JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

OF
AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF OPEN, DISTANCE &

eLEARNING
IN COLLABORATION WITH
INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

SMA 2101: CALCULUS I

LAST REVISION ON November 5, 2013

J. A OKELO
(masenooj@[Link])

P.O. Box 62000, 00200

Nairobi, Kenya
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I
Course description
1. Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

2. Differentiation by first principles and by rule; sums, products, quotients,chain

rule, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions of a single vari-
able.

3. Implicit and Parametric.

4. Higher order derivatives of algebraic functions

5. Applications; Equations of Tangents and normal lines, kinematics, rates of

change, Stationery points and Small changes.

6. Differentiation of hyperbolic functions

Prerequisite: None

Course aims
The purpose of this course is to enable the students to:

1. Understand how to differentiate mathematical equations using first principles

and rules

2. Understand the laws of differentiation and apply in trigonometric, exponen-

tial and Logarithmic differentiation

3. Learn differentiation of Hyperbolic functions using the rules

4. Learn various applications of differentiation.

Learning outcomes
Upon completion of this course the student should be able to;

1. Differentiate given mathematical equations using first principles and rules.

2. Extend the laws of differentiation to trigonometric, exponential and Logarith-

mic functions .

ii
 3. Apply differentiation rules to Hyperbolic functions .

Instruction methodology
Lectures and tutorials, Case studies, Review of projects, theses and Journal articles

Course Text Books

1. Thomas G. B. & Ross L. F (1984) Calculus and Analytical Geometry, Mas-
sachussets; addison wesley, 6th edition

2. Goldstein L. J. (1980) Calculus and its applications, Pearson Education, 2nd

edition

3. Bird J. O & May A.J.C. (1985) Calculus for Technicians, Pearson Profes-
sional education, 2nd ed.

4. Sherlock A. J. (1982) Calculus Pure and Applied

Course Journals
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

Assessment information
The module will be assessed as follows;

• 20% of marks from two (2) assignments

• 20% of marks from one written CAT to be administered at JKUAT main cam-
pus or one of the approved centres

• 60% of marks from written Examination to be administered at JKUAT main

campus or one of the approved centres

iii
Contents

1 Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 1

1.1 LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 CONTINUITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Continuations of continuous functions 6

2.1 THE DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Basic Differentiation rules 10

4 De L’ Hopital’s rule Examples 16

5 Implicit Fuctions 19
5.0.1 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.0.2 More Revision Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.1 Derivatives of trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Exponential function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.3 Logarithmic function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6 Continuation 23
6.1 Second and higher order derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7 Differential of Implicit Functions 26

7.1 Applications of derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.1 The equation of tangent and normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.2 Hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
• Derivatives of Hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . 27

8 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 29

iv
CONTENTS CONTENTS

9 Turning Points 31

10 More Revision Examples 34

10.0.3 More Revision Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Solutions to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

v
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 1
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

1.1. LIMITS
If f (x) tends to L as x tends to a, we say that the limit of f (x) ,as x tends to a is L.
This
lim
is abbreviated by f (x) = L
x→a

lim
f (x) is the value that f (x) approaches as x approaches a, which means that
x→a
for
each real ε > 0 there exists a real number δ > 0 such that for all x within
0 < |x − a| < δ =⇒ | f (x) − L| < ε
lim
Definitions; (i) f (x) is the limit of f (x) as x tends to a through values
x→a+
greater than a. [Right hand limit RHL]
lim
(ii) f (x) is the limit of f (x) as x tends to a through values
x→a−
less than a. [Left hand limit LHL]
Theorem
lim lim
Suppose that f (x) = L1 and g(x) = L2
x→a x→a

lim
1. ( f (x) + g(x)) = L1 + L2
x→a

lim
2. ( f (x)g(x)) = L1 L2
x→a

lim  f (x)   
L1
3. g(x) = L2
x→a

lim
4. λ ( f (x)) = λ L1
x→a

Example . Evaluate lim

x→2
(3x3 − x2 + 2x + 5)

1
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

lim lim lim lim lim

Solution: (3x3 − x2 + 2x + 5) = 3 x3 − x2 + 2 x+ 5
x→2 x→2 x→2 x→2 x→2
= 3 (2)3 − (2)2 + 2(2) + 5 = 29


Example . Evaluate lim

x→1
x2 −1
x+1

lim x2 −1 0
Solution: x+1 = 2 = 0 or
x→1

lim (x−1)(x+1)
(x+1) = x−1 = 0
x→1


Example . Evaluate lim

x→1
x2 −1
x−1

lim x2 −1 lim (x−1)(x+1)

Solution: x−1 = (x−1) = x+1 = 2 
x→1 x→1

Example . Evaluate lim

x→1
√
1− x
1−x

lim √ lim √
1− x √1− x √ 1√ 1
Solution: 1−x = (1+ x)(1− x)
= 1+ x
= 2 
x→1 x→1

Example . lim
x→∞
5x2 −3x+2
10x2 −x+100

lim 5x2 −3x+2 lim 5− 3x + 2

5 1
x2
Solution: 10x2 −x+100
= 1 100
10− x + 2
= 10 = 2 
x→∞ x→∞ x

 lim q q
Example . 1
1 + x − 1x
x→∞

lim q q
Solution: 1 + x − 1x =
1
x→∞

lim 1+ 1x − 1x lim
q q = q 1 q =1 
x→∞ 1+ 1x + 1x x→∞ 1+ 1x + 1x

2
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

De L’Hopital’s Rule
lim lim
Suppose f (x) = g(x) = 0, but g(x) 6= 0
x→a x→a

lim 0
f (x) f (x)
Then g(x) = 0
x→a g (x)

Examples
lim √ lim 1/2
1− x 0− 21 x− 1
1. 1−x = −1 = 2
x→1 x→1

lim x−sin x lim 1−cos x lim sin x lim cos x 1

2. x3
= 3x2
= 6x = 6 = 6
x→0 x→0 x→0 x→0

lim x lim 1 1
3. sin 2x = 2 cos 2x = 2
x→0 x→0

lim sin 7x lim 7 cos 7x 7

4. 4x = 4 = 4
x→0 x→0

lim  cos y  lim  − sin y 

5. π = −1 =1
y→ π2 2 −y y→ π2

lim x sin x

lim sin x+x cos x


6. 1−cos x = sin x
x→0 x→0

lim cos x+cos x−x sin x

2
= cos x = 1 =2
x→0

Example . x→0
lim
xx

Solution: Let y = xx then, ln y = x ln x

let x = et then ln y = et ln et = tet
as x → 0, t → 0 ∴ tet → 0 and as ln y → 0, y → 1
lim x
Hence x =1
x→0


E XERCISE 1.  lim
x→∞
1 + 1x

x

3
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

More Revision Questions

Evaluate the following limits
lim  y2 +5y+9  lim  x2 −25 
(1) y+2 (2) x−5
y→0 x→5

lim  x2 −x−2  lim  x3


(3) x2 −1
(4) sin 2x
x→1 x→0

lim sin 7x

lim  3x2 −6x 
(5) 5x (6) 4x−8
x→0 x→∞

lim 1

 5x2 −1  lim  7x−28 
(7) x +1 x2
(8) x3
x→∞ x→∞

lim  sin2 θ  lim 1−cos θ

(9) θ2
(10) θ
θ →0 θ →0

lim 5x+1

lim  x+1 
(11) 10+2x (12) x2
x→∞ x→∞

lim  x2 +1  lim 5


(13) x (14) 1+x
x→∞ x→∞

1.2. CONTINUITY
Definition Suppose that the function f is defined in a neighborhood of a. We say
lim
that f is continuous at a provided that the f (x) exists and moreover that
x→a
the value of this limit is f (a). In other words f is continuous at a provided that
lim
f (x) = f (a).
x→a
For a function f to be continuous at the point a it must satisfy the following three
conditions:

1. The function f must be defined at a (so that f (x) exists)

2. The limit of f (x) as x approaches a must exist

lim
3. The numbers in condition 1. and 2. must be equal i.e. f (x) = f (a)
x→a

If any one of these conditions is not satisfied, then f is not continuous at a. If the
function f is not continuous at a, the we say that f is discontinuous or that a is a
discontinuous of f .

4
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Example . f (x) = 1
x−2 for x 6= 2
lim lim 1
Solution: f (x) = x−2 = −∞
x→2− x→2−

lim lim 1
f (x) = x−2 =∞
x→2+ x→2+
Therefore f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2 (Infinite discontinuity at x = 2)




 +1 i f x ≥ 0
Example . g(x) =
 −1 i f x < 0

Solution: Its left hand limit and right hand limit at x = 0 are unequal i.e.
lim lim
g (x) = −1 and g (x) = 1
x→0− x→0+
Thus g(x) has no limit as x → 0. Hence the function g is not continuous at x = 0, it
has what might be called a finite jump discontinuity there.




 sin x i f x 6= 0
x
E XERCISE 2. h(x) =
 0 if x = 0

5
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 2
Continuations of continuous functions

Any product or sum of continuous functions is continuous.

That is, if the functions f and g are continuous at x = 2, then
lim lim lim
[ f (x) + g (x)] = f (x) + g (x) = f (a) + g (a)
x→a x→a x→a
Example f (x) = x
f (x) is continuous everywhere
It follows that the cubic polynomial function x3 − 3x2 + 1 is continuous everywhere.
More generally, every polynomial function p(x) = bn xn + bn−1 xn−1 + · · · + b1 x + b0
is continuous at each point of the real line. If p(x) and g (x) are polynomials, then
lim p(x)
the quotient law for limits and the continuity of polynomials imply that g(x) =
x→a

lim
p(x)
x→a p(a) p(x)
= g(a) , provided g(a) 6= 0. Thus every rational function f (x) = g(x) is
lim
g(x)
x→a
continuous wherever it is defined.
The point x = a where the function f is discontinuous is called a removable discon-
tinuity of f provided that there exist a function F such that
F (x) = f (x) for all x 6= a in the domain of f , and this new function F is continuous
at x = a.
Example . Suppose that f (x) = x−2
x2 −3x+2
Solution: but x2 − 3x + 2 = (x − 2) (x − 1)
x−2 x−2 1
∴ f (x) = x2 −3x+2 = x2 −3x+2 = x−1 . This shows that f is not defined at x = 1 and
x = 2,
=⇒ f (x) is continuous except at these points. f (x) is continuous except at the
1
single point x = 2, the new function F (x) = x−1 agrees with f (x) if x 6= 2 but it is
continuous at x = 2 also where F (2) = 1. Therefore f has a removable discontinuity
at x = 2. The discontinuity at x = 1 is not removable.


6
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Composition of functions
Let h (x) = f (g (x)) where f and g are continuous functions. The composition of
two continuous functions is also continuous. More precisely if g is continuous at a
and f is continuous at g (a), then f ◦ g is continuous at a where f ◦ g = f (g (x))

Proof
lim
The continuity of g at a means that g(x) and the continuity of f at g(a) implies
x→a

lim
that f (g(x)) = f (g(a))
g(x)→g(a)
!
lim lim
i.e. f (g(x)) = f g(x) = f (g (a))
x→a x→a


 2/3
x−7
Example . Show that the function f (x) = x2 +2x+2
is continuous on the
whole real line.
Solution: Consider the denominator x2 + 2x + 2 = (x + 1)2 + 1 > 0 for all values of
x−7
x, hence the rational function r (x) = x2 +2x+2 is defined and continuous everywhere.
 2/3
x−7
Thus f (x) = x2 +2x+2 is continuous everywhere 

More Revision Questions

(1). For the following problems find the points where the given function is not
defined and therefore not continuous. For each given point a, tell whether this
discontinuity is removable.
a) f (x) = x−7 2 x−17
d) f (x) = |x−17|
(x+3) 
 −x i f x < 0
x−2
b) f (x) = x2 −4 e) f (x) =
 x2 i f x > 0

 1 + x2 i f x < 0
1
c) f (x) = 1−|x| f) f (x) =
 sin x i f x > 0
x
(2) For the following problems find a value of the constant c so that the function
f (x) is continuous
 for all x. 
 x+c if x < 0  c2 − x2 i f x < 0
a) f (x) = c) f (x) =
 4 − x2 i f x ≥ 0  2 (x − c)2 i f x ≥ 0

7
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I
 
 2x + c i f x ≤ 3  c2 − x3 i f x ≤ π
b) f (x) = d) f (x) =
 2c − x i f x > 3  c sin x i f x > π

2.1. THE DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

0
Definition: The derivative of a function f is the function f defined by;
0 lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i
f (x) = h for all x for which this limit exists.
h→0

lim
The function f is differentiable at x = a if f (x) = f (a)exist.
x→a
0
The process of finding the derivative f is called differentiation of f
Example . Find the derivative of the following from first principles
f (x) = x2
Solution: f (x) = x2
0 lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i
f (x) = h
h→0
f f (x + h) = (x + h)2 = x2 + 2xh + h2
(x) = x2 ,
 
0 lim (x2 +2xh+h2 )−x2 lim h 2xh−h2 i lim
∴ f (x) = h = h = 2x − h = 2x
h→0 h→0 h→0


Example . f (x)√= √x
Solution: f (x) = x
0 lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i
f (x) = h
h→0
√ √
f (x) = x, f (x + h) = x + h
 √ √
lim h √x+h−√x i lim ( x+h−√x)( x+h+√x)

0
∴ f (x) = h = √ √
h( x+h+ x)
h→0 h→0

lim lim lim

= √x+h−x√ = √ h √ == √ 1 √ = 1
√
h→0 h( x+h+ x) h→0 h( x+h+ x) h→0 (x+h+ x) 2 x

Example . f (x) = /1 x

Solution: f (x) = 1/x

8
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

0 lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i

f (x) = h
h→0
f (x) = 1/x, f (x + h) = 1/x+h
0 lim h 1/x+h−1/x i lim h x−(x+h) i
∴ f (x) = h = h(x(x+h))
h→0 h→0
   
lim −h lim −1
= h(x2 +xh)
= = −1/x2
h→0 h→0 (x2 +xh)


E XERCISE 3.  f (x) = x , n n>0

More Revision Questions

Differentiate the following functions from the first principles

1. f (x) = x3

2. f (x) = x2 + 3x − 2

3. f (x) = 4x4

NB. Differential notation;

∆y f (x+∆x)− f (x)
∆x = h, ∆y = f (x + ∆x) − f (x), ∆x = h
dy lim ∆y
dx = ∆x
∆x→0
dy 0
If y = f (x), we often write dy = f (x)

9
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 3
Basic Differentiation rules

1) The derivative of a constant

dc
If f (x) = c (a constant) for all x, then f (x) = 0. That is, dx =0
Proof
0 lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i lim  c−c  lim  0 
f (x) = h = h = h =0
h→0 h→0 h→0
2) The power rule
0
If n is a positive integer and f (x) = xn then f (x) = nxn−1
Proof
0 lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i
f (x) = h
h→0

f (x) = xn , + n(n−1)
f"(x + h) = (x + h)n = xn + nxn−1 h # 2! x
n−2 h2 + · · · + hn
 
n(n−1)
0 lim xn +nxn−1 h+ 2! xn−2 h2 +···+hn −xn
∴ f (x) = h
h→0
 
lim nxn−1 h+
n(n−1) n−2 2
2! x h +···+hn
= h
h→0

lim
= nxn−1 + n(n−1)
2! x
n−2 h + · · · + hn−1 = nxn−1
h→0

Example . f (x) = 6x 5
0
Solution: f (x) = 30x4 

E XERCISE 4. 
f (x) = x10
3) The differentiation of a sum
Suppose we know the derivatives of f (x) and g(x)
Let k(x) = f (x) + g (x) , k (x + h) = f (x + h) + g (x + h)
0 lim h k(x+h)−k(x) i
k (x) = h
h→0

0 lim h ( f (x+h)+g(x+h))−( f (x)+g(x)) i

∴ k (x) = h
h→0

lim h ( f (x+h)− f (x))+(g(x+h)−g(x)) i lim h ( f (x+h)− f (x)) i lim h (g(x+h)−g(x)) i

= h = h + h
h→0 h→0 h→0
0 0
f (x) + g (x)

10
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Example . k (x) = x − x + x + x + 3
5 4 2
0
Solution: k (x) = 5x4 − 4x3 + 2x + 1 
4) The differentiation of a product
(i) Let k (x) = λ f (x)
0 lim h k(x+h)−k(x) i lim h λ f (x+h)−λ f (x) i
k (x) = h = h
h→0 h→0

lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i 0 0

λ h ∴ k (x) = λ f (x)
h→0

Example . k(x) = 2x − / + 5√x

2 3 x
0 √
Solution: k (x) = 4x + 3/x2 + 5/2 x 
4) The differentiation of a product
(i) Let k (x) = λ f (x)
0 lim h k(x+h)−k(x) i lim h λ f (x+h)−λ f (x) i
k (x) = h = h
h→0 h→0

lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i 0 0

λ h ∴ k (x) = λ f (x)
h→0

Example . k(x) = 2x − / + 5√x

2 3 x
0 √
Solution: k (x) = 4x + 3/x2 + 5/2 x 
(ii) Let k (x) = f (x) g (x), k (x + h) = f (x + h) g (x + h)
0 lim k(x+h)−k(x)
h i lim h f (x+h)g(x+h)− f (x)g(x) i
k (x) = h = h
h→0 h→0

lim h f (x+h)g(x+h)− f (x)g(x+h)+ f (x)g(x+h)− f (x)g(x) i

h
h→0

lim h g(x+h)( f (x+h)− f (x))+ f (x)(g(x+h)−g(x)) i

h
h→0

lim h g(x+h)( f (x+h)− f (x)) i lim h f (x)(g(x+h)−g(x)) i

h + h
h→0 h→0
0 0 0
∴ k (x) = g (x) f (x) + f (x) g (x) (Product Rule)
d
or dx (uv) = v du dv
dx + u dx (Product rule)
Showing that the differential coefficient of the product of two functions of x is
equal to the second function multiplied by the differential coefficient of the first
plus the first function multiplied by the differential coefficient of the second.

11
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Remark
If k (x) = f (x) g (x) h (x)
0 0 0 0
then k (x) = f (x) g (x) h (x) + f (x) g (x) h (x) + f (x) g (x) h (x)
5) The differential of a quotient.
f (x)
Let k (x) = g(x)
 f (x+h) f (x) 
0 lim h k(x+h)−k(x) i lim g(x+h) − g(x)
k (x) = h = h
h→0 h→0

lim h g(x) f (x+h)− f (x)g(x+h) i

hg(x)g(x+h)
h→0

lim h g(x) f (x+h)− f (x)g(x)+ f (x)g(x)− f (x)g(x+h) i

hg(x)g(x+h)
h→0

lim h g(x)( f (x+h)− f (x))− f (x)(g(x+h)−g(x)) i

hg(x)g(x+h)
h→0

lim h g(x)( f (x+h)− f (x)) i lim h f (x)(g(x+h)−g(x)) i

= hg(x)g(x+h) − hg(x)g(x+h)
h→0 h→0
 0 0

1
= g(x)g(x) g (x) f (x) − f (x) g (x) (Quotient rule) or
d u

v du dv
dx −u dx
dx v = v2 (Quotient rule )
Thus the differential coefficients of the quotient of two functions of x is equal to the
denominator times the differential coefficient of the numerator times the differential
coefficient of the denominator all divided by the square of the denominator.
Example . Find dy
dx when y = 1−x
1+x
d(1−x) d(1+x)
dy 0 (1+x) dx −(1−x) dx
Solution: dx = f (x) = (1+x)2
(1+x)(−1)−(1−x)1
= = −2 2
(1+x)2 (1+x)


Example . Find dy
dx when y= sin x
x
d(sin x) d(x)
x dx −(sin x) dx
dy 0 x cos x−sin x
Solution: dx = f (x) = x 2 = x2


Example . Differentiate y = 2
x
√
− 5x2 + x
Solution: y = 2x−1 − 5x2 + x1/2
dy 0 1 −2
dx = y = −2x−2 − 10x + 12 x− 2 = x2
1
− 10x + 2√ x


12
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Example . f (x) = y = √

x2 + x 1x − 1

dy 0 0 √
   
= y = f (x) = x2 + x − x12 + 2x + 2√ 1 1


Solution: dx x x −1
√  − x2 +√x
(−x2 − x) (1−x) ( )

1 1−x
= x2
+ x 2x + 2√x = x2
+ 2 − 2x + 3/2
2x


More Revision Questions

1. Differentiate (Not from first principles)
√ 2
(i) y = x4 + x53 + 3 x (ii) y = xx3 −2
+1
2 3 2
−3x+17
(iii) y = 1−t
t3
(iv) h (x) = 2x +x2x−5
  
1

(v) f (t) = (vi) g (x) = 1x − x22 / x23 − x34
(t+1/t )2
x3 − 21
(viii) g (y) = 2y 3y2 − 1 y2 + 2y + 3
x +1



(vii) f (x) = x4 + 1
x2 +1
3 2
(ix) g (t) = 2t1 − 3t12 (x) f (x) = 2x −3xx2+4x−5
(xi) f (t) = 2 4 2 (xi) h (w) = w+10
w2
(t −3)
2. Differentiate from first principles
(i) 4x2 + x (ii) x12 (iii) x3 + x2
1 1
(iv) 2−x (v) √x+2

The differential coefficients of sin x and cos x

The functions f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x are differentiable for all x and that
0 0
f (x) = cos x and g (x) = − sin x
proof:
Recall;
lim lim
1. sin h = 0 and cos h = 1
h→0 h→0

lim sin h lim cos h lim sin h

h = 1 = 1 (by De L’Hopital’s rule) ∴ h
h→0 h→0 h→0

lim 1−cos h lim

h = sin h = 0
h→0 h→0

lim x2 −4 lim (x−2)(x+2) lim

2. x−2 = x−2 = x+2 = 4
x→2 x→2 x→2

lim x2 −4 lim 2x
By De L’Hopital’s rule; x−2 = 1 =4
x→2 x→2

13
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

lim x3 −8 lim (x−2)(x2 +2x+4) lim

3. x−2 = x−2 = x2 + 2x + 4 = 12
x→2 x→2 x→2

lim x3 −8 lim 3x2

By De L’Hopital’s rule; x−2 = 1 = 12
x→2 x→2
Recall also the factor
1) cos P + cos Q = 2 cos P+Q
2 cos 2
P−Q

2) cos P − cos Q = −2 sin P+Q P−Q

2 sin 2
3) sin P + sin Q = sin P+Q P−Q
2 cos 2
4) sin P − sin Q = cos P+Q P−Q
2 sin 2
0 lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i
Let f (x) = sin x, f (x) = h
h→0

0 lim h sin(x+h)−sin x i lim  sin x cos h−cos x sin h−sin x 

f (x) = h = h
h→0 h→0

lim 
cos x sinh h − sin x 1−cos h


h ,
h→0
NB sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
lim sin h lim 1−cos h
cos x h − sin x h = cos x
h→0 h→0
d
∴ dx (sin x) = cos x
0 lim h g(x+h)−g(x) i
Let g (x) = cos x, g (x) = h
h→0

0 lim h cos(x+h)−cos x i
f (x) = h ,
h→0
NB cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
lim  cos x cos h−sin x sin h−cos x 
= h
h→0

lim 
− sin x sinh h − cos x cos h−1


h ,
h→0

lim sin h lim cos h−1

− sin x h − cos x h = − sin x (1) − cos x (0) = − sin x
h→0 h→0
d
∴ dx (cos x) = − sin x

Example . Differentiate y = 3x + cos 2x from the first Principles

2

0 lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i

Solution: f (x) = 3x2 + cos 2x, f (x) = h
h→0

14
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

0 lim h 3(x+h)2 +cos 2(x+h)−3x2 −cos 2x i

f (x) = h
h→0

lim h 3x2 +6xh+3h2 +cos 2x cos 2h−sin 2x sin 2h−3x2 −cos 2x i

= h
h→0

lim h 6xh+3h2 −2 sin(2x+h) sin h i lim 

6x + 3h − 2 sin (2x + h) sinh h

= h =
h→0 h→0
= 6x − 2 sin 2x


Example . y = cos x
1−sin x
0
Solution: y = − sin x(1−sin x)−cos2 x(− cos x)
(1−sin x)
− sin x+sin2 x+cos2 x
= = 1−sin x 2 = 1−sin1
(1−sin x)2 (1−sin x) x


More Revision Questions

Differentiate
√
1. y = x + 1/4 sin (2x)2 2. y = sin (cos x)
√
3. y = sin x + sin x 4. h (x) = x2 + h1/x
5. h (x) = 3x2 − 5 cos πx2

15
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 4
De L’ Hopital’s rule Examples
lim x3 −1 0 0
(1) x−1 , f (x) = 3x2 , g (x) − 1
x→1

lim x3 −1 lim 3x2

x−1 = 1 =3
x→1 x→1

lim √ lim 1
− 2√
1− x x 1
(2) 1−x , −1 = 2
x→1 x→1

lim  x−sin x  lim 1−cos x lim sin x lim cos x 1

(3) x3
= 3x2
= 6x = 6 = 6
x→0 x→0 x→0 x→0

lim lim 1
(4) x
sin 2x = 2 cos 2x = 12
x→0 x→0

lim sin 7x lim 7 cos 7x 7

(5) 5x = 5 = 5
x→0 x→0

More Revision Questions

Evaluate
lim sin 7x lim 1−cos θ
i. 5x ii. θ
x→0 θ →0

lim sin2 θ
iii. θ2
θ →0

Chain rule Differentiation

dy dy dt
If y = (x) and x = g (t), then dx = dt dx i.e
Example . y = u 3 and u = 4x2 − 2x + 5, find dy
dx
dy 2 du dy dy du 2
Solution: du = 3u , dx = 8x − 2, dx = du dx = 3u (8x − 2)

2
=3 4x2 − 2x + 5 (8x − 2)


Example . y = x − 4x,2
√
√
x = 2t 2 + 1, find dy
dt at t =
√
2
Solution: Let w = 2t 2 + 1, x = w then dw dt = 4t
dy dx 1 −1/2
dx = 2 (x − 2), dw = 2 w 
dy dy dx dw 1 −1/2
dt = dx dw dt = 2 (x − 2) 2w 4t = (x − 2) √4tw

16
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I
√  √  √ 
= 2t 2 + 1 − 2 √ 4t
= 5 − 2 4√52
2t 2 +1


More Revision Questions

dy
Evaluate/use chain rule dx
y = u3 + 4; u = x2 + 2
√ √
y = 1+u u= x
√
y= u u = v (3 − 2v) , v = x2
2
y = u + 4u u = t 1/2 − t 1/4

Examples on Product Rule

d d d
dx [ f
(x) g (x)] = f (x) dx g (x) + g (x) dx f (x) or
d dv du
dx [uv] = u dx + v dx

Example . Differentiate the expression y = x2 − 3 (x + 1)2

Solution: Let u = x2 − 3 and v = (x + 1)2

du dv
dx = 2x and dx = 2
(x + 1)
dy dv du 2 2
dx = u dx + v dx = x − 3 2 (x + 1) + (x + 1) 2x
= 2 (x + 1) (x2 − 3 + x2 + x) = 2 (x + 1) (2x2 + x − 3) = 2 (x + 1) (2x + 3) x − 1


Example . Differentiate
y =
2
x2 + 1
x3 + 1

3
3
2
Solution: Let u = x2 + 1 and v = x3 + 1
du 2

2 dv
= 2 x3 + 1 3x2


dx = 3 x + 1 2x and
3 dx
2
2
dy dv du
= x2 + 1 2 x3 + 1 3x2 + x3 + 1 3 x2 + 1 2x


dx = u dx + v dx

3
2
2
= 6x2 x2 + 1 x3 + 1 + 6x x3 + 1 x2 + 1



2 
= 6x x3 + 1 x2 + 1 x x2 + 1 + x3 + 1





2
= 6x x3 + 1 x2 + 1 2x3 + x + 1

Example . Differentiate (x − 3) (x + 2)
2 −3

Solution: Let u = (x − 3)2 and v = (x + 2)−3

du dv −4
dx = 2 (x − 3) and dx = −3 (x + 2)
−4
dy dv du 2
dx = u dx + v dx = (x − 3) (−3) (x + 2) + (x + 2)−3 2 (x − 3)
−3(x−3)2 −3(x−3)2 +2(x−3)(x+2)
= + 2(x−3)3 =
(x+2)4 (x+2) (x+2)4

17
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

(x−3)[−3(x−3)+2(x−3)(x+2)]
=
(x+2)4


Examples on Quotient rule

 0 0

f (x) dy 1
If y = g(x) then dx = g(x)g(x) g (x) f (x) − f (x) g (x) (Quotient rule) or
dy v du dv
dx −u dx
if u = f (x) and v = g (x) then = 2 (Quotient rule )

dx v
x+1
Example . Differentiate y = x2 −2
Solution: Let u = x + 1 and v = x2 − 2 then du dx = 1 and dv
dx = 2x
2 −2 (1)−(x+1)2x
dy (x ) 2
dx = 2 = −x 2−2x−22
(x2 −2) (x −2)


Example . Differentiate y = 2x−1

x+2
du dv
Solution: Let u = 2x − 1 and v = x + 2 then dx = 2 and dx =1
dy (x+2)(2)−(2x−1)(1) 2x+4−2x+1 5
= = =
dx (x+2)2 (x+2)2 (x+2)2


More Revision Questions

dy
p
1. iFind dx if (i) x = y 1 − y2 (ii) x = y2 − 4y

E XERCISE 5.
√
Find  dy
dx in each case
i. y = x2 + 6x + 3
ii. y = 3−2x
3+2x
2
iii. y = √ x 2
4−x

Example . If y= u2 −1
u2 +1
and u =
√
3 2
x + 2, find dy
dx
dy 4u du 2x 2x
Solution: dx = and dx = 2/3 = 3u2
(u2 +1) 3(x2 +2)
dy dy du 4u 2x 8x
= = =
dx du dx (u2 +1) 3u2 3u(u2 +1)


E XERCISE 6. 
Differentiate
3r+2
a. If θ = 2r+3
√
2 2−x
b. y = 2x
√
c. y = √x−1
x+1 √
d. y = (x − 1) x2 − 2x + 2
√
e. y = x 3 − 2x2

18
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 5
Implicit Fuctions

Explicit functions of x are functions such as y = x2 − 5x + 4

In this case y is given an expression in x. If however y is given implicity
By an equation such as x = y4 − y + 1, we cannot express y in terms of x.
√
Consider x = y2 , y = x = x1/2
dy 1 −1/2 dy dy
dx = 2 x = 11/2 or dx 1
= 2y which implies that dx = dx1
2x dy
When it is impractical to express either variable explicitly in terms of the other,we
can
still differentiate both sides with respect to x.
A term like yn can be differentiated by first differentiating w.r.t y then as the chain
dy
rule demands, multiply by dx , thus
d n d n dy n−1 dy
dx (y ) = dy (y ) dx = ny dx
Similarly if we have a term of the function xm yn then we use the product rule and
obtain
d m n n d m m d n dy m−1 yn + nxm yn−1 dy
dx (x y ) = y dx (x ) + x dy (y ) dx = mx dx

Example . Find dy 2 3
dx given that x + 2xy = 6
Solution: x2 + 2xy3 = 6, differentiating both sides
with respect to x, we have
  0 0
dy
2x + 2 y3 + x3y2 dx = 0 ⇒ 2x + 2y3 + 6xy2 y = 0, make y the subject
0 0
6xy2 y = −2x − 2y3 ⇒ 3xy2 y = −x − y3
0 −(x+y3 )
y = 3xy2


Example . Find dy
dx given that x2 + 2xy − 2y2 + x = 2 at the point (−4, 1)
Solution: differentiating both sides with respect to x, we have
d 2 + d (2xy) − d 2y2 + dx = d (2)



dx x dx  dx dx dx
0 0
⇒ 2x + 2 y + xy − 4yy + 1 = 0
0 0 0 0
= 2x + 2y + 2xy − 4yy + 1 = 0 ⇒ 2xy − 4yy = − (2x + 2y + 1)
0 0
= y (2x − 4y) = − (2x + 2y + 1) or y = −(2x+2y+1)
(2x−4y)
0 −(−8+2+1)
at the point (−4, 1) y = (−8−4) = −5/12


Example . Find dy
dx given that x2 + y2 − 6xy + 3x − 2y + 5 = 0

19
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Solution: differentiating both sides with respect to x, we have

0
 0
 0
⇒ 2x + 2yy − 6 y + xy + 3 − 2y = 0
0 0 0 0
= 2x + 2yy − 6y − 6xy + 3 − 2y = 0 ⇒ y (2y − 6x − 2) = 6y − 2x − y
0 6y−2x−y
or y = (2y−6x−2)


E XERCISE 7. 
Find the shape of the tangent to the curve at point (1, 2) given
x2 + xy + y2 = 7

More Revision Questions

dy
Find dx if;
(1) 4x2 + 2y2 = 9 (2) x2 + 2xy + y2 = 3
(3) x2 − 3xy + y2 − 2y + 4x = 0 (4) 3x2 − 4xy = 7
(5) x2 + y2 − 6xy − 2y + 3x + 5 = 0 (6) 3x2 + 5xy + 4y2 − 4y = 0 at (0, 1)

5.0.1. PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

Consider x = f (t) and y = g (t) then x and y are both functions of t.
These equations are parametric equations for x and y and the variable t is
called a parameter.
Example of parametric equations are x = 2t, y = t 2 + 1 and x = cos3 θ , y = sin3 θ
Derivative of parametric equations x = f (t) and y = g (t)
dx 0 dy 0 dy dy dt
dt = f (t) and dt = g (t), dx = dt dx

Example . Find the derivative dy

dx of x = 2t, y = t 2 − 1
dx dy
Solution: dt = 2 and dt = 2t,
dy dy dt 1
dx = dt dx = (2t) 2 = t


Example . Differentiate x = t + t , y = t + t
3 2 2

dx 2 dy
Solution: dt = 3t + 2t and dt = 2t + 1,
dy dy dt 1 2t+1
dx = dt dx = (2t + 1) (3t 2 +2t ) = 3t 2 +2t


E XERCISE 8.  Find dy
dx if x = cost, y = sint

20
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Example . Find the gradient of the curve x = t

1+t , y= t3
1+t at the point 1 1
2, 2

(1+t)1−t
Solution: dx
= = 1 2
dt (1+t)2 (1+t)
dy (1+t)3t 2 −t 2 3t 2 +3t 3 −t 2 3 2
dt = 2 = 2 = 3t +2t2
(1+t) (1+t) (1+t)
dy dy dt 3t 3 +2t 2 3 2
dx = dt dx = (1+t)2 / (1+t)2 = 3t + 2t
1

t t3
when x = 1/2 and y = 1/2 then 1+t = 1/2 and 1+t = 1/2
⇒ 2t = 1 + t ⇒ t = 1 and 2t 3 = 1 + t ⇒ t = 1
dy
when t = 1, dx = 3t 3 + 2t 2 = 3 + 2 = 5


5.0.2. More Revision Questions

dy
Find dx in terms of t

1. x = t 3 + t 2 y = t2 + t

2. x = at 2 y = 2at

3. x = (1 + t)2 y = t2 − 1

4. x = cos2 2t y = sin2 2t

5. x = t 2 − π/2 y = sint 2

5.1. Derivatives of trigonometric functions

Recall cos2 x + sin2 x = 1, 1 1
cos x = sec x and sin x = csc x
sin x cos x
cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x cos x = tan x, sin x = cot x

Example . Derivative of tan x

sin x u dy cos x cos x−sin x(− sin x)
Solution: y = tan x tan x = = = =
cos x v dx (cos x)2
cos2 x+sin2 x 1
= = sec2 x
(cos x)2 (cos x)2


Example . Derivative of cot x

Solution: y = cot x cot x = cos x
sin x = v
u

−(sin2 x+cos2 x)
dy
= sin x(− sin x)−cos
2
x(cos x)
= 2 = −1
= − csc2 x
dx (sin x) (sin x) (sin x)2


21
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

5.2. Exponential function

y = ex
But ex = 1 + x + x2/2! + x3/3! + x4/4! + · · · + xh/h! + · · ·
dy d x x2 x3 x4 xh−1/(h−1)! + · · ·
dx = dx (e ) = 1 + x + /2! + /3! + /4! + · · · +
If y = eax where a is a constant
Let u = ax ⇒ du dx = a
u dy
y=e ⇒ du = eu
dy dy du u ax
dx = du dx = e a = ae

5.3. Logarithmic function

f (x) = ln x
dx dy 1 1
If y = ln x then x = ey , and dy = ey and dx = ey = x
dy ln x
∴ dx = ddx = 1x
Example . Write down
the derivative of ln 2x
3

Solution: Let y = ln 2x3

Then y = ln 2 + ln x3 and y = ln 2 + 3 ln x
dy 3 dy 6x 3
dx = x or dx = 2x2 = x


. Write down the derivative of ln

 
Example √1
x

Solution: Let y = ln √1x

√ dy dy −1
Then y = ln 1 − ln x or y = ln 1 − 12 ln x and dx = 0 − 12 1x or dx = 2x


More Revision Questions

Write down the derivatives of  
−1/2
b) ln x5 c) ln 3x2


a) 2 ln x d) ln x
q
√ √ 1
h) ln 13 x− 2
p
e) ln (3/ x) f) ln (3x/ x) g) ln (2/x5 )

22
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 6
Continuation

This lesson continues with more examples

Example . Given y = ln (3x + 1) 17
, find dy
dx
Solution: Let u = 3x + 1 then du
dx = 3
dy
y = ln u = 17 ln u and du = 17
17
u
dy dy du 17 51 51
dx = du dx = u (3) = u = 3x+1


. Find
n√ 2 o
dy x +1
Example given y = ln √
dx 3 3
x +1
1 2

1 3


Solution: y = 2 ln x + 1 − 3 ln x + 1
dy 2x 3x2 x 2
dx = 2(x2 +1) − 3(x3 +1) = (x2 +1) − (x3x+1)
x4 +x−x4 −x2 x−x2
=
(x +1)(x +1) (x +1)(x3 +1)
2 3 2

Example . Given y = sin (ln x) , find dy

dx
1
Solution: Let u = ln x then du
dx = x
dy
and y = sin u, then du = cos u
dy dy du 1

1
dx = du dx = cos u x = x cos (ln x)


 Differentiate 2e + e
E XERCISE 9. 3x 4x

EXERCISE 10.  Differentiate 2e sin 3t

EXERCISE 11.  Differentiate e ex

Example . If y = x − 1e ln x, find
√ x dy
dx √
dy 1 −1/2 x √ x−1ex
Solution: dx = 2 (x − 1) e ln x + x − 1ex ln x + x
√ √ x
= 2√1x−1 ex ln x + x − 1ex ln x + x−1e x
h √ √ i
x 1 x−1
= e 2 x−1 ln x + x − 1 ln x + x
√
x
= 2x√ex−1 [x ln x + 2x (x − 1) ln x + 2 (x − 1)]
x
= 2x√ex−1 x + 2x2 − 2x ln x + 2x − 2


x
= 2x√ex−1 2x2 − x ln x + 2x − 2



23
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Example . Find√ the gradient of the curve y =
ln √1 + sin 2x at point x = π

2
dy 1 2 cos 2x cos 2x
Solution: y = ln 1 + sin 2x dx = 2 1+sin 2x = 1+sin 2x
π dy cos 2π
at x = 2 , slope dx = 1+sin 2π = −1


Example . Differentiate with respect to x, x x

Solution: Let y = xx , we introduce ln, ln y = x ln x, differentiate implicitly

1 dy x dy
y dx = ln x + x = ln x + 1 ∴ dx = y (ln x + 1)
dy x
dx = x (ln x + 1)


Example . Differentiate with respect to x, x cos x

Solution: Let y = xcos x , we introduce ln, ln y = cos x ln x, differentiate implicitly

1 dy cos x dy cos x


y dx = − sin x ln x + x ∴ dx
= y x − sin x ln x
dy cos x cos x − sin x ln x
dx = x x


E XERCISE 12.  Differentiate the following with respect to x

(a) ax + bx (b) xsin x

x
(c) (sin x)x (d) x + x2
r
x 1
(e) (f)
(x−1)(x+3)2 (x2 −1) (x2 −1)(3x−4)4
(g) yx = x (h) xy = sin x
√
(i) (1 + x) y = sin /2 x
1
(j) ysin x = x

6.1. Second and higher order derivatives

dy 0
dx =y First derivative
Differentiating
  the first derivative w.r.t x
d dy d2y 00
dx dx = dx2 = y Second derivative
 2 
d d y d3y 000
=⇒ dx dx2
= dx 3 =y
..
 n−1 .
d d y dny n
dx dxn−1 = dxn = y nth derivative

Example . If y = 4x − 6x − 9x + 1
3 2

24
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

dy
Solution: dx= 12x2 − 12x − 9
d2y d
12x2 − 12x − 9 = 24x − 12


dx2
= dx
d3y d
dx3
= dx (24x − 12) = 24
d4y d
dx4
= dx (24) = 0

dy d2y
If dx is found in terms of a parameter t, then dx2
requires differentiation with respect
to x so,    
d2y d dy dt d dy dx
dx2
= dt dx dx = dt dx ÷ dt

Example . If x = t ,
3 y = t 2 − t find dy d2y
dx and dx2
 
dy dy dy dt 1
Solution: dx 2
dt = 3t and dt = 2t − 1, dx = dt dx = (2t − 1) 3t 2
= 2t−1
3t 2
 2 3t 2 −6t(2t−1)
( )
   2 2 2
d dy
dt dx = d 2t−1
dt 3t 2
= 2 = 6t −12t2 2+6t = 6t−6t 2 =
2−2t
3t 3
   (3t )

2 (3t ) (3t )
2

d2y d dy dt 2−2t 1 2−2t

dx2
= dt dx dx = 3t 3 3t 2
= 9t 5


d2y

Example . The parametric equations of a curve are x = et , y = sint, find
d2y dy
dy
dx and
dx2
as functions of t. Hence show that x2 dx 2 + x dx + y = 0.

Solution: dx = et and dy dy
= dy dt
= cost e1t = cost


dt dt = cost, dx dt dx et
 
d dy d cost

et (− sint)−cost(et ) −(et sint+et cost) −(et sint+et cost)
dt dx = dt et = (et )2
=
(et )2
= e2t
t t t t
2
   
−(e sint+e cost) −(e sint+e cost)
d y dy dt
= dtd dx 1
= −(sint+cost)


dx2 dx = e2t et = e3t e2t
2y
 
d dy −(sint+cost)
x2 dx2 + x dx + y = e2t + et cost


e2t et + sint =
= − sint − cost + cost + sint = 0


E XERCISE 13. y = 3 (1 − cos 2θ ), x = 3 (2θ − sin 2θ ) find the equations of

the tangent and normal lines at θ = π4

More Revision Questions

a) Given that x = sec θ + tan θ and y = csc θ + cot θ , show that
x + = 2 sec θ and y + 1y = 2 csc θ
1
x
dx dy dy 1+y2
Find dθ and dθ in terms of θ and hence show that dx = 1+x2
dy 1+t
b) Find dx at t = 0 if x = 1−2t and y = 1+2t
1−t

25
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 7
Differential of Implicit Functions

Example . y + xy + y 2 = 2 differentiate w.r.t x

dy dy dy dy −y
Solution: dx + y + x dx + 2y dx =0 =⇒ dx = 1+x+2y 

Example . x = ye x

dy dy dy
Solution: 1 = ex dx + yex , ex dx = 1 − yex , dx = (1 − yex ) e−x = e−x − y
dy −x x 1−x −x −x
dx = e − ex = ex = e − xe


Example . If e y = sin x, show that

x d2y
dx2
dy
+ 2 dx + 2y = 0
dy
Solution: ex y + ex dx = cos x
dy cos x−ye x cos x−(sin xe−x )ex cos x−sin x
dx = ex = ex = ex
2 ex (− sin x−cos x)−(cos x−sin x)ex
d y
dx2
= e2x
d2y − sin x−cos x−cos x+sin x
dx2
= ex = −2ecos
x
x

d2y dy
+ 2y = −2ecos x
+ 2 cos x−sin x
+ 2 sin x


dx2
+ 2 dx x e x ex =0


7.1. Applications of derivatives

7.1.1. The equation of tangent and normal
Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve 3x2 − 4y2 = 9 at p (x1 , y1 )
Find the slope,
dy dy
6x − 8y dx =0 ⇒ dx = 3x
4y
dy 3x1
The gradient at p (x1 , y1 ), is dx = 4y1
The equation of the tangent at p (x1 , y1 )is
y−y1 3x1 2 2
x−x1 = 4y1 =⇒ 3xx1 − 3x1 x1 = 4yy1 − 4y1 y1 or 3xx1 − 3x1 = 4yy1 − 4y1
For normal line m1 m2 = −1, therefore normal gradient is − 4y 1
3x1
The equation of the normal at p (x1 , y1 )is
y−y1 4y1
x−x1 = − 3x1 =⇒ 3yx1 − 3y1 x1 = −4xy1 + 4x1 y1 or x1 y1 − 3x1 y − 4y1 x

26
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

More Revision Questions

(a) Show that the equation of the tangent to x2 + xy + y = 0 at (x1 , y1 ) is
x (2x1 − y1 ) + y (x1 + 1) + y1 = 0
(b) Show that the equation of the tangent at (x1 , y1 ) to the curve ax2 + by2 + cxy +
dx = 0 is
axx1 + byy1 + 1/2c (xy1 + yx1 ) + 1/2d (x + x1 ) = 0
(c) Find the slope of the curve x2 y − xy2 = 2 at the point (−1, −2)
x = 3 (2θ − sin 3θ )
(d) The parametric equations of a curve are , find the equa-
y = 3 (1 − cos 2θ )
tions of the tangent and normal curves at the point p, where θ = π4 , the point L and
M where they meet the y−axis. Show that the area of the triangle PLM is 49 (π − 2)

7.1.2. Hyperbolic functions

The hyperbolic cosine and hyperbolic sine of the real number x are derived by cosh x
and sinh x and are defined in terms of the exponential functions.
x −x x −x
cosh x = e +e 2 and sinh x = e −e2
sinh x ex −e−x
tanh x = cosh x = ex +e−x
cosh x x +e−x
coth x = sinh x = eex −e −x x 6= 0
1 2
sec hx = cosh x = ex +e−x
1 2
csc hx = sinh x = ex −e−x x 6= 0
2 2
cosh x + sinh x = 1 1 − tanh2 x = sec h2 x
coth2 x − 1 = csc h2 x sinh (x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
cosh (x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x

• Derivatives of Hyperbolic functions

x −x
i. Let y = cosh x = e +e 2
dy ex −e−x
then dx = 2 = sinh x
x −x
ii. Let y = sinh x = e −e 2
dy x −x
then dx = e +e 2 = cosh x
x −x
iii. Let y = tanh x = eex −e +e−x
2 2
dy (ex +e−x ) −(ex −e−x )
then dx = x −x 2
NB (ex + e−x ) (ex + e−x ) = e2x + 1 + 1 + e−2x
(e +e )
dy (e2x +2+e−2x )−(e2x −2+e−2x )
⇒ =
dx (ex +e−x )2

27
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

 2
4 2
= = ex +e−x = sec h2 x
(ex +e−x )2
x −x
iv. Let y = coth x = eex +e
−e−x x 6= 0
2 2
dy (ex −e−x ) −(ex +e−x )
then dx =
(ex −e−x )2
 2
−4 2
= x −x 2 = − ex −e−x = − csc h2 x
(e −e )
2
v. Let y = sec hx = ex +e −x
x −e−x
−2( )
e
   x −x 
dy 2 e −e
Then dx = x −x 2 = − ex +e −x ex +e−x = − sec hx tanh x
(e +e )
2
vi. Let y = csc hx = ex −e −x
−2(ex +e−x )
   x −x 
dy 2 e +e
Then dx = x −x 2 = − ex −e −x ex −e−x = − csc hx coth x
(e −e )

Example . y = sinh x 2

dy
Solution: dx = 2 sinh x cosh x 

Example . y = cosh (3x − 1)

dy
Solution: dx = 3 sinh (3x − 1) 

Example . y = x sinh x
dy
Solution: dx = sinh x + x cosh x 

Example . y = ln (sinh x)
dy cosh x
Solution: dx = sinh x = coth x 

E XERCISE 14. y=e cosh x

E XERCISE 15.  y = ln (sinh x + cosh x)

E XERCISE 16.  y = tan (tanh x) −1

More Revision Questions

Find the derivatives of the following functions
(1) f (x) = x2 tanh 1x

(2) f (x) = sec he2x

(3) f (x) = sin (sinh x)
(4) f (x) = 2x cos2 x − 2x sinh2 x

28
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 8
Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Let y = sinh−1 x
dy dy 1
sinh y = x cosh y dx = 1, dx = cosh y
Let y = cosh−1 x
dy dy 1
cosh y = x sinh y dx = 1, dx = sinh y
=√ 1 2 =√1 2
1−cosh x 1−x
−1
Let y = tanh x
dy dy 1
tanh y = x sec h2 y dx = 1, dx = sec h2 y
1 1
= 1−tanh2 y = 1−x2
Let y = coth−1 x
dy dy 1
coth y = x − csc h2 y dx = 1, dx = csc h2 y
1 1
= coth2 y−1 = x2 −1
Let y = sec h−1 x
dy dy
sec hy = x − sec hy tanh y dx = 1, dx = − sec hy1tanh y
Let y = csc h−1 x
dy dy 1
csc hy = x − csc hy coth y dx = 1, dx = − csc hy coth y
dy 1 √1
dx = − csc hy coth y = |x| 1+x2

Example . y = sinh −1
2x
dy dy 2
Solution: sinh y = 2x cosh y dx = 2, dx = cosh y
√ 2 2
2
=√ 2
1+sinh x 1+4x


Example . y = coth −1
√
x2 + 1

−1/2
1/2 dy
Solution: coth y = x2 + 1 − csc h2 y dx = 1/2 (2x) x2 + 1


,
dy −x −x
dx = 1/2 = 1/2
− csc h2 y(x2 +1) (coth2 y−1)(x2 +1)
dy −x −1
dx = 2 1/2 = 1/2
(x +1−x)(x +1)2 x(x +1)
2

E XERCISE 17. y = ln tanh−1 x

Exercise
Find the derivatives of

29
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

√
(1) f (x) = tanh−1 x
f (x) = cosh−1 x2 + 1


(2)
(3) f (x) = csc h−1 ex
(4) f (x) = sinh−1 (ln x)

30
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 9
Turning Points

Consider the graph of y = f (x)

1. a maximum turning point

2. a minimum turning point

3. a point of inflection

Investigating the Nature of Stationary Values

31
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Consider the points A1 and A2 , B1 and B2 , C1 and C2 which are left and right re-
spectively of A BC and close to them.
(1) Consider the values of y
For A (a maximum value)
y at A1 < y at A
y at A2 < y at A
For B(a minimum value)
y at B1 > y at B
y at B2 > y at B
For C (a point of inflection)
y at C1 < y at C
y at C1 < y at C
dy
(2) Now consider the behavior of the gradient dx
dy
For A, at A1 dx is +ve
dy
A dx = 0
dy
A2 dx is −ve
dy
For B, at B1 dx is −ve
dy
B dx =0
dy
B2 dx is +ve
dy
For C, at C1 dx is +ve
dy
C dx = 0
dy
C2 dx is +ve
dy
Sign of dx maximum minimum inflection

dy dy
(3) When passing through A, dx changes from positive to negative, i.e. dx decreases
as x increases
d2y d2y
dx2
<0 ( dx 2 is negative)
dy dy
Similarly when passing through B, dx from negative to positive, i.e. dx increases
as x increases
d2y d2y
dx 2 > 0 ( dx2
is positive)

32
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

d2y
if dx2
=0 we have a point of inflection
maximum minimum infection
d2y
dx2
negative positve 0


Example . Find the points on y = x4 + 4x3 − 6 at which the gradient is zero and
determine the nature of the points
dy 2d y
Solution: dx = 4x3 + 12x2 dx2
= 12x2 + 24x
dy
At the stationery point, dx = 0 therefore
3 2 2
4x + 12x = 0 or 4x (x + 3) = 0
⇒ x = −3 or x = 0
d2y 2
When x = −3, dx 2 = 12 (−3) + 24 (−3) = 36 > 0

therefore y has a minimum value at x = −3

y = (−3)4 + 4 (−3)3 − 6 = −33
Thus (−3, −33) is a minimum turning point
d2y 2
When x = 0, dx 2 = 12 (0) + 24 (0) = 0

therefore y has a an inflection at x = 0

y = (0)4 + 4 (0)3 − 6 = −6
Thus (0, −6) is a point of inflection


E XERCISE 18.  Find the maximum and minimum points of the curve y = x (x + 1) =
2

x3 + x2

33
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

LESSON 10
More Revision Examples


Example . Find the points on y = x4 + 4x3 − 6 at which the gradient is zero and
determine the nature of the points
dy d y 2
Solution: dx = 4x3 + 12x2 dx2
= 12x2 + 24x
dy
At the stationery point, dx = 0 therefore
3 2 2
4x + 12x = 0 or 4x (x + 3) = 0
⇒ x = −3 or x = 0
d2y 2
When x = −3, dx 2 = 12 (−3) + 24 (−3) = 36 > 0

therefore y has a minimum value at x = −3

y = (−3)4 + 4 (−3)3 − 6 = −33
Thus (−3, −33) is a minimum turning point
d2y 2
When x = 0, dx 2 = 12 (0) + 24 (0) = 0

therefore y has a an inflection at x = 0

y = (0)4 + 4 (0)3 − 6 = −6
Thus (0, −6) is a point of inflection


Example . Find the maximum and minimum points of the curve y = x (x + 1) =

2

x3 + x2
dy 2
d y
Solution: dx = 3x2 + 2x dx2
= 6x + 2
dy
At the stationery point, dx = 0 therefore
3x2 + 2x = 0 or x (3x + 2) = 0
⇒ x = − 23 or x = 0
d2y
At x = − 32 , dx 2


2 = 6 − 3 + 2 = −2 < 0 =⇒maximum value

3
2
y = − 32 + − 23 = 27 4
2
d y
At x = 0, dx 2 = 6 (0) + 2 = 2 > 0 =⇒minimum value

y = (0) + (0)2 = 0
3


Example . Find the minimum and maximum value of the function 2 sint +cos 2t =
2 sint + cos2 t − sin2 t
dy
Solution: dt = 2 cost − 2 sint cost − 2 sint cost = 2 cost (1 − 4 sint)

34
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

dy
dt = 0 for maximum or minimum
dy
dt = 2 cost (1 − 4 sint) = 0
=⇒ cost = 0 which gives t = π2 or
=⇒ 1 − 2 sint = 0 which gives sint = 12 , t = π6 , 5π6
d2y 2 2t


dt 2 = −2 sint(1 − 4 sint) + 2 cost(−4 cost) = −2 sint + 8 sin t − cos
−2 sint − 8 cos 2t
2
at x = π6 , ddt 2y = −2 sin π6 − 8 cos π3 = −1 − 4 = −5 < 0 maximum point

⇒maximum value; y = 1 + 12 = 23
2
at x = π2 , ddt 2y = −2 sin π2 − 8 cos (π) = −2 + 8 = 6 > 0 minimum point

⇒maximum value; y = 2 − 1 = 1



Example . Find the turning points and the point of inflection of the curve y =
x5 − 5x4 + 5x3 − 1
dy 2
d y
Solution: dx = 5x4 − 20x3 + 15x2 dx2
= 20x3 − 60x2 + 30x
dy
At the stationery point, dx = 0 therefore
5x4 − 20x3 + 15x2 = 0 or 5x2 x2 − 4x + 3 = 0 or 5x2 (x − 3) (x − 1)

⇒ x = 3 or x = 0 or x = 1
d2y 3 2
At x = 3, dx 2 = 20 (3) − 60 (3) + 30 (3) = 90 > 0 =⇒minimum value

y = (3)5 − 5 (3)4 + 5 (3)3 − 1 = −28, the minimum point is (3, −28)

d2y 3 2
At x = 0, dx 2 = 20 (0) − 60 (0) + 30 (0) = 0 =⇒point of inflection

y = (0)5 − 5 (0)4 + 5 (−)3 − 1 = −1, the point of inflection is (0, −1)

d2y 3 2
At x = 1, dx 2 = 20 (1) − 60 (1) + 30 (1) = −10 > 0 =⇒maximum value

y = (1)5 − 5 (1)4 + 5 (1)3 − 1 = 0, the maximum point is (1, 0)



E XERCISE 19.  x
(1) y = ee
(2) y = xey + y = 4
(3) y ln x = xey

2
(4) 1 + e3x = 3 + ln (x + y)
dy
(5) Find dx at (1, 2) if (i) x + xy + y2 = 7

2
(ii) x3 = y − x2
(6) If xey + sin xy + y − ln 2 = 0,
dy
find dx at point (0, ln 2)

35
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

10.0.3. More Revision Questions

1. Find the values at the point inflexion (if any) of the curve y = 3x4 − 4x3 + 1

2. Discuss the nature of points on the curve y = 3x4 − 8x3 − 24x2 + 96x at the
point which the tangent to the curve is parallel to the x− axis

3. Find the nature of the stationary points of the function y = 3x5 + 6x4 − 4x2 + 1

lim  2x −3x 
4. Evaluate x
h→0

0
5. Find y if

(a) y = 3x y = cos sin3 3x

(b)
√
q p  
(c) y = x + 3x + 2x (d) y = cos−1 xx−12
 +1 √ 
(e) (x + y)3 + (x − y)3 = x4 + y4 (f) y = x sin−1 3x − 1 − 9x2
(h) y = x2 ln sin−1 x2 − 1



(g) y = ln (cot x − csc x)
y = log10 x2 + 4x + xx sin x2 + 1



(i)
y = x−x log10 x2 + 1 − x3 cos−1 (5x)


(j)
−1 2
y = ex sin (x ) + ln (tan 2x) + log10 ex + x
2
(k)

1+sin x

1/2 dy 1
6. If y = 1−sin x show that dx = 1−sin x

36
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Solutions to Exercises

x
Exercise 1. Let y = 1 + 1x , then ln y = x ln 1 + 1x

Let z = 1x , then x = 1z ∴ ln y = 1z ln (1 + z)
as x → ∞, z → 0
lim ln(1+z) lim 1/1+z
z = 1 =1
z→0 z→0
as x → ∞, z → 0 and ln y → 1=⇒ y → e
lim
x
∴ 1 + 1x = e
x→∞
Exercise 1
lim lim sin x lim cos x
Exercise 2. h (x) = x = 1 = 1 whereas h(0) = 0.
x→0 x→0 x→0
=⇒The limit and the value of h at x = 0 are not equal. Thus the function h is not
continuous there.
Exercise 2
Exercise 3. f (x) = xn , n > 0
0 lim h f (x+h)− f (x) i
f (x) = h
h→0

f (x) = xn , + n(n−1)
f"(x + h) = (x + h)n = xn + nxn−1 h # 2! x
n−2 h2 + · · · + hn
 
n(n−1)
0 lim xn +nxn−1 h+ 2! xn−2 h2 +···+hn −xn
∴ f (x) = h
h→0
 
lim nxn−1 h+
n(n−1) n−2 2
2! x h +···+hn
= h
h→0

lim
= nxn−1 + n(n−1)
2! x
n−2 h + · · · + hn−1 = nxn−1
h→0
Exercise 3
0
Exercise 4. f (x) = 10x9 Exercise 4
dy √ x+3 dy −12
Exercise 5. i. = ii. =
dx x2 +6x+3 dx (3+2x)2
dy 8x−x3
iii. dx = 3/2
(4−x2 )
Exercise 5
dθ 5 0 x(8−5x)
Exercise 6. a. = b. y = √
dr (2r+3)2 2−x
0 1 dy 2x2 −4x+3
c. y = √ d. dx = x2 −2x+2
(x+1) x2 −1

37
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

0 2
e. y = √3−4x
3−2x2
Exercise 6
dy dy dy
Exercise 7. 2x + y + x dx + 2y dx = 0, dx (x + 2y) = −2x − y or
dy −2x−y −2−2 −4
dx = x+2y = 1+4 = 5
Exercise 7
dy
Exercise 8. dx
dt = − sint and dt = cost,
dy dy dt 1 cost
dx = dt dx = cost − sint = − sint
Exercise 8
dy
Exercise 9. Let y = 2e3x + e4x , dx = 6e3x + 4e4x Exercise 9
dy
Exercise 10. Let y = 2esin 3t , dx = (2) 3 cos 3tesin 3t = 6 cos 3tesin 3t
Exercise 10
x
Exercise 11. Let y = ee , Then ln y = ex
1 dy x dy dy x
y dx = e ⇒ dx = yex or dx = ex ee
Exercise 11
1
Exercise 12. (a) ax ln a + bx ln b xsin x


(b) x sin x + cos x ln x
(c) (sin x)x (ln sin x + x cot x)
(d) x + x2 ln x + x2 + 1+2x



h 1+x
i
(e) x 1x − x−1
1
− x+32
+ x22x−1
6+4x−9x2 dy 1
(f) 3/2 3
(g) ln y + x/y dx = x
( ) (3x−4)
x2 −1
dy dy
(h) ln x dx + y/x = cot x, dx = (cot x − y/x) ln1x
dy dy
= 12 cot x − 1/x+1 y 1



(i) dx (j) dx = 2x − cos x ln x y/sin x
Exercise 12
dx dy dy dy dθ 1


Exercise 13. dθ = 6−6 cos 2θ and dθ = 6 sin 2θ , dx = dθ dx = 6 sin 2θ 6−6 cos 2θ =
6 sin 2θ
6−6 cos 2θ
dy sin 2θ dy sin 2( π )
dx = 1−cos 2θ at θ = π4 , dx = 1−cos 24 π = 1
(4)
gradient of the tangent at p is 1
when θ = π4 x = 3 π2 − sin π2 = 3π−6



2
π π
θ = 4 y = 3 1 − cos 2 = 3
y−3
The equation of the tangent at 3π−6 3π−6


2 , 3 is x− 3π−6 = 1, y − 3 = x − 2 , it crosses
2
y axis at 0, 6−3π


2
y−3
The equation of the normal at 3π−6 y − 3 = 3π−6


2 , 3 is 3π−6 = −1, 2 − x.
x− 2

38
SMA 2101 CALCULUS I

Exercise 13
dy
Exercise 14. dx = sinh xecosh x Exercise 14
dy sinh x+cosh x
Exercise 15. dx = cosh x+sinh x =1 Exercise 15
dy
Exercise 16. then tan y = tanh x, sec2 y dx = sec h2 x
dy sec h2 x 2
√ sec h x 2
dx = sec2 y = 1+(tanh)
Exercise 16
dy 1
Exercise 17. = Exercise 17
dx (1−x2 ) tanh−1 x
dy d y 2
Exercise 18. dx = 3x2 + 2x dx2
= 6x + 2
dy
At the stationery point, dx = 0 therefore
3x2 + 2x = 0 or x (3x + 2) = 0
⇒ x = − 23 or x = 0
d2y
At x = − 32 , dx 2


2 = 6 − 3 + 2 = −2 < 0 =⇒maximum value

3
2
y = − 32 + − 23 = 27 4
d2y
At x = 0, dx 2 = 6 (0) + 2 = 2 > 0 =⇒minimum value

y = (0) + (0)2 = 0
3

Exercise 18
x y
Exercise 19. (1) ex ee (2) xeey +1
y −y
(3) x(lnxex−xe 6e3x 1 + e3x (x + y) − 1


y) (4)
−3 7
(5) (i) 5 (ii) 2
(6) (−2.6932)
Exercise 19

39