DCIT 102

FUNDAMENTALS OF HARDWARE
AND CIRCUIT
SESSION 2: INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE
COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

Dwumfour Abdullai Aziz, Dept of Computer Sc.

Contact Information: adwumfour@[Link]

UNIVERSITY OF GHANA
College of Basic and Applied
College
School ofofPhysical
Education
and Mathematical Sciences
School of Continuing and Distance Education
2020/2021
2014/2015 – 2016/2017
 SESSION OVERVIEW

This session introduces students to the fundamental hardware

components and their functionalities of modern computer system.

It focuses on the main functional units of the computer system

explores how these functional units work together to achieve the
main function of the computer system

Dwumfour Abdullai Aziz Slide 2

 SESSION OUTLINE

Key topics to be covered in this session include;

q Introduction to computer Hardware

q Main functions of the computer system

q Functional components of the computer system
q The CPU and its components

q I/O unit

q Storage Elements

q System interconnections
Dwumfour Abdullai Aziz

Slide 3
 SESSION READING LIST

Stallings, William (2019). Computer Organization and Architecture:

Designing for Performance, Eleventh edition. Chapter 2

Dwumfour Abdullai Aziz Slide 4

 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER HARDWARE

q Computer Hardware refers to the physical components of the

computer.
q This is the tangible part of the computer you can see and touch.
q Microcomputer hardware can be classified into the several
functional units.
q Each Functional unit is composed of several hardware devices that
perform specific function

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 DWUMFOUR ABDULLAI ABDUL-AZIZ

Computer system
 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Four main functions of the computer system

include:
q Data processing
q Data storage
q Data movement (I/O)
q Control

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 FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

The functional units of the computer system include;

q Central Processing Unit (CPU)

q Storage Unit

q Input / Output Unit (I/O)

q System Interconnection
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TOP LEVEL STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER
THE STRUCTURE OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

CPU

INPUT OUTPUT
UNIT UNIT

MEMORY

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Central Processing Unit
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 THE CPU

q Central Processing Unit (CPU) is also known as the

processor or microprocessor.
q This chip is regarded as the brain of the computer.
q It performs the basic operations of the computer, such as
arithmetic, logical and I/O
q CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
q It controls the operation of all parts of the computer
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 COMPONENTS OF THE CPU

The CPU is made up of the following component;

qArithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

qControl Unit (CU)

qRegisters

qCache

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CPU CORE FROM INTEL

COMPONENTS OF THE CPU
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 COMPONENTS OF THE CPU

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU):

q An Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit
component of the CPU.
q This is the fundamental building block of the CPU.
q It performs arithmetical and logical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
q The unit also perform comparison or logical operation
such as shifting, comparing numbers, letters, or special
characters.
16
 REGISTERS

q This is a collection of high-speed storage locations.

q Registers are temporary storage areas which are
responsible for holding the data that is to be processed by
the CPU
q They store instructions and data in a processor and provide
fast access because of their proximity to the ALU.
q Different types of registers exist to handle different
operations within the CPU
q They can be classified as general purpose or special
purpose/dedicated Register. 17
 Special Purpose Register

This category of registers is used for performing specific operation.

They include
q Program Counter(PC)
q Hold address of next instruction to be executed
q Instruction Register (IR)
q Hold current instruction being executed
q Memory Address Register(MAR)
q Hold address of instruction to be fetch or store in memory
q Memory Buffer Register(MBR)/ Memory Data Register (MDR)
q Hold data to be transferred to or from memory
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 19

REGISTERS
REGISTERS
20
 CPU CACHE

q The CPU cache is one of the most commonly used types of

cache memory.
q Found on modern day CPUs, it holds data and program
instructions that are likely to be needed by the CPU in the
near future.
q It enables storing and providing access to frequently used
programs and data.
q The cache is slower than registers, but provides more storage
space and faster than the main memory
q The CPU cache is embedded directly on the processor, whiles
21
some are also installed close to the CPU
CPU CACHE 22
CONTROL UNIT

q The control Unit of the CPU controls and directs the operation
of the entire system.
q It implements instructions required to be executed by the CPU
q It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
q It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them,
and directs the operation of the computer; thus It performs
fetch, decode, execute and store operations for the CPU
q It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of
data or results from storage.
24
 CPU VENDORS

q The most popular CPU manufacturers are AMD and Intel.

q Other popular vendors supporting the industry include IBM,
NVIDIA, SUN, TI, VIA, QUALCOMM
q Initially, a CPU contained only one processor; then, Intel
produced the dual-core processor, a CPU containing two
processors
q As of August 2014, both Intel and AMD have continued to
develop and produce multiple core processors

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IMAGES OF CPU
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 STORAGE ELEMENTS

q These are hardware devices used to store and retrieve

data or instructions for future use.
q Storage devices could be internal or external relative to
the computer system.
q It can hold and store information both temporarily and
permanently.
q Storage elements can be classified into two:
ü Primary storage
ü Secondary storage
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 THE STORAGE ELEMENT

PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICE

q Primary storage is alternatively referred to as internal
memory, main memory or primary memory
q Primary memory device is a medium that holds data for
short periods of time while a computer is running or hold
permanent data for the computer system
q Primary storage memory connects directly to the
computer's CPU and could be volatile or non-volatile
q Primary storage devices have much faster access time
q They are however very costly 28
 TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE

q The primary memory is embedded with two types of

memory technologies;
ü RAM (Random Access Memory)
ü ROM (Read Only Memory)
q Aside the RAM and ROM, two other primary storage areas
can be found;
q These are on the CPU itself;
ü Processor registers
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ü Processor cache.
 THE RAM CHIP

q RAM is acronym for Random Access Memory

q It is a primary storage device of the computer system
q RAM is used to store intermediate data temporarily while
the CPU is processing the data.
q RAM is the most common type of memory found in
computers and other devices, such as printers
q RAM is used to stores data and instructions that will be
executed by the CPU
q Access to data on the RAM is faster
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 THE RAM

q Data stored on the RAM is volatile hence is lost when the

computer system goes off.
q RAM data can be modified and updated.
q RAM is accessed randomly; any byte of memory can be
accessed without touching the preceding bytes.
q RAMs are installed on the motherboard in modules.
q Different modules exist; SIMM, RIMM, DIMM, SO DIMM

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THE RAM

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THE RAM

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THE RAM

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THE RAM

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 DIMM vs. SIMM vs. RIMM

q DIMM and SIMM are two major types of random-access memory

standards for personal computers.
q The naming of each type of RAM refers to the specific way in which
the memory is packaged.
q DIMM stand for Dual –Inline Memory Module
q SIMM stand for Single-Inline Memory Module
q RIMM stand for Rambus-Inline Memory Module
q SO-DIMM stand for small Outlined DIMM
q DIMM and SIMM are manufactured with pins which enable them to
connect to the PC’s motherboard.
q Typical SIMM has 72 pinsDWUMFOUR
whileABDULLAI
DIMM has 168 pins
ABDUL-AZIZ

q SIMM pins supports 32-bit whiles DIMM support 64-bits

q RIMM has 16-bit with 184 pins and 32-bit with 232 pins
SIMM

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 SIMM

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 DIMM

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 TYPES OF RAM

There are two types of Random Access Memory or RAM;

They are:
q Static RAM----SRAM
q Dynamic RAM----DRAM

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 DRAM: DYNAMIC RAM

q DRAM requires data to be refreshed periodically in order to

retain the data.
q DRAM is slower and less desirable; average access time is 60
nanoseconds
q DRAM consumes much power; due to frequent refresh
q It is relatively cheaper ; gigabyte of DRAM costs $20-$75
q DRAM has become the mainstream in computer main
memory
q DRAM has large storage capacity
q DRAM require one transistor and one capacitor to store 1 bit
of data
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 TYPES OF DRAM

q ADRAM
Asynchronous DRAM:
RAM is not synchronized with CPU clock
q SDRAM
Synchronous DRAM is a type of DRAM that synchronizes with
the system clock.

Types of SDRAM
q SDR SDRAM
Singe Data Rate SDRAM
This reads/write data one in every clock cycle
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TYPES OF DRAM

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TYPES OF DRAM

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 TYPES OF DRAM

q DDR SDRAM
This moved data twice in a single clock cycle
DDR may include clock speed and total bandwidth

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SDR vs. DDR

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 TYPES OF DDR

ü DDR
100-200 MHz, 184 pins
ü DDR2
200-533 MHz, 240 pins
ü DDR3
400-1066 MHz, 240 pins
ü DDR4
1066-2133 MHz, 288 pins
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TYPES OF DDR

DDR SDRAM
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TYPES OF DDR

DDR SDRAM
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 STATIC RAM

q SRAM does not need to be refreshed, as the transistors inside

would continue to hold the data if the power supply is not cut off.
q SRAM provides faster access to data; average access time is less
than 10 nanoseconds
q SRAM consumes less power
q It is however expensive; gigabyte of SRAM cache costs around
$5000,
q SRAM has less storage capacity
q The most prominent use of SRAM is in the cache memory of
processors where speed is very essential (L1 , L2 cache)
q SRAM is made up of flip flop
q SRAM use 6 transistor for each bit of data
IMAGE OF RAM CHIPS

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SUMMARY OF SRAM VS DRAM

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 THE ROM CHIP

q ROM (Read Only Memory) is a memory that store

permanent instruction that cannot be erased.
q ROM is a non-volatile primary storage device
q Data stored on the ROM is permanent
q ROM data cannot be modified or updated by the user
q ROM contains special instructions that boot and performs
diagnostics on the computer system
q ROMs operate at a much slower speed that RAM.
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 TYPES OF ROM

ROM - Read Only Memory

PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

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 ROM

q The way a ROM chip works necessitates the programming

of complete data when the chip is created.
q You cannot reprogram or rewrite a standard ROM chip.
q If it is incorrect, or the data needs to be updated, you must
throw it away and start over
q They use very little power, are extremely reliable and, in the
case of most small electronic devices, contain all the
necessary programming to control the device.
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 PROM

q Creating ROM chips totally from scratch is time-consuming

and very expensive in small quantities.
q For this reason, developers created a type of ROM known as
programmable read-only memory (PROM).
q Blank PROM chips can be bought inexpensively and coded
by the user with a programmer.
q PROMs can only be programmed once.
q They are more fragile than ROMs.
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 EPROM

q Working with ROMs and PROMs can be a wasteful business.

q Even though they are inexpensive per chip, the cost can add
up over time.
q Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)
addresses this issue.
q EPROM chips can be rewritten many times.
q Erasing an EPROM requires a special tool that emits a certain
frequency of ultraviolet (UV) light.
q EPROMs are configured using an EPROM programmer that
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 EEPROM

q Changes cannot be made incrementally to an EPROM; the

whole chip must be erased.
q Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
(EEPROM) chips remove the biggest drawbacks of EPROMs.
q In EEPROM, chip does not have to remove to be rewritten.
q The entire chip does not have to be completely erased to
change a specific portion of it.
q Instead of using UV light, you can return the electrons in the
cells of an EEPROM to normal with the localized application of
an electric field to each cell.
q This erases the targeted cells of the EEPROM, which can then
be rewritten.
 ROM

IMAGE OF ROM CHIPS

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 TYPES OF STORAGE

THE PROCESSOR CACHE

q Processor cache on the other hand is used by the CPU for
reducing the time it takes to access the main memory.
q It stores data coming from the most frequently used
applications of the CPU.
q During normal operations, the CPU checks the processor cache
before checking the main memory, making the processing time
faster.

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THE PROCESSOR CACHE

q The type of memory used in the processor cache is on the

same die as the processor and far more expensive to produce
than normal RAM.
q Processor cache is substantially faster than the system RAM
and contains information that the processor will be
immediately and repeatedly accessing

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 SECONDARY STORAGE

q Secondary storage device also referred to as auxiliary

storage , secondary memory or external memory refers to
non-volatile storage that is internal or external to the
computer
q Unlike primary memory, Secondary storage is not directly
accessed by the CPU.
q It store permanent data for the computer system
q It stores almost all programs and applications that reside on
the computer
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 SECONDARY STORAGE

q They have large storage capacity at a lesser cost per byte

compared to primary storage.
q Secondary storage allows for storage of data ranging from
some megabytes to terabytes and beyond.
q When power goes off, data stored on secondary memory
is retained (is not lost).
q Storage devices are created using either magnetic or
optical media.
q Storage devices are less expensive than semiconductor
memory.
Storage Technologies

Storage devices are created using the following technologies

üMagnetic coated technology
üOptical technology
üSolid state technology
Magnetic Storage Technology

A magnetic disk is a storage device that uses a magnetization

process to read and write data. It is covered with a magnetic
coating and stores data in the form of tracks and sectors.

Advantages of Magnetic Storage Technology

§ Inexpensive storage
§ Very fast access to data
§ Direct access on any part of the drive
§ Very large amounts of storage space
Disadvantages of Magnetic storage technology

§ Data can be altered by magnetic fields, dust, mechanical

problems
§ Gradually lose their charge over time - data lost
§ Hard disks eventually fail which stops the computer from
working
§ The surface of the disk, can lose data within sectors with
regular crashes
§ Cannot transfer the disk to another computer easily
Examples of magnetic storage devices
§ Hard disk
§ Floppy disk
§ Tape drive
Optical Storage Technology

• An optical disc is an electronic data storage medium that

can be written to and read using a low-powered laser
beam. These drives use Lasers (light) to read information
from disks and in some cases write information to disks.
• Optical disk include CD’s, DVD’s and Blu-ray disks and they
all use a lens to read and write data.
• CD-R, DVD-R, BD-R can be written to once and are then
Read only, while CD-RW, DVD-RW, BD-RW are Read Write
so they can be written many times.
Advantages of Optical Storage Devices

§ Optical discs are portable and can be read on many

different devices
§ Very inexpensive
§ Memory is retained even when the power is turned off
§ Durable and last longer
§ Archived data cannot be overwritten on read only CD-
R, DVD-R, BD-R formats
§ Can random access data no matter where or when it
was stored
Disadvantages of Optical Storage Devices

§ Require special drives to read/write.

§ Compared to other storage devices they have little storage
§ Can be expensive per GB/TB
§ There are compatibility issues with different drives
§ Lack of standards for grading quality and for longevity tests
§ You can write once on read only CD-R, DVD-R, BD-R formats
Solid State Storage Technology

Solid state drives use flash memory to store non-volatile data. Solid
state devices have no moving parts and so are called 'solid state'.
Instead, they use a special kind of programmable ROM memory
chip(flash memory) on which data is stored.

Advantages of Solid-State Storage Devices

§ Startup faster due to no spin-up and they are faster than
magnetic hard drives
§ They have faster launch times
§ They last longer and some are waterproof
§ All data stored can be scanned quickly for security purposes
Disadvantages of Solid-State Storage Devices

§ Solid State Storage devices are expensive

§ Vulnerable to abrupt power loss, magnetic fields, and
electrical and static charges
§ Larger erase blocks make random write speeds slow

Example of SSD storage devices

§ USB flash drive
§ Memory card
§ SSD drive
SSD
 INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

INPUT DEVICES
§ Input devices are used to send data or command into the
computer system for necessary actions to be taken.
§ Common input devices of the computer system include;
Mouse, keyboard, scanner, light pen, touch screen, joystick,
track ball, digital camera, microphone, stylus etc.

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 INPUT DEVICES

Mouse
scanner

trackball

joystick
keyboard DWUMFOUR ABDULLAI ABDUL-AZIZ
 INPUT DEVICES

Light pen
Light pen

stylus
microphone DWUMFOUR ABDULLAI ABDUL-AZIZ
 OUTPUT DEVICES

§ Output devices are used to display the results of process data

for the user to see.
§ Common output devices include; Monitor, printer, projector,
plotter, speaker etc.

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 OUTPUT DEVICES

Monitor
Printer

Projector
Plotter
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 THE SYSTEM UNIT

§ The system unit is a rectangular box that contains

different hardware components.
§ It serves as a rectangular encasing, which protects
other hardware devices found inside it.
§ The basic components found inside the system unit
include:
ü Power supply ü Ports
ü Mother board ü VGA
ü Expansion slots ü BIOS
ü Hard disk ü CMOS
ü RAM chip ü Cooling Fan
ü ROM chip ü GPU
ü CPU chip ü Cables
SYSTEM UNIT

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SYSTEM UNIT

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 THE MOTHER BOARD

§ This is the main circuit board inside the system unit.

§ It is a flat board at the bottom of the system unit on
which most components are mounted.

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 POWER PACK

§ This is a device that converts AC to DC to run the

computer.
§ It is the main source of power to the computer system.

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POWER PACK
 VGA

§ Short for Video Graphics Array, VGA is a standard

display hardware developed by IBM in 1987.
§ VGA connector is provided on video cards, projectors,
computer monitors, laptop computers, and new
televisions.

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VGA PORT
VGA CABLE

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 THE BIOS

§ The Basic Input Output System, usually referred to as BIOS, is

a ROM chip on the motherboard that contain program which
instructs the computer on how to perform several basic
functions such as booting
§ BIOS is also used to identify and configure the hardware in a
computer such as the hard drive, floppy drive, optical drive,
CPU, memory
§ It include instructions on how to load basic computer
hardware
§ It performs a test called POST (Power On Self Test), which
helps to verify if the computer meets requirements to boot up
 FUNCTION OF THE BIOS

POST
This test the computer hardware and ensure no error exist before
loading the operating system
BOOTSTRAP LOADER
This locate the operating system and load it into memory
BIOS DRIVER
Low level drivers that give the computer basic operational control
over the computer hardware
READ SETTINGS FROM CMOS
Configuration program that allows you to configure hardware
settings including system settings such as password, time and date
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CONFIGURING BIOS

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 TEXT BASED VS UEFI BIOS

§ Text Based BIOS uses keyboard to navigate the menus to

configure BIOS
§ It allows user to view information on RAM, CPU, optical
drives, Hard drives
§ Allow user to configure devices, boot order, clock speed, date
& time

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TEXT- BASED BIOS

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 UEFI BIOS

• Unified Extensible Firmware Initiative is a mouse driven

user graphical interface (GUI)
• It allows user to view information on RAM, CPU, optical
drives, Hard drives
• Allow user to configure devices, boot order, clock speed,
date & time
• Contains web surfing capabilities
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UEFI BIOS

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 UEFI BIOS

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 BIOS

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 CMOS

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 GPU

§ Acronym for Graphics Processing Unit, GPU is an electronic

circuit used to speed up the creation of both 2D and 3D
images.
§ GPUs could be integrated into computer's CPU or
motherboard,
§ they could also be dedicated to a separate piece of hardware
known as a video card.
§ By dedicating a separate processor, the GPU allows the
computer's CPU resources to be used for other important
tasks. DWUMFOUR ABDULLAI ABDUL-AZIZ
SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION

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PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVITY

System interconnection is a mechanism used to connect

different hardware components within the computer system.
System component are connected through the following:
• Port
• Cable
• Buses

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 HARDWARE PORT

§ Port is a socket designed to allowed peripheral devices to be

attached to the computer
§ A port is usually located at the external part of the computer’s
system unit
§ Ports serve as an interface for connecting external devices to
the computer system
§ Ports are designed to enable computer systems to share data
and signals with other peripherals
§ Common port include USB port, Ethernet port, VGA port, Audio
port, PS/2, firewire port, game port, DVI Port, HDMI,
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thunderbolt
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DWUMFOUR ABDULLAI ABDUL-AZIZ
 CABLES
Cables are hardware devices used to connect peripherals to the computer
system.
Common cables include:
² Integrated Drive Electronic (IDE) Cable
² Video Graphic Array (VGA) Cable
² Digital Visual Interface (DVI) Cable
² Serial Advance Technology Attachment (SATA) Cable
² High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) Cable
² Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Cable
² Universal Serial Bus (USB) Cable
² Ethernet Cable
² Firewire Cable DWUMFOUR ABDULLAI ABDUL-AZIZ

² Power Cable
² Thunderbolt Cable
 CABLES

IDE Cable
IDE cables were used to connect storage devices or drives to a
motherboard.
VGA Cable
Connect computer system to Monitor, projector etc.
DVI Cable
Successor of VGA and used to connect computer , Monitor, Projector
etc.
SATA Cable
was designed to succeed ATA.
SATA ports is used for newer hard disk over ATA ports.
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Compared to ATA, SATA provides higher data transfer speeds.

 CABLES

HDMI Cable
Successor to DVI and found in New computers, Projectors, High-
Definition TV set
USB Cable
Used to connect all USB compatible device to the computer
Ethernet Cable
Ethernet cables are used to set up local area networks
Firewire Cable
The purpose of FireWire is like that of USB: high speed data transfer
for computer peripherals. E.g. printers and scanners
Power Cable
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Use to connect the computer system to a power external power source

 CABLES

HDMI CABLE

HDMI PORT

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 CABLES

DVI CABLE

DVI PORT

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 CABLES

Thunderbolt
cable and port

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 CABLES

Thunderbolt ,
Firewire
and USB

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 CABLES

Firewire port
and cable

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 CABLES

PS/2 cable

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CABLES

PS/2 Port

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 CABLES

SATA DRIVE SATA CABLE

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 CABLES

IDE CABLE AND PORT

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USB CABLE AND PORT

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FIREWIRE CABLE/PORT

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ETHERNET CABLE AND PORT

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POWER CABLE

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 BUS CONNECTIVITY

A bus, in computing, is a set of physical connections (cables, printed

circuits, etc.) which can be shared by multiple hardware components
in order to communicate with one another.
The purpose of buses is to reduce the number of "pathways" needed
for communication between the components, by carrying out all
communications over a single data channel.
There are basically three primary category of buses
Internal bus
External bus
Expansion bus DWUMFOUR ABDULLAI ABDUL-AZIZ
 CPU

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 TYPES OF BUS COMMUNICATION

Bus communication is achieved by sending bits (control, data, and

address) of data between devices.
These bits are transmitted through the bus in either of the following
ways:
žSerial: Bits are transmitted sequentially along a single path. This
transmission can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
žparallel: Bits are transmitted along multiple paths simultaneously.
Parallel can also be bidirectional.
Note : Serial transmission is quite faster than parallel transmission at high
signal frequencies

121
122
INTERNAL BUS

The internal bus, also known as internal data bus, memory bus, system bus
or Front-Side-Bus, connects all the internal components of a computer, such
as CPU and memory, to the motherboard.
Internal data buses are also referred to as a local bus, because they are
intended to connect to local devices.
Internal bus can be classified into three
üData bus
üAddress bus
üControl bus

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 INTERNAL BUS

Address bus (sometimes called the memory bus) transports

memory addresses which the processor wants to access in order
to read or write data. It is a unidirectional bus.
Data bus transfers instructions coming from or going to the
processor.
It is a bidirectional bus.
Control bus (or command bus) transports orders and
synchronization signals coming from the control unit and
travelling to all other hardware components.
It is a bidirectional bus, as it also transmits response signals from
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INTERNAL BUS

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 EXTERNAL BUS

• The External Bus Interface, usually shortened to EBI, is a

computer bus for interfacing small peripheral devices like flash
memory with the processor.
• It is used to expand the internal bus of the processor to enable
connection with external memories or other peripherals.

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 EXPANSION BUS

• An expansion bus is a computer bus which allow communication

between the internal hardware of a computer system with the
CPU and Memory
• It is a collection of tiny wires and protocols that allows
computer to expand its functionalities.
• Expansion bus allows communication when expansion card is
inserted into expansion slots on the computer’s motherboard

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EXPANSION BUS

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 EXPANSION BUS TYPES

ISA - Industry Standard Architecture by IBM

One of the early types of expansion buses developed by IBM with IBM-compatible
computers. It supported a network card, video card or additional serial ports. It is 16-
bit data bus.
MCA - Micro Channel Architecture, successor of ISA
was IBM's attempt to replace the ISA bus with something "bigger and better". It has
32-bit data bus
EISA - Extended Industry Standard Architecture
It was developed in part as an open alternative to the proprietary Micro
Channel Architecture (MCA) that IBM introduced
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 EXPANSION BUS TYPES

VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association

A local bus standard designed to enhance graphic processing
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
Local bus standard developed by Intel. An improvement on previous bus
architectures. It has 32-bit and 64-bit
PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association (Also
called PC bus)
AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
High speed local bus designed for graphic processing.

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 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

§ PCI is a local bus specification by Intel that standardizes how PCI

expansion cards, such as network cards, modems, video card,
exchange information with the CPU.
§ The PCI bus came in both 32-bit and 64-bit
§ PCI provides the interconnection between the CPU and attached
devices.
§ The plug-and-play functionality of PCI enables the host to easily
recognize and configure new cards and devices
§ The number of PCI slots depend on the manufacturer and model of
the motherboard.
§ To connect a PCI card to a computer, the motherboard must have a
PCI slot 133
 Peripheral Component Interconnect

PCI standard encompasses the following

PCI bus
Is a local bus standard that allows PCI compliant to communicate with the CPU
PCI slot
Is used to expand the capabilities of the computer system by allowing devices to be plug
into it
PCI device
A PCI device is any piece of computer hardware that plugs directly into a PCI slot on a
computer's motherboard
PCI device driver
Is an interface software that allow the device controller to communicate with the host
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 EXPANSION SLOT

§ An expansion slot is an engineered approach used to create a

port on the motherboard where expansion cards or adapters are
inserted to add capabilities to the computer
§ Most desktop computers come with a set of expansion slots
which ensure that the computer has room for expandability in
the future.

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EXPANSION SLOT

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PCI SLOT ON THE MOTHERBOARD

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 EXPANSION CARD

§ An expansion card or interface card or adapter is a circuit

card/board that is designed to provide expanded functionality to a
computer.
§ It is plugged into one of the computer’s expansion slot on the
motherboard of a computer.
§ Cards may come in one of two sizes designed to match standard slot
dimensions.
Example of adapters include:
• Video card
• Sound card
• Modem
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• Network card
PCI DEVICES

PCI ETHERNET CARD

PCI SOUND CARD

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PCI DEVICES

PCI VIDEO CARD

PCI MODEM

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SOUND INTERFACE CARD

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NETWORK INTERFACE ADAPTER

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 PCI EXPRESS

§ PCI used parallel expansion standard

§ Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe or PCI-E) is
a serial expansion bus standard for connecting a computer to
one or more peripheral devices.
§ It is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard,
designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus
standards.

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PCI-E SLOT

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PCI-E SLOT

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 IDE/ATA INTERFACE TECHNOLOGIES

² This stands for Integrated Drive Electronics/ Advance Technology Attachment

² IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) is a standard electronic interface developed by
IBM used between a computer motherboard's data paths or bus and the
computer's disk storage devices.
² IDE was adopted as a standard by ANSI and named it Advanced Technology
Attachment (ATA).
² With IDE the interface electronics or disk controller is built into the drive and is
not a separate board.
² The primary purpose of the hard disk controller, or interface, is to transmit and
receive data to and from the drive.
² ATA is a 16-bit parallel interface, meaning that 16 bits are transmitted
simultaneously down the interface

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40 PIN- IDE PORT ON THE MOTHERBOARD

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IDE/ATA HARD DISK

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IDE/ATA CD DRIVE

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SATA: SERIAL ATA

§ This is a standard hardware interface for connecting hard drives,

solid state drives (SSDs) and optical drives (DVD drives, CD drives)
to the computer.
§ SATA is the faster serial version of the parallel ATA (PATA)
interface.
§ Both SATA and PATA are "integrated drive electronics" (IDE)
devices, which means the controller is in the drive, and only a
simple circuit is required on the motherboard.
§ SATA storage devices can transmit data to and from the rest of the
computer over twice as fast as an otherwise similar PATA device.
§ Serial ATA also has the benefit of cheaper cable costs and the
ability to hot swap devices.
SATA: SERIAL ATA

§ SATA transfer speeds are more than twice as fast as PATA.

§ 133 MB/s is the fastest transfer speed possible with PATA
devices, whereas SATA maxes out at 600 MB/s.
§ Even SATA's slowest speed is 150 MB/s, which is still faster
than the maximum speed that can be accomplished through
PATA.

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SATA PORT ON THE MOTHERBOARD

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SATA PORT ON THE MOTHERBOARD

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SATA CABLES

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SATA HARD DISK

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SATA HARD DISK

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 E-SATA

E-SATA (EXTENDED SATA)

²External serial advanced technology attachment (eSATA) is a bus interface
for connecting external storage devices.
²It is an extension of the serial advanced technology attachment (SATA or
serial ATA) standard.
²It is designed to enable the SATA drive to be attached externally.

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E-SATA

159
 E-SATA

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E-SATA

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E-SATA

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 E-SATA

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 E-SATA

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SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM INTERFACE(SCSI)

² The Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a parallel interface standards

developed by ANSI used to attach peripherals to computers
² It's a fast bus that can connect lots of devices to a computer at the same time,
including hard drives, scanners, CD-ROM/RW drives, printers and tape drives.
² One of the benefits of SCSI interfaces is that multiple devices could be chained
together to a single port.
² It can support up to 7 or 15 devices.

Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is a point-to-point serial protocol that has replaced
the older Parallel SCSI

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SCSI CABLE

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SCSI CABLE

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 SCSI DISK

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 SCSI PORT

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SCSI PORT

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SCSI CABLE

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