COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

POLICING
 the practice for the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement and for the security of
the community.
 the methods practice by police officers for the maintenance of peace and order.

THEORIES IN POLICING SYSTEM

HOMERULE THEORY CONTINENTAL THEORY
 Policemen are servants of the  Policemen are servant of higher
community authority.
 Effectiveness of policemen depends  They just follow the wishes of top
on the express wishes of the official of the government
people.
OLD POLICING CONCEPT MODERN CONCEPT
 The yardstick of the efficiency of  The yardstick of police efficiency is the
the police is determined by the absence or lesser occurrence of crimes.
number of arrest
 Punishment is the sole  Police omnipresence is considered as the
instrument of crime control. tool or instrument in crime prevention.

COMPARATIVE : degree of likeness and unlikeness of two things

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM:

 It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the
study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.

HOW TO COMPARE?
O Safari Method – it is a type of research in comparative criminology wherein a researcher
will visit another country for comparison purposes.
O Collaborative Method – one researcher will collaborate the work to a foreign researcher.

Why Compare?

 Crime has become a global phenomenon.

 Transnational crimes cross borders and the need for bilateral and international
cooperation become imperative.

COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

• It is a subfield of the study of criminal justice that compares justice system worldwide.
Such study can take descriptive, historical or political approach. It studies the
differences and similarities in the structure, goals, punishments and emphasis on rights
as well as the history and political structure of different systems.

TRANSNATIONAL POLICING
• It pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.

GLOBAL POLICING
• Indicates those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.

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MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE:

1. CENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM

- A system wherein there is only one police force that is recognized and operates entire a
certain country.
2. DECENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM
- A police system wherein police administration and operation are independent from one
state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.

MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO APPROACH:

1. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING
• A model of policing which is focused in preventing crime from happening.
• This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime to help understand
when and how crime are being committed. Once they have a pattern, they will search for
ways to prevent crimes from happening. This model has more proactive stance than the
traditional policing.
• A global movement with American origin. It embraces an analytic approach which takes
community concerns seriously while developing strategic responses that aim to deal
effectively with issues underlying police relevant community problems, the origins of this
method is under the work of Goldstein (1979).

2. INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING MODEL

• By Sir David Philips
• It originated from United Kingdom, it draws upon the notion that the police can do know a
great deal about offending patterns. The Police should actively gather information about
criminals and their organization. The core emphasis are as follows:
O The focus on crime alone;
O The means used are enforcement and disruption of criminal groups;
O The measure is aimed to reduce the problem by undermining the ability of criminals
to do the business.

3. REACTIVE OR TRADITIONAL POLICING

• It is a model of policing wherein police will respond when a call was received.

4. PREDICTIVE POLICING
• A model of policing which includes predictive and analytical techniques in Law Enforcement
to identify potential offenders.
• It is the usage of mathematical predictive and analytic techniques to identify possible
criminal activity.

5. REASSURANCE POLICING
• It is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it involves the community in
solving community-related problems. It is similar to community oriented policing system.
Signal crimes are those that shape the community’s perception of risk from a particular
type of crime during a given period.
• It gives a feeling of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that a police officer or
patrol car is nearby.

6. SCANNING, ANALYSIS, RESPONSES, ASSESSMENT (SARA)

• A type of policing which involves four steps in problem solving and decision making process.
O Scanning – it involves detection of patterns of problem activities, including victims,
location and types of crimes.
O Analysis –looking for the root causes of any problems or issues identified.

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Once cause was identified, law enforcement officials will work with the community to
come up with and execute an appropriate, long term response.

O After the Response is implemented, an on-going Assessment is required to evaluate

the effectiveness of the solution and make adjustment if necessary.
GLOBALIZATION

- process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of
different nations. A process driven by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology. The process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political
systems, on economic development and prosperity and on human physical well-being in
societies around the world
- package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas and
authority
- refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

 environmental degradation
 in many poorer nations, foreign businesses utilizing workers in a country take advantage of the lower
wage rates
 brain drain & opportunities in richer countries drives talent away from poorer countries, leading to
brain drains.
 disease
 drug and illicit goods trade

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE

POLICE POSITIVE EFFECTS
 Improvement of domestic and international police capabilities
 Enhanced international cooperation to combat transnational crimes and terrorism
 Strengthened police investigative capabilities

NEGATIVE EFFECTS
 Threats of Terrorism and Organized Crime
 Terrorists and Criminal Groups have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their capability
to inflict damage and to commit crimes
 Terrorists and Criminals use Internet for communicating among themselves
 Terrorists can spread propaganda through the Internet
 Increase in criminality and human right violations

SEVEN THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY:

1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY

- Explains that people’s alertness to crime is heightened so they report more crimes to the police
and also demand the police to become more effective in solving crime problems.

2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY

- Crime is a result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos
and slums.

3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY
- Along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings and
opportunities for committing of crime multiply.

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4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
- Greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.

5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
- Progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop unrealistic
expectations while people at the top do not see themselves rising fast enough.

6. MODENIZATION THEORY
- Sees the problem as society becoming too complex.

7. ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE THEORY

- social cohesion on values; suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the
disintegration of older norms that once held people together.

Comparative Court System:

 Adversarial, where the accused is innocent until proven guilty. The U.S.
adversarial system is unique in the world. No other nation, not even the U.K.,
places as much emphasis upon determination of factual guilt in the courtroom
as the U.S. does.

 Inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated, have
more secret procedures. Outside the U.S., most trials are concerned with legal
guilt where everyone knows the offender did it, and the purpose is to get the
offender to apologize, own up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest
an appropriate sentence for themselves.
COUNTRIES WITH LOW CRIME RATE:

The following countries have low crime rate because of the following reasons.
1. JAPAN
• Strong shame-based country rather than guilt-based.
• Some reasons of low crime rate.
• Community policing.
• Patriarchal family system.
• Importance of higher education.

2. EGYPT
• Siwa Oasis embraces the law of tradition (URRF LAW)
• Composed of 23,000 population, 11 tribes.
• Plato: fashioned his model of a perfect government.
• Last crime around 1950.
• Case is manslaughter.
• Punishment: social ostracization or shunning (the act of being excluded from
the community)

3. IRELAND
• Low crime rate despite of serious unemployment problem, presence of large urban
ghettos, crisis with religious terrorism.

4. SWITZERLAND
• Advertised in travel brochures as no crimes in Switzerland.
• High rate of firearm ownership but low crime rate.
• Effective in using <iron fist= or velvet gloves.

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What is Transnational Crime?

 Crime that takes place across national borders.
 It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose inception, proportion and/or direct or
indirect effects involve in more than one country.

Examples are:
Money laundering Drug trafficking Terrorism Human trafficking Cyber crimes

The Philippine Centre on Transnational Crime

 Pursuant to Executive Order No. 62, the Philippine Center for Transnational Crime is created under
the Office of the President to formulate and implement a concerted program of action of all law
enforcement, intelligence and other government agencies for the prevention and control of
transnational crime.

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 265

 Creating the OSETC for a stronger campaign against transnational crime
 OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ENVOY ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME is the agency concerned in resolving over
taps in systems and procedures and determines the appropriate agency competent to address a
specific transnational crime issue

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What is International Crime?

 Defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind
 The UN has identified the following as international crimes:
Aggression (by one state against another)
Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious
group) Terrorism
Drug trafficking
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WHAT IS ORGANIZED CRIME?

- An organize criminal group shall mean a structured group of three or more persons existing for a
period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or
offenses in order to obtain ,directly or indirectly a financial or other material benefit .

FOR ORGANIZED GROUP TO WORK USUALLY IT HAS AT LEAST THE FOLLOWING :

1. An enforcer
2. A corrupter
3. A corruptee

AN ENFORCER

- The one who makes for the arrangements for killing (injuring or carrying out the task physical
economically or psychologically) the members or non-members

A CORRUPTER

- The one who corrupts or bribes, intimidate or threatens, negotiate or <sweet talks= into a
relationships with public officials ,law enforcement officer or anyone who would be of help in
obtaining security and immunity from possible arrest , prosecution and punishments .

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A CORRUPTEE

- A public officials, law enforcement officers or anybody who not a member of the
organization who can helps the organization.

ATTRIBUTES OF ORGANIZED CRIME

 Has no political goals

 Is hierarchical
 Has a limited or exclusive membership
 Constitute a unique subculture
 Perpetuates itself
 Exhibits a willingness to use an illegal violence and bribery
 Demonstrates specialization / division of labor
 Is monopolistic
 Is governs by explicit rules and regulations

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TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

- crime perpetuated by organized criminal group which the aim of committing one or
more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain directly and indirectly a financial
or other material benefits committed through crossing or borders or jurisdictions