertainty for massive data streams, Tech. [56] Astropy Collaboration, A. M. Price-Whelan, P. L. Lim, 522, 5980 (2023). T. Trombetti, L. Valenziano, J. Valiviita, B. Van Tent,
Rep. (Google, 2012). N. Earl, N. Starkman, L. Bradley, D. L. Shupe, A. A. [62] M. M. Ivanov, Lyman alpha forest power spectrum in L. Vibert, P. Vielva, F. Villa, N. Vittorio, B. D. Wan-
[52] M. Galassi, J. Davies, J. Theiler, B. Gough, G. Jung- Patil, L. Corrales, C. E. Brasseur, M. Nöthe, A. Do- effective field theory, Phys. Rev. D 109, 023507 (2024), delt, I. K. Wehus, M. White, S. D. M. White, A. Za-
man, P. Alken, M. Booth, F. Rossi, and R. Ulerich, GNU nath, E. Tollerud, B. M. Morris, A. Ginsburg, E. Va- arXiv:2309.10133 [[Link]]. cchei, and A. Zonca, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmo-
scientific library: Reference manual (release 2.7), [On- her, B. A. Weaver, J. Tocknell, W. Jamieson, M. H. van [63] N. Y. Gnedin and L. Hui, Probing the Universe with logical parameters, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020),
line]. Available: [Link] Kerkwijk, T. P. Robitaille, B. Merry, M. Bachetti, H. M. the Lyα forest — I. Hydrodynamics of the low-density arXiv:1807.06209 [[Link]].
(2021). Günther, T. L. Aldcroft, J. A. Alvarado-Montes, A. M. intergalactic medium, Monthly Notices of the Royal As- [68] M. Walther, J. Oñorbe, J. F. Hennawi, and Z. Lukić,
[53] M. Frigo and S. G. Johnson, The design and implementa- Archibald, A. Bódi, S. Bapat, G. Barentsen, J. Bazán, tronomical Society 296, 44 (1998). New Constraints on IGM Thermal Evolution from the
tion of FFTW3, Proceedings of the IEEE 93, 216 (2005), M. Biswas, M. Boquien, D. J. Burke, D. Cara, M. Cara, [64] P. McDonald, Toward a Measurement of the Cosmolog- Ly$\upalpha$ Forest Power Spectrum, Astrophys. J.
special issue on “Program Generation, Optimization, and K. E. Conroy, S. Conseil, M. W. Craig, R. M. Cross, K. L. ical Geometry at z ˜2: Predicting Lyα Forest Correla- 872, 13 (2019).
Platform Adaptation”. Cruz, F. D’Eugenio, N. Dencheva, H. A. R. Devillepoix, tion in Three Dimensions and the Potential of Future [69] P. Gaikwad, R. Srianand, M. G. Haehnelt, and T. R.
[54] Astropy Collaboration, T. P. Robitaille, E. J. Tollerud, J. P. Dietrich, A. D. Eigenbrot, T. Erben, L. Ferreira, Data Sets, Astrophys. J. 585, 34 (2003), arXiv:astro- Choudhury, A consistent and robust measurement of the
P. Greenfield, M. Droettboom, E. Bray, T. Ald- D. Foreman-Mackey, R. Fox, N. Freij, S. Garg, R. Geda, ph/0108064 [astro-ph]. thermal state of the IGM at 2 ≤ z ≤ 4 from a large sample
croft, M. Davis, A. Ginsburg, A. M. Price-Whelan, L. Glattly, Y. Gondhalekar, K. D. Gordon, D. Grant, [65] A. Arinyo-i-Prats, J. Miralda-Escudé, M. Viel, and of Ly α forest spectra: evidence for late and rapid He II
W. E. Kerzendorf, A. Conley, N. Crighton, K. Barbary, P. Greenfield, A. M. Groener, S. Guest, S. Gurovich, R. Cen, The non-linear power spectrum of the Lyman al- reionization, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 506, 4389 (2021),
D. Muna, H. Ferguson, F. Grollier, M. M. Parikh, P. H. R. Handberg, A. Hart, Z. Hatfield-Dodds, D. Homeier, pha forest, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2015, 017 (2015), arXiv:2009.00016 [[Link]].
Nair, H. M. Unther, C. Deil, J. Woillez, S. Conseil, G. Hosseinzadeh, T. Jenness, C. K. Jones, P. Joseph, arXiv:1506.04519 [[Link]]. [70] B. Villasenor, B. Robertson, P. Madau, and E. Schneider,
R. Kramer, J. E. H. Turner, L. Singer, R. Fox, B. A. J. B. Kalmbach, E. Karamehmetoglu, M. Kaluszyński, [66] B. Jain and E. Bertschinger, Second-Order Power Spec- New constraints on warm dark matter from the Lyman-α
Weaver, V. Zabalza, Z. I. Edwards, K. Azalee Bostroem, M. S. P. Kelley, N. Kern, W. E. Kerzendorf, E. W. trum and Nonlinear Evolution at High Redshift, Astro- forest power spectrum, Phys. Rev. D 108, 023502 (2023),
D. J. Burke, A. R. Casey, S. M. Crawford, N. Dencheva, Koch, S. Kulumani, A. Lee, C. Ly, Z. Ma, C. MacBride, phys. J. 431, 495 (1994), arXiv:astro-ph/9311070 [astro- arXiv:2209.14220 [[Link]].
J. Ely, T. Jenness, K. Labrie, P. L. Lim, F. Pierfed- J. M. Maljaars, D. Muna, N. A. Murphy, H. Nor- ph]. [71] A. Spurio Mancini, D. Piras, J. Alsing, B. Joachimi, and
erici, A. Pontzen, A. Ptak, B. Refsdal, M. Servillat, man, R. O’Steen, K. A. Oman, C. Pacifici, S. Pascual, [67] Planck Collaboration, N. Aghanim, Y. Akrami, M. Ash- M. P. Hobson, COSMOPOWER: emulating cosmologi-
and O. Streicher, Astropy: A community Python pack- J. Pascual-Granado, R. R. Patil, G. I. Perren, T. E. Pick- down, J. Aumont, C. Baccigalupi, M. Ballardini, A. J. cal power spectra for accelerated Bayesian inference from
age for astronomy, Astron. Astrophys. 558, A33 (2013), ering, T. Rastogi, B. R. Roulston, D. F. Ryan, E. S. Banday, R. B. Barreiro, N. Bartolo, S. Basak, R. Battye, next-generation surveys, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 511,
arXiv:1307.6212 [[Link]]. Rykoff, J. Sabater, P. Sakurikar, J. Salgado, A. Sanghi, K. Benabed, J. P. Bernard, M. Bersanelli, P. Bielewicz, 1771 (2022), arXiv:2106.03846 [[Link]].
[55] Astropy Collaboration, A. M. Price-Whelan, B. M. N. Saunders, V. Savchenko, L. Schwardt, M. Seifert- J. J. Bock, J. R. Bond, J. Borrill, F. R. Bouchet, [72] F. James and M. Roos, Minuit: A System for Function
Sipőcz, H. M. Günther, P. L. Lim, S. M. Crawford, Eckert, A. Y. Shih, A. S. Jain, G. Shukla, J. Sick, F. Boulanger, M. Bucher, C. Burigana, R. C. Butler, Minimization and Analysis of the Parameter Errors and
S. Conseil, D. L. Shupe, M. W. Craig, N. Dencheva, C. Simpson, S. Singanamalla, L. P. Singer, J. Sing- E. Calabrese, J. F. Cardoso, J. Carron, A. Challinor, Correlations, Comput. Phys. Commun. 10, 343 (1975).
A. Ginsburg, J. T. VanderPlas, L. D. Bradley, D. Pérez- hal, M. Sinha, B. M. Sipőcz, L. R. Spitler, D. Stansby, H. C. Chiang, J. Chluba, L. P. L. Colombo, C. Combet, [73] H. Dembinski, P. Ongmongkolkul, C. Deil, H. Schreiner,
Suárez, M. de Val-Borro, T. L. Aldcroft, K. L. Cruz, O. Streicher, J. Šumak, J. D. Swinbank, D. S. Taranu, D. Contreras, B. P. Crill, F. Cuttaia, P. de Bernardis, M. Feickert, Andrew, C. Burr, J. Watson, F. Rost,
T. P. Robitaille, E. J. Tollerud, C. Ardelean, T. Babej, N. Tewary, G. R. Tremblay, M. d. Val-Borro, S. J. G. de Zotti, J. Delabrouille, J. M. Delouis, E. Di A. Pearce, L. Geiger, AhmedAbdelmotteleb, B. M.
Y. P. Bach, M. Bachetti, A. V. Bakanov, S. P. Bam- Van Kooten, Z. Vasović, S. Verma, J. V. de Miranda Valentino, J. M. Diego, O. Doré, M. Douspis, A. Ducout, Wiedemann, C. Gohlke, Gonzalo, J. Sanders, J. Drotl-
ford, G. Barentsen, P. Barmby, A. Baumbach, K. L. Cardoso, P. K. G. Williams, T. J. Wilson, B. Winkel, X. Dupac, S. Dusini, G. Efstathiou, F. Elsner, T. A. eff, J. Eschle, L. Neste, M. E. Gorelli, M. Baak, O. Za-
Berry, F. Biscani, M. Boquien, K. A. Bostroem, L. G. W. M. Wood-Vasey, R. Xue, P. Yoachim, C. Zhang, Enßlin, H. K. Eriksen, Y. Fantaye, M. Farhang, J. Fer- pata, and odidev, scikit-hep/iminuit: v2.16.0, Zenodo
Bouma, G. B. Brammer, E. M. Bray, H. Breytenbach, A. Zonca, and Astropy Project Contributors, The As- gusson, R. Fernandez-Cobos, F. Finelli, F. Forastieri, , [Link] (2022), Zen-
H. Buddelmeijer, D. J. Burke, G. Calderone, J. L. Cano tropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community- M. Frailis, A. A. Fraisse, E. Franceschi, A. Frolov, odo:10.5281/zenodo.6998452.
Rodrı́guez, M. Cara, J. V. M. Cardoso, S. Cheedella, oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Re- S. Galeotta, S. Galli, K. Ganga, R. T. Génova-Santos, [74] C.-T. Chiang and A. Slosar, The Lyman-α power
Y. Copin, L. Corrales, D. Crichton, D. D’Avella, C. Deil, lease (v5.0) of the Core Package, Astrophys. J. 935, 167 M. Gerbino, T. Ghosh, J. González-Nuevo, K. M. spectrum—CMB lensing convergence cross-correlation,
É. Depagne, J. P. Dietrich, A. Donath, M. Droettboom, (2022), arXiv:2206.14220 [[Link]]. Górski, S. Gratton, A. Gruppuso, J. E. Gudmundsson, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2018, 012 (2018),
N. Earl, T. Erben, S. Fabbro, L. A. Ferreira, T. Finethy, [57] C. R. Harris, K. J. Millman, S. J. van der Walt, R. Gom- J. Hamann, W. Handley, F. K. Hansen, D. Herranz, arXiv:1708.07512 [[Link]].
R. T. Fox, L. H. Garrison, S. L. J. Gibbons, D. A. Gold- mers, P. Virtanen, D. Cournapeau, E. Wieser, J. Tay- S. R. Hildebrandt, E. Hivon, Z. Huang, A. H. Jaffe, [75] C.-T. Chiang, A. M. Cieplak, F. Schmidt, and A. Slosar,
stein, R. Gommers, J. P. Greco, P. Greenfield, A. M. lor, S. Berg, N. J. Smith, R. Kern, M. Picus, S. Hoyer, W. C. Jones, A. Karakci, E. Keihänen, R. Keskitalo, Response approach to the squeezed-limit bispectrum: ap-
Groener, F. Grollier, A. Hagen, P. Hirst, D. Homeier, M. H. van Kerkwijk, M. Brett, A. Haldane, J. F. del Rı́o, K. Kiiveri, J. Kim, T. S. Kisner, L. Knox, N. Krach- plication to the correlation of quasar and Lyman-α forest
A. J. Horton, G. Hosseinzadeh, L. Hu, J. S. Hunkeler, M. Wiebe, P. Peterson, P. Gérard-Marchant, K. Shep- malnicoff, M. Kunz, H. Kurki-Suonio, G. Lagache, J. M. power spectrum, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2017, 022

23

(2017), arXiv:1701.03375 [[Link]]. T. Louis, M. Lungu, A. MacInnis, D. Maldonado, F. Mal-

[76] D. J. Schlegel, D. P. Finkbeiner, and M. Davis, Maps of donado, M. Mallaby-Kay, G. A. Marques, J. McMa-
Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Red- hon, Y. Mehta, F. Menanteau, K. Moodley, T. W. Mor-
dening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation ris, T. Mroczkowski, S. Naess, T. Namikawa, F. Nati,
Foregrounds, Astrophys. J. 500, 525 (1998), arXiv:astro- L. Newburgh, A. Nicola, M. D. Niemack, M. R. Nolta,
ph/9710327 [astro-ph]. J. Orlowski-Scherer, L. A. Page, S. Pandey, B. Par-
[77] Y.-K. Chiang, Corrected SFD: A More Accurate Galactic tridge, H. Prince, R. Puddu, F. Radiconi, N. Robert-
Dust Map with Minimal Extragalactic Contamination, son, F. Rojas, T. Sakuma, M. Salatino, E. Schaan,
Astrophys. J. 958, 118 (2023), arXiv:2306.03926 [astro- B. L. Schmitt, N. Sehgal, S. Shaikh, C. Sierra, J. Siev-
[Link]]. ers, C. Sifón, S. Simon, R. Sonka, D. N. Spergel, S. T.
[78] J. Carron, M. Mirmelstein, and A. Lewis, CMB lens- Staggs, E. Storer, E. R. Switzer, N. Tampier, R. Thorn-
ing from Planck PR4 maps, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. ton, H. Trac, J. Treu, C. Tucker, J. Ullom, L. R. Vale,
2022, 039 (2022), arXiv:2206.07773 [[Link]]. A. Van Engelen, J. Van Lanen, J. van Marrewijk, C. Var-
[79] M. S. Madhavacheril, F. J. Qu, B. D. Sherwin, N. Mac- gas, E. M. Vavagiakis, K. Wagoner, Y. Wang, L. Wenzl,
Crann, Y. Li, I. Abril-Cabezas, P. A. R. Ade, S. Aiola, E. J. Wollack, Z. Xu, F. Zago, and K. Zheng, The Ata-
T. Alford, M. Amiri, S. Amodeo, R. An, Z. Atkins, J. E. cama Cosmology Telescope: DR6 Gravitational Lensing
Austermann, N. Battaglia, E. S. Battistelli, J. A. Beall, Map and Cosmological Parameters, Astrophys. J. 962,
R. Bean, B. Beringue, T. Bhandarkar, E. Biermann, 113 (2024), arXiv:2304.05203 [[Link]].
B. Bolliet, J. R. Bond, H. Cai, E. Calabrese, V. Calafut, [80] C. Pedersen, A. Font-Ribera, K. K. Rogers, P. McDon-
V. Capalbo, F. Carrero, A. Challinor, G. E. Chesmore, ald, H. V. Peiris, A. Pontzen, and A. Slosar, An em-
H.-m. Cho, S. K. Choi, S. E. Clark, R. Córdova Rosado, ulator for the Lyman-α forest in beyond-ΛCDM cos-
N. F. Cothard, K. Coughlin, W. Coulton, K. T. Crowley, mologies, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2021, 033 (2021),
R. Dalal, O. Darwish, M. J. Devlin, S. Dicker, P. Doze, arXiv:2011.15127 [[Link]].
C. J. Duell, S. M. Duff, A. J. Duivenvoorden, J. Dunk- [81] M. A. Fernandez, M.-F. Ho, and S. Bird, A multifi-
ley, R. Dünner, V. Fanfani, M. Fankhanel, G. Farren, delity emulator for the Lyman-α forest flux power spec-
S. Ferraro, R. Freundt, B. Fuzia, P. A. Gallardo, X. Gar- trum, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 517, 3200 (2022),
rido, J. Givans, V. Gluscevic, J. E. Golec, Y. Guan, arXiv:2207.06445 [[Link]].
K. R. Hall, M. Halpern, D. Han, I. Harrison, M. Has- [82] L. Cabayol-Garcia, J. Chaves-Montero, A. Font-Ribera,
selfield, E. Healy, S. Henderson, B. Hensley, C. Hervı́as- and C. Pedersen, A neural network emulator for the
Caimapo, J. C. Hill, G. C. Hilton, M. Hilton, A. D. Lyman-α forest 1D flux power spectrum, Mon. Not. R.
Hincks, R. Hložek, S.-P. P. Ho, Z. B. Huber, J. Hubmayr, Astron. Soc. 525, 3499 (2023), arXiv:2305.19064 [astro-
K. M. Huffenberger, J. P. Hughes, K. Irwin, G. Isopi, [Link]].
H. T. Jense, B. Keller, J. Kim, K. Knowles, B. J. Koop- [83] P. Upton Sanderbeck and S. Bird, Inhomogeneous He II
man, A. Kosowsky, D. Kramer, A. Kusiak, A. La Posta, reionization in hydrodynamic simulations, Mon. Not. R.
A. Lague, V. Lakey, E. Lee, Z. Li, M. Limon, M. Lokken, Astron. Soc. 496, 4372 (2020), arXiv:2002.05733 [astro-
[Link]].