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Maths 2

[Link] CSE 2ND year (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)

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, . .. . CONTENTS .
i __

i I KAS 203: MATHEMATICS - II I

I UNIT-I: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (1-1 F to 1-41 F)
Linear differential equation of nth order with constant coefficients,
I Simultaneous linear differential equations, Second order linear
1 differential equations with variable coefficients, Solution by
changing mdependentvariable, Reduction of order, Normal fonn,
l- Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy-Euler equation, Series
solutions (Frobenius Method).
i
I UNIT-2 : MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS-II (2-1 F to 2-25 F)
hnproper integrals, Beta & Gama function and their properties,
j Dirichlet's integral and its applications, Application of definite
I intE:!gralsto evaluate surface areas and volume of revolutions.

UNIT-3 : SEQUENCES AND SERIES (3-1 F to 3-26 F)

I,
!
Definition of Sequence .and series with examples, Convergence of
sequence and series, Tests for convergence of series, (Ratio test; D'
Alembert's test, Raabe's test). Fourier series, Half range Fourier sine
\ and cosine series.
\
UNIT-4: COMPLEX VARIABLE-DIFFERENTIATION (4-1 F to 4-27 F)
Limit, Continuity and differentiability, Functions of complex
. variable, Analytic functions, Cauchy- Riemann equations (Cartesian
and Polar form), Harmonic function, Method to find Analytic
functions, Conformal mapping, Mobius transfonnation and their
properties.

UNIT-5 : COMPLEX VARIABLE-INTEGRATION . (5-1 F to 5-32 F)

Complex integrals, Contour integrals, Cauchy- Goursat theorem,
Cauchy integral formula, Taylor's series, Laurent's series,
.1
Liouvilles's theorem, Singularities, Classification of Singularities,
zeros of analytic functions, Residues, Methods of residues,
Cauchy Residue theorem, Evaluation of real integrals of the type

r:" {(cos e, sin e) de and ] {(x)dx .

. SHORT QUESTIONS (SQ-IF to SQ-22F)

No Previous papers are attached because Unit 1 & 3 are from old
Engineering Mathematics-II syllabus. Unit 2 is from old Engineering
Mathematics-I syllabus and Unit 4 & 5 are from old Mathematics-III
syllabus.

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1-2 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations

Differential Equations.
CONCEPT OUTLINE

Differential Equation: An equation involving derivatives of one or

more dependent variables With respect to one or more independent
variables is called a differential equation. .

For example, = ax + by
(l-x 2
) (l-y)dx = xy(l + y)dy

dy = sec (x + y)
dx .
Order of a Differential Equation : The order of a differential·
equation is the order of the highest derivative involved in a differential
equation.
4 2
For example, -4-d x + --2
d x + (dxJ5
_.- = e 5 IS. of 4 th order.
dt dt dt
Degree of a Differential Equation: The degree of a differential
equation is'the power of the highest derivative which occurs in it, after
the differential equation has been made free from radicals and fractions
as far as the derivatives are concerned.

4 2
d x + -2-
For example, -4-
d x + (dx)5
-d = e', is offirst degree.
dt dt t
Linear Differential Equation: A linear differential equation is an
equation in which the dependent variable and its derivatives appear
only in the first degree.
2
. d d
For example, -----.2'.+
2
2_ 9y
= 4x 2 -7
dx dx
The above equation is called a LDE (linear differential equation) with

I constant coefficients .

I
1-1 F (SeIn-2) ft
p
\I

'.'

1\,,'
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1-4 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations

Mathematics - II 1-3 F (Sem.-2)
This expression may be written as
_ Write the procedure to find [Link]:tary function. CF = CIe=(cos J3x+ C z )
or CF = Gte= (sin l3x + C z )
Case IV: If the AE has irrational roots say
Following are the steps to find complementary function:
Step I : Put the RHS of the given equation equals to zero. i.e., a. ±.jP , where f3 is positive
f(D) y = 0
Z
Then, CF = -e=(C l cosh.Ji3 x+ Gzsinh Jf3 x)
Step II : Replace D, d z D Z and so on i.e., convert the given
"'=i
dx dx .... Explain the method to find out the particular integral
equation in syrrlbolic form.
when the function in RHS is e ax , f(a) =F 0 and e ax , f(a) = O.
Step III: Make an auxiliary equation replacingD by m.
e.g., (DZ + 4D + 7) = 0 then its auxiliary equation is

,
m Z + 4m + 7 = 0 A Case I:
Step IV: Find the roots of auxiliary equation (AE), CF will depend upOn When RHS function is ea.<, f(a) =F 0,
:i{
the type of root. >& -1
Then PI,: -- e ax
Case I: If all roots of the AE are real and distinct say ml' m 2 , •••• , m n , f(D)
l Now replace D by a so PI will be,
Then, CF = C1e"'t x
+ Cze"'?-x + ..... + Cne rnnx
e ax
:&
Where Cl' C z ' .... , C n are constants. f(a)
Case II : If roots of AE are real and equal say Iff(a) = 0, it will be a case offailure.
B. Case II:
m = °m z = m n = m (say).
1 When RHS of function is ea.<, f(a) = 0,
Then, CF = (C 1 + C,x + Cax z + ..... + Cnx n) e mx
e ax
If some roots are equal, others are distinct say Then, PI=
f(D)
rn=m=m=m
1 Z a 0

xe=
and m 4 , m s ' .. -., m n Now, PI=
f'(D)
Then, CF = (C 1 + C,x + C0 Z ) em.< + C 4e m4;< + C 6e msx + ... + Cne mnx
Multiply with x and differentiate denominator once.
Case III : If the roots of AE are complex say Again if, f '(a) = 0 then, continue to multiply with x and differentiate
m = a. ± ill, then denominator,

C F -- C Ie (a+i/.l)x + C'ze (u-iJl)x e ax n

PI =x fnta)
or CF = CIe CLx e iJlx +Czecxxe-iJlx
What is the procedure to find particular integral when
CF = C le ox (cos l3x + i sin l3x) + Cze= (cos l3x - i sin l3x)
the RHS function is either sin ax, cos ax while f(- a 2 ) "" 0, or sin ax,
CF = eUX(C l +C z ) cos l3x +ie=(C l -C z ) sin l3x cos ax while f(- a 2 ) = O?

CF = eUX[A cos l3x + iB sin l3xl

or changing the constants Case I: When function is sin ax or cos ax and f(- a 2 ) "" O.
CF = e= <CI cos fh + C z sin f3x) PI = sin ax
f(Dz)

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Mathematics - II 1-5 F (Sem.-2) 1-6 F (Sem-2) Differential Equations

or PI = cosax .! _.! DJ _.! (D + 4) cos 4x

f(D2) 2 4 4 4 4 8 (D 2 - 16)
In both cases replace D 2 by - a 2 but f(- a)2 *- O. If after replacing D2 by
- a 2 any term of D exist in denominator then, multiply the operator by [x4 41J 8(- 161 -16) + cos 4x
-1
2
--- - (D 4)
its conjugate, again D2 by -a 2. Terms of D in numerator stands for
differentiation of function. - - -IJ + --
= -1[x 1 [- 4 sm. 4x + 4 cos 4xl
Case II : When function is sin ax or cos ax and f(-a 2 ) = 0, 2 4 4 256
Complete solutioIi is
PI = sinax
f(D2)
= x sinax
f'(-a 2 ) Y = C 1 +'C 2 e - 4x 1[x IJ 1 .
+ -
2
- - -
4. 4
+ -- [- 4 SIn 4x + 4 cos 4xl
256
Repeat this step again if('(- a 2 ) = o.
2 4x + .! (x -1) + ...!.. [cos 4x - sin 4xl
y = C 1 + C.e - ... (1.4.1)
d y - 8 ··64 .
"",,,""\1,.·,,.'v.!!0i1m\lL,
Solve --2 +4y
dx
= sin 2
2x with conditions y(O) = 0, Now using the conditiony(O) = 0, we have
.,i;
1 1
y'(O) = o. W_••IllfIB. {i, O=C+C--+-
1 2 8 64
7 . .'
C 1 + C2 = 64 .... (1.4.2)
Using another conditiony'(O) = 0, we have
d 2y (
dx 2 + 4y =
2
sin 2x :f y' = - .4C 2 e -4x + .!8 + -±..
64
[_ sin 4x - cos 4xl

... cos 4x = 1 - 2 sin

2
2X] o=- 1 1
+ 4y = 1:. _ ,cos 4x • 2 2 1 - cos 4x .
4C + - + - (- 1)
2 8 16
dx 2 2 2 [ SIn x=-----
. 2 4C = .! _...!
The auxiliary equation is 2 8 16
m' + 4nt = 0
m(m + 4) = 0
4C = 2-1
2 16
m = 0,-4
CF = C 1 + C 2 e - 4x 1
C =-
2 64
(1:. _
PI= 2 2 From eq. (1.4.2), C1 = -6
D(D + 4) 64
On putting the value ofC I and C 2 in eq. 0.4.1), we get
1 (1- cos 4x)
2 D(D + 4) y = -6 + - 1 e - 4", + -1 (x - 1) + - 1 [cos 4x - SIn
. 4xl

II
2
1
D(D+4)
cos 4x ]
D(D+4)
A function
64 64 8
n(x) satisfies
64
the differential equation

1
2
II {II}
4 D D +4
cos 4x
(-16 + 4D)
] d 2 n(x)
dx 2 -
n(x)
= 0, where L is a constant. The boundary conditions

1
'2 l
1 liD
'4 x - '4 + '4 ( )-1] - 1 . cos 4x
2 x 4 CD - 4)
are n(O) = x and n(oo) = O. Find the solution to this equation.

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'1
Mathematics - II 1-7 F (SeD1-2) " 1-8 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations

CF = C I cos + C 2 sin ax ax
dZn(x) . n(x)' _ 0 PI = 2
D +a
1
2 sec ax
-----;jT -
L2 -
The auxiliary equation is ---;:-------
(D 2 -
1
ia) (D + ia)
sec ax
m 2 - -.!- = 0
L2 _1_ [ __1 l_J sec G.1C
. 1 2ia D - ia D + ia .
m=±-
L I
i! _1_ [ 1 sec ax _ 1 sec axJ
"
CF = C 1 e -Yx +
1
CzeYx
1
•g
;j
2ia (D - ia)' (D + ia) .
Complete solution, 1
iI -,- [PI - P2 ]
n(x) = CF+PI
§" 2w

n(x) = Cle- Y + Cze Y

.r x
, ('.' PI:= 0)
i Where,
1
P 1 = ---sec
D-ia
ax
e f e- sec ax dx
i
Boundary conditions are wrong. So we can't solve it further. iax iax

Solve
2
d x
--2-
dt
+ 9x = cos 3t. R!1171Illl!,li",_. e f (cos ax - i sin ax) sec ax dx
iax

a f
e iax (1- i tan ax) dx

d 2x
.#
i eiax {x + i COg:s ax)}
-2- + 9x = cos 3t
dt
(D2 + 9) x = cos 3t
,
j Similarly, 1
P 2 = ---,-(secax) = e -iax {x-£.(log cos ax)}
Auxiliary equation: m 2 + 9 = 0 D+w a
m 2 = - 9 =:> m = ± 3i Replacing i by - i)

CF = (C I cos 3t + C 2 sin 3t)

PI= ---
1
cos 3t
>
%
PI= [e iax
{x + ie Og
c:s ax) } - e- iax
{x ie Og
c:s ax)}J
D 2 +9
1
--xe [(iax -e -iax) +£,(logcosax)(iax
e +e -iax)J
PI = t cos 3t = ! (sin3t) = t sin 3t 2ia a

Complete solution,
2D 2

x = CF + PI = C I cos 3t + C 2 sin 3t +
3 6

! sin 3t
1 [2"£xa SIn ax + -ai Iog cos ax 2 cos ax ]
-.-
2ta
6
[x sin ax + cos ax log cos ax ]
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
2 Solve (D2 - 2D + 1) Y = ex sinx
d Y
-- t,Jijiki2:i'rii':¥""'" .' ···· ....
dx2 + a . = sec ax .'
2 ·Btit);.""
. "".",;, '.-. -,:', .:,; ,-'.-,',
••
Auxiliary equation is,
(D2 - 2D + l)y = eX sin x
m2 + a2 = 0
m = ±ai
Auxiliary equation,
m 2 -2m + 1 = 0

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1-10 F (Sem-2) Differential Equations

Mathematics - II 1-9 F (SeDl-2)

2"1 [ x 2 +5x+ 15J
2
m 2 -m-m + 1 0 = y = CF+PI
m(m - 1) - 1 (m - 1) 0 =
(m _1)2 = 0
C 1 eX + C. 2 eZ:<
1 [ x 2 + 5x + 2
+ 2" 15J
m = 1,1
CF = (C l + Czx)e X 2
Solve the differential equation d ; _ 2 dy + Y = xe x cos x .
PI = 1 eX sin x ax ax
(D 2 -2D+l) .
X 1 .
e smx
(D + 1)2 - 2(D + 1) + 1
xl. x sinx
= e SIn x = e -- d 2y dy
(D 2 +2D+I-2D-2+1) D2 --2 -2-+y = xe x cos x
Replace D2 by - 1 dx dx
Auxiliary equation,

_I
_ex sinx
=
:. Complete solution = CF + PI
y = (C l + Czx)e X - eX sin x.
1 (m 2 - 2m + 1) =0
(m - 1)2 = 0

is
m = 1,1

(D2_3D+2)y';"x 2 +2x+ 1.'

;j CF = (C l + C0)e X
1 1
;; .PI = xe x cosx n
(D-l)2 eX(xcosx)
CD-1)
1
¥_1
,j
"
.... q\ e
x
(D+ 1-1)
2 xcosx

(D2 - 3D + 2) Y = x 2 + 2x + 1 1 [.
e xl
-2-xCOSX = e -
X
XSlnx+cosx ]
Auxiliary equation, D D
m2_ 3 m + 2 =0 = eX [- x cos x + sin x + sin xl
(m - 1) (m - 2) = 0
PI = eX [- x cos x + 2 sin xl
m = 1,2
CF = C l eX + C 2 eZ:< Complete solution is given by

1 2
y = CF+ PI
PI = 2 (x + 2x + 1)
(D - 3D + 2) y = (C l + C0) eX + eX (- x cos x + 2 sin x)

1 I
2" L1 +
D 2 - 3D
2 .
l-l . (x
2
+ 2x + 1)
. Solve the following differential equation

X
2 2 + 2:2 + y = x2 e- cos x.
1 [ D 3D (D - 3D)2 ] 2 .
2" 1- 2 + '2 + 2 ..... (x' + 2x + 1)

--
2 .
l
1 1 - -D + .-
2
3D + --
2 4
2
9D2l (x 2 + 2x + 1)
Same as Q. 1.10, Page 1-1 OF, Unit-I.
(N eglecting higher terms) (Answer: y = (C , + C 2 x) e-% + e- x (_ x 2 cos x + 4x sin x + 6 cos x))

1[2
-
2 .
x + 2x + 1 _. -23
2 2
9 x 2
+ _. (2x +2) + c-
4
J
1[
2" x
2
+ 2x + 3x + 3 + . 9J
2"

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Mathematics - II 1-11 F (Sem.-2) 1 1-12 F (SeIll-2) Differential Equations

;,
]

-
Solve (D2 - 2D + 4) y = eX coS x + sin x cos 3 x. ::1
-1[ 1
2 - (4)2 - 2 D + 4
SIn x-
.
04 1
- (2)2 - 2 D + 4
sm 02Jx
i
;j
-1[ 1 . 4x - --
SIn [Link] 2 x ]
2 -12-2D -2D

Given equation, (D2 - 2D + 4) y = eX cos x + sin x cos 3 x /J

-1 [.--sm
-1 . 4 x+-sm
1. 2 x ]
Auxiliary equation, 1 4 D+6 D
m 2 - 2m + 4 = 0
-1 [- (D - 6) SIn 4 x----
0 cos 2x J
4 D 2 -36 2
m == 1
2 i -1 [- (D - 6) sm
. 4 x----
cos 2XJ
2 ± J=-12 i 4 -52 2
m= --

m= l±i.J3
2
i !
4
[4 cos 4x - 6 sin 4x _ cos 2x
52 2
J
Complementary function is
CF = eX (C 1 cos .J3x + C 2 sin .J3x) I .! [4 cos 4x -
4 52
6 sin 4XJ _ cos 2x
8

I
Complete solution,
Particular integral, PI= PI + P 2 y == CF+PI
PI == ex cos x = CF+P I +P 2
1__ -excosx
2
Y = (
eX C 1 cos
In + C 2 sm ,,3x
,,3x 0 In) + eX -2-
cos X
D '- 2D + 4
i
1;
X 1 cos x i +! [4 cos 4x - 6 sin 4XJ _ cos 2x
e
(D + 1)2 - 2(D + 1)
1
X
of, 4
i
:1
4 52 8

e D 2 + 3 cos x

1
eX---cosx
-1+3
I
X cos x CONCEPT OUTLINE
e --
2
1 SiInultaneous Differential Equation: If two or more dependent
P 2 == D2 _ 2 D + 4 sin x cos 3x variables are functions ofa single independent variable, the equations
which consist of the derivatives of such variables are called
-
1 2
1 2 SIn x cos 3 x
0
simultaneous differential equationso
2 (D - 2 D + 4)
$
.! 1 {sin x + 3x) + sin (x - 3x))
2
2D-2D+4 .
11
- 2·
. 4x - sIn
(sIn . 2)
x
2D -2D+4 .

- 1[ 2 1
2 D -2D+4
sIn 4x - 2 1
D -2D+4
sIn
0 0 2"J
x

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Mathematics - II 1-13 F (Selll-2)

;]• 1-14 F (SeJIl-2) Differential Equations

_'4"""'/iSolve the silllultaneous dt + 5x - 2 y = t,
equation dx
x = _e-3t (- C 1 J2 sinh J2 t + J2 C 2 cosh J2 t)
. t 1
dy + x + Y =0 being given x = 0, y = 0 when t = O. t: + 2e-3t (C 1 cosh J2 t + C 2 sinh J2 t) + - + - ... (1.13.4)
dt 7 49
Boundary conditions .
t1
x(O) = 0, yCO) = 0
From eq. (1.13.3) and eq. (1.13.4), we have
6
0= C 1 + -
(D + 5) x - 2y = t (1.13.1) 7
x + (D + 1) y = 0 ( 1.13.2) 6
On multiplying eq. (1.13.2) by (D + 5) and subtracting from eq. (1.13.1), C =--
1 7
we get 1
(D + 1) (D + 5) y + 2y = - t and 0=- J2 C 2 + 2C 1 + 49
(Dz + 6D + 5 + 2) y == - t
Auxiliary equation, m 2 + 6m + 7 = 0 12 1
J2c 2 = --+-.
7 49
m == =>m=-3± J2 83 >.
2 '$
J2 C z = 49
CF = e- 3t (C 1 cosh J2 t + C 2 sinh J2 t) '-' 83
PI = 2
1
(- t)
t C2.= - 49.J2
D +6D+7

D 2 + 6D
-1 . Now, y= e-
3t
[-
7
cosh J2t - 49.J2 sinh .J2tJ - !7 (t - 7
- 1
7 (
.
1+-- -- ) (t) =- 7(1- 7
1 6D
)t
sinh .J2t - 83 cosh .J2t)
7
x= - e-3t (_
. 7 49
PI = - - %)
+ 2e- (t - .J2t - 83 sinh J2tJ +!.- +
3t

y == e- 3t
(C 1 cosh J2 t + C z sinh J2 t) - (t - *) . .n.13.3) 7 49,,2 7 49

Solve the following siJIlultaneous equations.

dy == (_ C l J2 sinh J2 t + J2 C 2 cosh J2 t)
dt d 2x
dt 2 + Y = sin t
- 3e-3t (C 1 cosh J2 t + C 2 sinh J2 t) - 71
d 2y

- :t
From eq. (1.13.2), dt 2 +x = cos t
dy
x = - --y
dt

x = - e- 3t (- C I J2 sinh J2 t + J2 C 2 cosh J2 t) + !7 Let == D then the given system of equations become

+ 3e-3t (C l cosh J2 t + C z sinh J2 t) D2 x +y = sin t ... (1.14.1)

x + D2y = cos t ... ( 1.14.2)
- e- 3t (C l coshJ2 t+ C 2 sinh J2 t) + i (t - *) Multiplying eq. (1.14.1) by D2, we get
D4 x + D2y = - sin t ... (1.14.3)
Subtracting eq. (1.14.2) from eq. (1.14.3), we get

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"
1-

Mathematics - II

(D4 - 1) x == - sin t - cos t

1-15 F (Sem.-2)
I
•
i
1-16 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations

Multiply by (D +. 3) in eq. (1.15.1) and multiply by 8 in eq. (1.15.2), then

add both equations
Auxiliary equation is
m 4 -1'== 0 i (D Z - 9 +. 8) x == 0
(m z - 1) (m Z +. i) =
m ==
CF ==
0
1, -1, ± i
Cle t +. Cze-t +. C 3 cos t +. C 4 sin t
I (Dz-l)x==O
Auxiliary equation is, m Z -
1 == 0

PI == _4_
1_ (- sin t - cos t)
I m == ±1
CF == C I e- t +. Cze t ... (1.15.3)
D -1
PI= 0
1(.
sm t +. cos t ) == -t( - cos t +. SIn
.)
- t --3 t
J x == C 1 e-t +. Cze t
4D 4

I
From eq. (1.15.1),
x == Cle t +. Cze-t +. C 3 cos t +. C 4 sin t +. !.. (sin t - cos t)
4 By(t) = dx(t) - 3x(t)
... (1.14.4)
dt
Dx == Cle t +. Cze- t - C 3 sin t +. C 4 cos t +. !..
4
(cost +. sin t) +. .!4 (sin t - cos t) or
dx
By == --3x

I
dt
DZx == Cle t +. Cze- t - C 3 cos t + C 4 sin t +. ±(- sin t +. cos t)
By = C I (- l)e- t +. C z e t - 3 lC I e-t +. C z etl .
By = -4C Ie -t - 2 Cze t
1 ( cos .t +. SIn
+. -
. t) +. -1 y == - 0.5 C I e-t -0.25 C z e t ... (1.15.4)
(cos t +. sin t)
4 4
. d 2x I Apply boundary conduction,
From eq. (1.14.1), y == sm t - --2
dt . I x(O) == 6
From eq. (1.15.3), 6 == C I +. C z ... (1.15.5)
Y == - Cle t -Cze- t +. C 3 cos t +. C 4 sin-t +.L(sin t-cost) +. .! (sint -cos t)
4 2 I From eq. (1.15.4), yeO) == - 2 == - 0.5 C 10.25 C z - ... (1.15.6)
Eq. (1.14.4) and eq. (1.14.5), when taken together, give the complete
solution of the given system of equations.
J By solving eq. (1.15.5) and eq. (1.15.6), we get
j
li CI = 2
Solve the following: Cz = 4
H x == 2 e- t +. 4 e t
dx 2
- =3x+.8y
dt y == _ e- t _ e t
dy = _ x- 3y withx(O) = 6 andy(O) =- 2
dt
j
,:j
_ ·dx
;" '" ' .• ·'.·"n Solve-+.2x+.4y
"
=
dy
1+.4t·-+.x-y
3
= _t 2
..,.. ..... " ..,,, dt 'dt 2
1;1'III121o:fai_f=;,.
_, ' ':

_WI.oW"'
w
-dx ==3x+. 8y
&
g
j
... i;.1It'l
dx dy 3 z
dt
dy
,
ij
if -
dt
+. 2x +. 4y = 1 +. 4t -
' dt
+. x - y == -. t
2
-- =-x-3y
dt Writing D for , the given equation becomes
dt
Let = D, so the given equation reduces to (D +. 2) x +. 4y = 1 +. 4t ... (1.16.1)
dt
(D - 3) x - 8y =0 ... 0.15.1) 3 .?
x+. (D +. 3) y =0 ... ( 1.15.2) X +. (D - l)y == '2'- ... (1.16.2)

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\:l

I
F (SeIIJ.-2) Differential Equations
Mathematics - II 1-17 F (SeIIJ.-2)

To eliminate y, mUltiplying eq. (1.16.1) by (D - 1) and multiplying

eq. (1.16.2) by 4, then subtracting, we get (D Z - 4D + 4) x -y = 0 (1.17.1)
[(D + 2) (D - 1) - 4]x = (D - 1) (1) + 4(D - l)t - 6t 2 '- 25x + (Dz + 4D + 4)y = 16e t

I
(1.17.2)
(D Z +2D - D - 2 - 4)x == -1 + 4 - 4t - 6t 2
(D 2 + D - 6)x = 3 - 4t - 6t 2 Multiplying eq. (1.17.1) by DZ + 4D + 4 and adding to eq. (1.17.2), we get
Auxiliary equation is (DZ - 4D + 4) (DZ + 4D + 4) x - 25 y = 16e t
m 2 +m-6= 0 (D4 - 8D - 9)x = 16e t
2
m + 3m - 2m '- 6 = 0
m (m + 3) - 2(m + 3) = 0
. (m + 3) (m - 2) 0 => m = 2, - 3
I Auxiliary equation is,
m 4 -8m z -9 =0
CF = C I e 2t + C 2 e-3t => (m Z - 9) (m Z + 1) = 0 => m =± i, ± 3
1 2 CF = C I e- 3t + C z e-3t + C 3 cos t + C 4 sin t
PI = (D 2 + D _ 6) (3 - 4t - 6t )
1 '
PI = (16 e t ) = - e t
3
--=----e Ot
- 4t 6 t 2 D 4 -8D 2 -9
2
(D + D - 6) (D 2 + D - 6) (D 2 + D 6) x = C I e 3t + C z e- 3t + C 3 cos t + C 4 sin t _e t
... (1.17.3)
= :- + i 1 t + 1 t2
J 6 r1 + ( -
dx
6 6 [1 + ( _ - J dt = 3C I e 3t - 3C z e-3t + C 3 (- sin t) + C 4 cos t _e t

d 2x
- + r1+( - JI t + r1 + ( _ _ JI t 2
3t 3t
dt 2 -- 9C I e + 9C Ze- - C 3
-- CO"
'"
t - C 4 sin t -
et

I
2
From eq. (1.17.1), y
d x
= --2
- 4- + 4x
dx

_ + [1 + +[1-(_ _ + (_ _
I
dt dt
= 9C I e 3t + 9C z e- 3t - C 3 cos t - C 4 sin t _e t
- 4 (3C I e 3t - - C 3 sin t + C 4 cos t - e t )
3 4t 4 2 2t 2 2 2 6t (-18+4+12+2)
= --+-+-+t +-+-+- =t+-+------- + 4 (C I e + C z e-3t + C 3 cos t + C 4 sin t - e t )
3t
6 6 36 6 6 36 6 36
PI"';t 2 +t 3t 3t
=> y = C l e + 25C ze- + (3C 3 - 4C 4 ) cos t + (4C 3 + 3C 4 ) sin t - e t ... (1.17.4)
So, x = C I e 2t + C 2 e- 3t + t 2 + t Eq. (1.17.3) and eq. (1.17.4) when taken together give the complete
solution.
Now dx = 2C I e 2t - 3C 2 e-3t + 2t + 1
dt
a
Substituting the values ofx and dx in eq. (1.16.1), we get
dt I
4y = - 2C I e 2t + 3C 2 e- 3t - 2t - 1 - 2C 1 e 2t - 2C 2 e- 3t

I
- 2t 2 - 2t + 1 + 4t
CONCEPT OUTLINE
1 1
y = _ C e 2t + - C e-3t _ - t 2
I 422
Second Order Linear Differential Equation: A differential

d 2x . dx
---4-+4x=yand
Solve the siDlultaneous
d 2 d
differential

4y =25x+ 16e'.
equations 2
equation of the form + P: +Qy =R is known linear differen tial

equation of second order, where P, Q and R are functions of x alone.

dt 2 dt dt 2 dt
•• ;

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I
Mathematics - II 1-20F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations
1-,19 F (Sem.-2)

Method· of Reduction of Order to Solve Second Order Linear

Differential Equation: ..
dv _
dx - u2 e
-fpdx[fR1u e
fp.u dx
+
C]1

Let y = u be a part of the complementary fmiction of the given

. differential equation Integration yields, v =
I u1 2 e -fpd% [f Ru e Jpdx dx + C1 ] dx + C 2
d 2y dy where C 2 is an arbitrary constant ofintegration.
--2 +P- + Qy =R ... (1)
dx dx Hence the complete solution ofeq. (1) is given by,
Where u is a function of x, then, we have y = uv
d 2u du
--2 + P -- + Qu = R
dx dx
... (2) = y = u I e-fpdx[f Ru efp.u dx + C 1 ] dx + c 2 u
Lety = uv, be the complete solution ofeq. (1), where v is a function of
x.
Differentiatingy [Link],
dy dv du
- = u-+-v
dx dx dx
2 2 2
Again d y = U d v + 2 du dv + V d u
dx 2 dx 2 dx dx dx 2
d2 d
Solve (3x + 2)2 ----{ - (3x,+ = 6x.
Substituting the values ofy, :; and [Link]. in eq. (1), we get dx . dx
2 2
d v du dv d u (dv dU) .
u--+2--+v--+P
2 u-+v- +Q(uv)=R
dx dx dx dx 2 dx dx
.. 2 d 2y dy
2 2 (3x + 2) --2- (3x + 2)- -12y =6x·
d v (du
-u--+ 2 2-+Pu ) -+l--+P-+Qu
dv (d u du ) v=R dx dx·
dx dx dx '- dx 2 dx
2
2 Using 3x + 2 = e (3x Z
+ 2)2 d ; = 9D(D - 1)y and (3x + 2) dy T 3Dy,
2-+Pu ) -dv =R
d v (du ,

u--+ dx dx
dx 2 dx dx
we get
2
d v
dx 2
du +
U dx
dv
dx
R
u
p) 9D(D - l)y - 3Dy - 12y = 2(e z - 2)

... (3)
(9D2 - 9D - 3D - 12)y = 2(e z - 2)

dv d 2v dp The auxiliary equation is

Put - =p then --2 9m 2 - 12m - 12 = 0
dx ' dx dx

Now eq. (3) becomes,

dp (2
du )
dx + -;; dx + P P
R
=-;; ... (4)
(m - 2) ( m + =0
Eq. (4), is a linear differential equation of first order inp and x. 2
m = 2--, 3
f(2 ,p)dx fPdxJ 2 fPdx
Therefore, the complementary function is
IF=e u = =e" =ue
Solution of eq. (4) is given by -2z
CF = C 1 e 2z + C 2 e ""3
pu 2 e. f P <Ix -- fR u 2 ef P dx dx + C 1
U and PI = 1 2(e Z -2)
Where C 1 is an arbitrary constant of integration. 9D 2 -12D+ 12

= - 1 e f P dx [f R ue f l' dx d x+ C 1 ] .
e0 }
P-2
U. f 2
{
1
2
9D -12D -12
eZ-2
2
9D -12D -12
i

•
f!
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I
Mathematics - II 1-21 F (Se.ll1-2) I 1-22 F (Se.ll1-2) Differential Equations

= 2 1 ef-4-_1 2e z
--+-
-15 3
1
I and
d 2y d (dY )' d (dY dZ)
The solution is Y
9 - 12 -12
= CF+PI
0 - 0 -12
I dx 2 dx dx = dx dz dx
2

I
-2z 1 2 = d 2Y (dz)2 + dy.d z
Y = Ce2z+Ce 3 +- __ e z
I 2 3 15 dz 2 dx dz dx 2
Using, z = 10g(3x + 2), we get Substituting the values of dyldx and d 2y I dx 2 in eq. (1.20.1), we have
- 2 log (3x + 2)
Y = CIe2log (3x + 2) +C e 3 +.!. _ (3x+2)
2
( dz)2 d2y2 +(d z2 + P dZ) dy + Qy =R
2 3 15 dx dx dx dx dz
1 2 _ iii
C I (3x + 2)2 + C 2 (3x + 2)
+ - - -(3x + 2) 213 d 2y dy
. 3 15 m --2 +P1-+QlY =RI ... 0.20.2)

I
C l and C 2 are arbitrary constants of integration. dz dz
2
_ Solve ((2 y + dy = 12 log x d z +p dz

-
2
. ..• "dx 2 X dx . x2 Where
,
P
1
= dx dx
(dzldx)2'
!1

Given equation may be written as

I . Q
Q I = (dz I dX)2 R 1 = (dz I dx)2
R

I
I

2
PI' QI' and R I are functions of x but may be expressed as functionS ofz
2 d d by the given relation between z and x.
x +x = 12 log x
Here, we choose z to make the coefficient of dy I dx zero, i.e.,
or (D(D - 1) + D) y = 12z (Let, z = log x) PI = 0
D2y = 12z 0; and
Auxiliary equation is, m 2
= 0 2
d z + pdz
f =0
m = 0,0 I! dx 2 dx
CF = (C l + C 2 z) eO. =Cl + C2Z or
d 2 z I dx 2
=-P
ii dzldx
1 1
PI= -212 z 12 - 2 z = 12- = 2z3 Integrating, we get
D D 6
Complete solution, y = CF+PI
dz
In dx = -f Pdx
y = C l + C 2 Z + 2z3
dz
Y = C l + C 2 10g x + 2 (log X)3
ljj dx
= e- fPdx
...
·. .
»;<;"'1:'<
Write the procedure for solving the linear differential
Integrating again, we get
z = J e- f Pdxdx
equation by changing the independent variable. Now, eq. (1.20.2) reduces to
d 2y
dz 2 + QlY =Rl
Let the given differential equation is Which can be solved easily provided Q l comes out to be a constant or a
il
constant multiplied by 1/z 2. Again if we choose z such that,
d 2y dy
dx2 + P dx + Qy = R ... 0.20.1)
QI = Q 2 == a 2 (Constant)
(dzl dx)'
Let the independent variable be changed from x to z and z = rex)
dy = dy dz
dx dz dx
a2c:r = Q

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I
Mathematics - II 1-23 F (SeD1-2) I 1-24 F (SeD1-2) Differential Equations

dz
u- JQ 2 sin 2 x (dz) dz .
dx Choose Q I = 2, i.e., 2 = (:=) 2 ,=? dx
2 . 2
= SIn x =:> dx = SIn x
az= [Link]
Then eq. (1.20.2) reduces to z = -cosx
2 2
d y dy 2 d z
x---+P,-+uy -R -- = COSX
dx 2 1 dz - I
dx 2
III
Which can be solved easily provided PI comes out to be a P = COS X + (3 sin x - cot x) sin x
Now,
Solve by changing the'independent variable :' I sin 2 x
2 COS X + 3 sin 2 x - cos:x:. sin x
d y +(3sinx-cotx) dy +2ysin2x=e-cosxsin2x _______ x
dx 2 dx =3
__ 4 :lf;
i sin 2 x
e- COSX sin 2 x
RI = :::: e- cosx
sin 2 x
y" + (3 sinx -cotx)y' + 2y sin 2 x =e-<:O'x sin 2 x d2
d + 2y = e--eo,x
Changing independent variable . --.1'.. + 3i
dz 2 dz
z = fix)
2 d 2y dy
dy = dy dz, d y = (dY dz) =
2
(dY ) dz + d z , -- + 3-- + 2y
dz2 dz
= e -z
dx dz dx dx 2 dx dz dx dx dz dx dx 2
Auxiliary equation is m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0
2
(dy),(dz) (dz) + d z m = -1,-2
dz dz dx dx ·dx 2 CF = CIe- z + C 2 e-Zz
2 2 1 Z

i*
d y (dz)2 + dy d z PI= 1 e ------e
dz 2
dx dz dx 2 , (D + 2) (D + 1) D 2 + 3D+ 2
Now from given equation, Put, D =-1

I!
2 2 1
___ e z -e
Z
d y (dz)2 d z. dy dz. .
-- 2 -- +--+(3slnx-cotx)-- +2'\Jsln2x=e-cosxsln2x
dz dx dx 2 dz dx '-" 1+3+2 6
. dy dz e Z + C e- Z + e- Z = C e--eos x
d2 d 2z (3 SIn x - cot x) -d' dx 2 sin 2 x . ... Complete solution = CF + PI = C I 2 I
---.1:'. + __ + + Y = e--eos x sln 2 x 6

dz
2
dx
2
(
Z

'C::f I + C e--eosx + e-cosxl6

2

This can be written as I

d 2y dy
dz2' + PI dz + QIY = R I
;
d 2 y. dz
_ .. + (3 sm x - cot x) --
dz 2 . dx
I
Where, PI = f
(:f (.

*
= 2sin 2 x R = e-cosxsin2x
I
Q (dz / dx)2' I (dz / dx)2

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Mathematics - II 1-25 F (Sem.-2)

1-26 F (SeDl-2) Differential Equations
•• How can we solve differential equation
.
by [Link]
2
the first derivative or converting in nOrInal form. ? or --+Xv=Y
d v·
2 )
..*,,dQ
dx
1 dP 1 2
Where X=Q-----P
A part of the complementary function is needed to find the complete 2 dx . 4 ... (I.22.3)
solution, it is not always possible to f"md an integral belonging to CF in and Y = R elf2fpdx
such cases, we reduce the given equation to the form in which the term
containing the first derivative is absent. For this, we shall change the Eq. (1.22.3) may easily be integrated and is known as normal form of
dependent variable in the equation. eq. (1.22.1).

d 2y dy . Solve the following equation by reducing into nOrDlal

dx2 + P dx + Qy = R .... (I.22.1)

-
form..
By putting y = iw, where u is some function of x, so that
d2 d
dy
dv du + 2x 2 + (x 2 - 8)y = x2 e- x212 •
udx+v dx 2 dx
dx dx
d 2y d 2v du dv d 2u OR
and --2 = u--+2--+v-- Solve the following differential equation by reducing into nOrDlal
2 dx 2

-
dx dx dx dx
2 2 fOrDl: .
On substituting dy I dx and d y I dx in terms ofu and v in eq. (I.22.1),
1
we get 2

y" + 2xy' + (xl! - 8)y = x 2 e -2.1'

2 2
d v ( Pu+2-
u--+ dU) -+
dv (d U
--+P-+Qudu ) v = R
dx 2 dx dx dx 2 dx

--+
dx 2
2
d v ( P+-- 2
dU) -+
dv
u dx dx
d u
---+--+Q du
U dx 2 U dx
(1
) v
2
P = Rlu .,. (1222)
. .
d 2y
dx
. dy
--2 + 2x- + (x 2 - 8)y = x2 e-x212
dx
Let us choose u such that, . . d 2y dy
On companson With, dx 2 + P dx + Qy = R, we have
P+ =0
udx P = 2x, Q = x 2 - 8, R = x 2 e- x2/2
du P
_. =--u -'!'f2xdr
dx 2 v=e 2 =e 2 =e 2
We know that, u is given by
du = _ P dx
d 2u
...
u 2
u = e- 1I2 lPdx I dx2 + Q 1 U = R 1
..... (1.23.1)
Now, from eq. (1.22.2), we have 1 dP p 2
1 4x 2
2 Where Q =Q - - - - - =x2 - 8 - - (2) - --
d v2
dx u
dP - P dU)
2 dx 2 dx
+Pu du
dx
+QJ u = R e lf2lPdx , 1
Q1 =-9
2dx 4 2 4

R 2 -x'12
2
1 dP
d v [. -----
--+ P ( --u
P) +-
P(-P)
--u +Q Jv = R v
R =
e-;J:'1/ 2
1
dx 2 2 dx 2u 2 2 2
On putting the value ofQ 1 and R 1 in eq. (1.23.1), we get
1 P 2J v=Re 112lPdx
2
d v +[Q
__ 1 dP d 2u 2
dx 2 2 dx 4 . ---9u
2
= x
, dx
(D 2 _ 9)u = x 2
1
Auxiliary equation, m 2 - 9 = 0
m= ±3

V
Ii
ci
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I
Mathematics - II 1-27 F (SeD1-2) 1-28 F (SeD1-2) Differential Equations

CF = C , e 3x + C 2 e- 3x

2 2
PI = _1_ x2 = .!(1- D )-1 x 2 = .!(1+ D ) x 2
D 2 -9 9 9 9 9

PI = - i( x
2
+ CONCEPT O·UTLINE

Complete solution,
.
u= CF + PI = C ,e 3x
+ C2 e- 3x
- .!
9
(x 2
+
9
Method of Variation of Parameters: By this method the general
solution is ·obtained by varying the arbitrary constants of the
complementary function that is why the method is known as method
Thus y= uu = [c, e
3X
+C 2 e-
3x
- i (x
2 of variation of parameters.

..{-
Procedure : First find the complementary function of the given
differential equation.
Using nOrIllal lOrIll, solve: d 2y dy
a--+b-+cy=X
·dx 2 dx
d 2y dy.
--2 - 4x- + (4;r2 - 1) y =- 3e--..2 SIn
•
2x Letitisbe CF=Ay, +BY2 ... (1)
dx dx
So thaty, andY2 satisfy given differential equation let us assume
tilt••
Here, P = - 4x, Q = 4x 2 - 1, R = - 3e sin 2x
x2
Where
.
u
PI=UY,+UY2
and u are given by
... (2)

Let y = uu be the complete solution. -XY2

Now, u = e -! f<-4x)dx = e x2
u =
JYl.Y2 - Y2Yl dx
1 dP p 2
and u = J ,X Yl , dx
Q =Q----- YIY2 -Y2Yl
1 2 dx .4
Putting u and u in eq. (2), we can find PI and then complete solution
= 4x 2 - 1 - -1 (- 4) -- -1 ( 16x 2 ) =1 y = CF+ PI .
2 4
2
- 3 eX sin 2x
Also, R 1
R
= - - = -,3'
SIn
2x
u eX

Hence normal form is, + U = - 3 sin 2x

i_.....
dx
Auxiliary equation, m + 1 = 0 => Tn = ± i
2
CF = C I cos X + C 2 sin x
Apply D1ethod of variation of paraD1eters to solve
1 -- 3
PI = -2-- (- 3 sin 2xl = 2
D +1 (- 4 + 1)
sin 2x
x 2
----f
d
dx
d
+ 4x -.1:'. + 2y
dx
= e"
PI = sin 2x
Complete solution, u = CF + PI = C I cos X + C 2 sin x + sin 2x
Hence the complete solution of given differential equation is .
d 2 y.
2 dy
y = uu = e x2 (C I cos x + C 2 sin x + sin 2x) x --+4x -+2y = eX
dx 2 dx
W(D - 1) + 4D + 2}y = ex [':x=ezJ

_- (D2 + 3D + 2)y =
Auxiliary equation, m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0 => m
CF = C , e- + C 2 e- 2z
Z
=- 1, - 2

1
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g
I 1-30 F (Sem.-2) '" Differential Equations
Mathematics - II 1-29 F (Sem.-2)
t
e
PI =1 ee
z Here, part'ofCF are U = et , v = e 3t .Also, R = ---t
1+e
D 2 +3D+2 Let x = Ae' + Be 3t be the complete solution of the given equation where
(Using General method to find PI) A and B are suitab\e of t.
1 eZ (1 l)e
z
To determine A have
(D+1)(D+2) e = D+l - D+2 e
A = - Rv dt + C = - f
f UV1-ut e e dt + C
t 3t
.
1 eZ le z v (1+et)(3e4t_e4t)
1
l
--e ---e
D+l
J z
D+2
z
e- e ee dz - e- 2z e 2z ee dz
Z Z
J I .
= - f 2(1 + e t )e 4t dt + C = - f 2(e- t + 1) dt + C 1
l

e = t => e dz = dt

I 1 _
Z Z
Let
J
e- z Jet dt - e- 2z te' dt = e--Z e t - e- 2z (te' - e')
"2 !n(e t + 1) + C l
z z z Ru
e-z ee z _e-2z (eZ ee _ee ) = e-2z ee f uV l -

I
B= dt+C 2 '
ut v
Complete solution, y = CF + PI t I
y = C e- z + C e-2z + e-2z ee
2 1
z
f e e
(1 + e t ) (3e 4t _ e 4t )
dt + C =
2
f 2(1 +e 2tet)e4t dt + C
2

x 1 e- 2t 1
y = C 1 (;) +C2 (:2) +(:2)e M -f
2 (1 + e ).
t dt + C 2 = -2 t f F -. -,
dt + C 2
F

-
Using variation of [Link] [Link], solve W 1 1
- (e-t + .1)2 - - In (e-t + 1) + C
4 2 . 2

X
2 d 2y dy
--+2x--12y =0 I Hence the complete solution is
dx 2 dx i x = (e- t + 1) + C l Jet + [ - (e- t + 1)2 In (e- t + 1) + (e- t + 1) + C2 Je 3t

rJ
Same as Q. 1.25, Page 1-28F, Unit-I. !J:
Solve by [Link] of variation of [Link] for the
(Ans'Wer:y = C 1 x 3 + C 2 / x 4 )
differential equation:
Apply [Link] of variation of [Link] to find the
E 2
d y _6 dy +9y __ "'01.
general [Link]
dx 2 dx (::) ".' ",,,' "

2
d x 4dx
---
de
e'
-+3x _ --
dt - l+e t
·u;,·,'_h."
r."\."iill·"'
..•. -'''.; " "'''.''. Il
W
w d 2y dy
---6-+9y =

I
dx 2 dx
d 2x dx et Auxiliary equation,
---4-+3x
dt 2 dt 1 + et m 2 -6m + 9 = 0
(m - 3)2 = 0
el
4D + 3)x = ---t
(D 2 - m = 3,3
1+e So, CF = (C l + CzX)e 3x
Auxiliary equation, m 2 - 4m + 3 = 0 Here U = e 3x and u = x e 3x are two parts of CF
.,N
m = 1,3 e 3x
3t Also, R= -2
CF = C , e + C z e t
X

f
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1-32 F (SeID-2) Differential Equations

1-31 F (SeID-2) ','
Mathematics - II
Auxiliary equation, m 2 - 1 == 0 =:> m == ± 1
Let the complete solution be
y == A e 3x + Bx e 3x CF == C1e z + C 2 e- z == C1x + C 2 ..!.x
To determine the values of A and B, we have
1
Rv Hence parts of CF are x and -
A == - J dx + C 1
uV 1 -
x

,(e7 3X
)
xe
3x Let u==xandv== 1
x
A == f- e 3x (e 3x + 3x e3x ) _ xe 3x 3e 3 >:
dx + C 1 Let y == Ax + B be the complete sol uti on, where A and B are some
x
e 6x I x suitable functions of x. A and B are determined as follows:
A == -J--dx+C
6x
e
1
\ A == -
Rv
J dx + C 1
A == - J'!- dx + C 1
\ uV l -

X e x -1
A == -logx + C 1 1
Ru -J dx+C
B == J uV 1 -
dx+ C z
x 1
e 3x 3x e - 1
e
x , .
-2-
dx +C z -f( -::2) dx + C 1 == 2. eX + C 1
B== fe 3x (e 3x 3x 3
+ 3x e ) _ 3e " xeS"

Ru J eXx
B = x
and B == f uv 1
_ u v dx + C 2 ==
1
-(_y--)
X
(1)'dx
- - -
+ C2
2
1 ," 'x x
B == --+ C z
x eXx . 1 X
Hence the complete solution is J(-:) dx + C 2 2' J.x
2
e dx + C 2
3
y = (-logx +C 1 )e 3X + xe >:,

lil'iIttllill Use variation of paraIDeters IDethod to solve the

- %[x 2
eX - J2x eX dx ] + C 2
== - i [x
2
- 2(x - 1) eX I + C 2

differential equation x 2 y" + xy' - y == x ex.

2
- .!2 x '2 e x + (x - 1) eX C
2
.•' Hence the complete solution is given by

x ... (1.29.1)
y == Ax + B ==
x
(..!. eX + C
2 I
) x + [_.! x 2
2
eX + (x - 1) eX + C 2 ] 1:.
x
2
XZ

C· C2 (1 1)
y" + xy' -y = x e .
X
" y' y ... ( 1.29.2) Y == IX + + -:; e
Y

Here, R = C"
Consider the equation y" + L - Y2 == 0 for finding parts of CF
x x
Put x == e Z so that z == log x
So, [D (D - 1) + D - 11 y = 0
(D2 _ 1) y == 0 ... <I.29.3)
F
tt
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MatheUlatics - II 1-33'F (SeDJ.-2) 1-34 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations

CONCEPTOUTLI NE Put D 2 = -1,

• it 1 .
Cauchy-Euler Equation: An equation of the fonn = Imagmary part of e 2D i -1 sm t
n dny n-I dn-1y n-2 d n- 2y dy . 2Di+I
x dx n + a1x dx n- I + a 2 x dx n- 2 + + an_Ix dx + anY = Q
= Imaginary part of e't (2D i + 1) (2 D i -1) sin t
Where a.'s are constants and Q is a function of x, called Cauchy's
(2Di + 1) .
homogen'eous linear equation. Such equations can be reduced to linear = Imaginary part of e it -4D 2 -1 smt
differential equations with constant coefficients by the substitution
x = e Z or z = log x . . (1 + 2Di) .
= Imaginary part of e't SIn t
3
= Imaginary part of ! (cos t + i sin t) (sin t - 2i cos t)
3
1 (sin 2 t - 2 cos 2 t)
3
2 1
----?
d d
= (log x) PI= 3" (sin 2 t:"'- 2 cos t )
2

.4._
x 2 + Ix i +Y sin (log x).
dx dx
Complete solution, y = CF + PI = C 1 cos t + C 2 sin t + %(sin 2 t - 2cos 2 t)
Where, t = log x
. . ". . y = C 1 cos (log x) + C 2 sin (log x) + ! [sin 2 (log x) - 2 cos 2 (log x)]
x 2 y" + xy' + Y = (log x) sin (log x) 3
This is the Cauchy Euler equation.
Put x = e t , t = logx,x 2
y" = D(D-I)y, and we getxy' = Dy·
[D (D -1) + D + I]y = t sin t
[D2 - D + D + l1y = t sin t
CONCEPT OUTLINE
(D2 + l)y = t sin t
Auxiliary equation, m 2 + 1 = 0, m = ± i Frobemus Method: Following are the steps of solving differential
equation with the help of frobenius method:
CF = C I cos t + C 2 sin t
1. AssUDle y = a o x m + a1x m + 1 + + ... . .. (1)
PI= __1_ tsint 2
D 2 +1 y
2. Substitute froUl eq. (1) for y, d , d -; in given equation
dx dx
= Imaginary part of __1_ e it sin t 3. Equate to zero the coefficient oflowest power ofx. This gives a
D 2 +1
quadratic equation in m which is known as the Indicial equation.

;I.·'
Put D =D + i,
1
= Imaginary part of e" (D + i)2 + 1 sin t
I 4. Equate to zero, the coefficients of other powers of x to find ai' a 2 ,
a 3 , ••• in terms of ao'
5. Substitute the values of ai' a 2 , a 3 , .•• in eq. (1) to get the series
, solution of the given equation having a o as arbitrary constant.
= Imaginary part of e it 2 1 sin t "
!
Obviously, this is not the complete solution of given equation
D -I+2Di+I
since the complete solution must have two independent arbitrary
= Imaginary part of e it 2 1 . sin t constants.

i
D +2Dt

t-';.

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I
1-36F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations
Mathematics - II 1-35 F (Sem.-2)

.. m = 0,-12 ._
Roots are different and not differing by an integer: The general term is
obtained by replacing k by k + 1 in second summation ofeq. (1.31.3).
a (m + k + 1) (- 2m - 2k + 3) + a k+, (m + k + 1) -t:.D = 0
k

-
- (m+ k+l)(-2m-2k+3)
.. ak+l = (m + k + 1)(2m + 2k + ak
Find the series solution of the' following differential
2m+2k-3
equation. Thus, ak
+
1 = 2m+2k+l
ak
Putting k = 0, 1, 2 .

r_
2
2x(l-x)
d 31
--2
dx
d31
+ (1-x) -+ 331=0
dx
1__ t'I'(I.'IIJ 1!:".'f',,'"'. >"[Link]
2m-3
a 1 = -2-m-+-l- aO
(2m-I)
a
2
= a
(2m+3) 1
(2m+l)
2x(1-x)y"+(1-x)y'+3y=0 ... (1.31.1) a=
3 (2m+5)
Dividing eq. (1.31.1) by 2x(1-x), we get
(2m+3)
1 a 4 = (2m+7)aa
y" + 2 y' + 2 (3 y = 0 ... (1.31.2)
x x 1- x) .
(2m+5)
Comparing eq. (1.31.2) with y" + P(x) y' + Q(x) y = 0, we get a
5
= a
(2m+9) 4

P(x) = -1 and Q(x)

3
= ---- At m = 0, a, =- 3a o' a 2 = a o' a 3 =
1
5" a o' a 4 =
3 1
35 a o' a 5 = 21 a o
2x 2x(1- x)
Yl 5
Here P(x) and Q(x) both are non-analytic at x = [Link] xP(x) = .!. and . + asx + .... )
2

x 2Q(x) = are analytic therefore x = 0 is a regular singular point.

_o(
- x a o 1 - 3x + x 2
1 3 4 1 5
+"5 x 3 + 35 x + 21 x + ....)
(1- x)
Let the solution of the given differential equation is 3X2 3 3 3 4 3 5 )
y, = a o( 1 - 3x + -- + - X .+ - X +- x + .

I
co 1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9
y = L ak Xm +
k At In = 1/2, a, = -a o' a?, = 0·, a 3 = 0, a 4 = a 5 = as =
1l2
=0
k=O Y2= (Y)m=1I2 =x a o (l-x+0 )

y' = ak(m + k)xm + k - , Y 2 = jXa o(l-x)

General solution is y = Ay, + BY2
y" = a/m + k) (m + k _1)x m +k - 2
Y =
.
A(1- 3x + _3_x2+_3_x3+_3_x4+_3_x5+
1.3 3.5. 5.7 7.9
..... ) +B.j";(1-x)
.
Putting all these values differential equation and collecting the
like terms, we get _ Solve in series : +x (2x+ l)y'-y=O.
00 00

L ak (m + k+ IX -2m - 2k+3)x m+ k + L ak (m + k)(2m+2k _l)x m + k - 2 = 0 "''''''''''""""

_. .. """".=
.. -== .. =., =""=·,q."="ili%j
k=O k=O
... ( 1.31.3)
Equating the coefficient of lowest degree term x m - 2 to zero.
2x 2 y" + x(2x + 1) y' - y = 0 . ..(1.32.1)
a om(2m - 1) =0
a o '" 0 t x = 0 is a regular singular point.
,
f:

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I
Mathematics - II 1-37 F (Se.m-2) I 1-38 F (Se.m-2) Differential Equations
00

Let, . y = L ak x
m k
+
At m = 1, At m = - - ,
1
k=O 2
00
-2ao -2ao
y' = Lak(m + k) a1= -- a1= _.- =-a o
k=O 5 2
00
- 2 (- 2 ao ) 4ao -2 ao
y" = Lak(m + k) X m+k- 2 (m + k-1) a 2 == 7 -5- = 35 a 2 = 4(-ao)=2
k=O

Putting the value ofy,y' andy" in eq. (1.32.1), we get

00 00
a3 = a3 =
2 Lak(m + k) (m + k-1) +2 Lak(m + k) X m+k+ 1
k=O k=O a - 16a o a _ -2(-ao) _ ao
00 00 4- [Link] 4- 8 ·6 -24
+L a k (m + k)x(m+k) - L a k x m+ k =0 . C [2 4 2 . 8 3 16- 4· ]
kd Th us, Y == 1xaO 1--x+-x ---x + . x ....
;' tlO co 5 . 35 5.7.9 [Link]
mk 1

-_.
/ 2 Lak(m + k) X + + + La k [(m + k) (2m + 2k -2+ l)-lJx m+k = 0 1 -2 . 1 3 1 4 ]
k=O k=O +C2 x- lfZ a o [ 1-x+"2 x -6"x + 24 x ....
00 00
mk 1
2 Lak(m+k)x ++ + = 0 Use Frobenius series .method to find the series solution
k ...O k=O

Equating the lowest degree term to zero by putting k = 0 in second of (l-..r)y" -xy' + 4y = 0
sUmmation,
a o (m - 1) (2m + 1) = 0
a o"" 0 =0
0- x 2 )y" -xy' + 4y
1 Let x+1=t
m= 1 , --
2 t(2 - t)y" - (t - 1)y' + 4;y = 0 ... (1.33.1)
Roots are different and their difference is not an integer. Dividing eq. (1.33.1) by t(2 - t), we get
Th us, -1 (t -1)
"_ ,+ 4 _ 0
y.= G 1(y)m=1 + G 2 (y)m =2 t(2-t) Y
y t(2-t) Y - ... (1.33.2)
Equating·the general terms, Comparing eq. 0.33.2) withy" + P (t) y' + Q (t) y == 0
2a k (m + k) + a k + 1 (m + k) (2m + 2k + 3) = 0 - (t-1) . 4
P(t) = and Q(t) =--
- 2ak t(2-t) t(2-t)
a k +1 = (2m + 2k + 3) t = 0 is a singular point for the given differential equation.
Putting k == 0, 1, 2, ... 00
m k
-2ao
Let, y == '"
L.." a k t + •
IS a so I u t'Ion
a 1 = k=O
2m+3
y' = Lak(m+k)t m+k- 1
a2 =
(2m + 5) y" == L ak (m + k)(m + k _1)t m +
k- 2

From eq. (1.33.1),

= -2az and so on
a 3
(2m + 7) t(2 - t) Lak(m + k) (m + k - 1) F + k - 2 - (t - 1) L ak(m + k) t m + k - 1

3 +4 L akt m + k = 0
,
2 L ak(m + k) (m + k - 1) t m + k- 1_ Lak(m + k) (m + k _ l)tm + k

1
(
0:

1
I
e
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Mathematics - II 1-39 F (Sem.-2) 1-40 F (Sem.·2) Differential Equations

_ L:ak(m + k) t m + k + L:ak(m + k) t m + k -
l + 4 L:a t m + k =0
k _ Find the Frobenius series solution of the follow-ing

-
k
Lak(m + k) (2m + 2k-2 + 1)F+ k - l - 2:a k [(m + k)(m + k)-4]F+ = 0 differential equation about x = o.
k
Lak(m + k) (2m + 2k _1).t m + k - l _ Lak(m + k+ 2) (m + k - 2)F+ = 0
+ 7x(x+ 1)y' -3y= O.
. ...(1.33.3)
Putting k =0 in lowest degree term, t m ·- I
a om(2m - 1) = 0
2x 2 y" + 7x(x + 1) y' - 3y = 0 ... (1.34:1)
ao "" 0 x = 0 is a regular singular point.
:. m = 0,1/2 .
-Putting k = k + 1 in first sUmmation and k = k in second summation of ro
m k
eq. (1.33.3) Let, y = L ak x +
k=O
ak+I (m + k + 1) (2m + 2k + 1) - ak(m + k + 2) (m + k - 2) = 0
",.

a _ (m + k + 2) (m + k - 2) a y' = La k (m + k) X
m k I
+ -
k+l - (m + k + 1) (2m + 2k + 1) k k-O
Putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... '" mk 2
y"= Lak(in + k)X + - (m + k-1)
(m + 2) (m - 2) (m + 3) (m - 1) . (m + 4)m . k-O
a a,a= a,a=. "a
1 (m+ 1)(2m +1) 02 (m+2)(2m+3) 1.3 (m+3) (2m + 5) 2- Putting the value ofy,y' andy" in eq. (1.34.1), we have
At m = 0, At m = 1/2, 2x
2 '"
Lak(m + k)(m+ k -i)
'"
X m + k- 2 + 7x 2 Lak(m +k) X m + k- I
-4 5 k-o k-O
al =T ao =-4a o a 1 = - 4' a o 00 ro
+7x Lak(m + k)X m + k- 1 - 3La k x m+k =0
-3 7
a2 = 6 a l = 2a o a z = 32 ao ro

2:a k (m+k) (2 m+2 k -2+ 7)x m+k -32>ZkXm+k +7Lu k (m + k)X""k+1 =0

3
aa= 0 a3 = -- ao hO k-O k_O
128 00 00 '"

Thus, y = C I (Y)m=O+C Z(Y)m=lIZ Lak(m+ k) (2m +2k + 5) x m+k -3La kx m +k + 7La k (m+ k)Xm+k+1 =0
y = CI [i:
k=O
akt
m
,k 1
_ m =0
+ C'i [i: k=O
akt
m
+
k
]
m::.:.!:..
2
Equating the lowest degree term to zero by putting k
summation,
k-O
= 0 in first
a o m (2m + 5) - 3 = 0
1 3 5 7 ]
=C I [aO+alt+a2tZ+aata + ... ] +C 2 [ ao(t)'i +a l (t)2 +a 2(t)2 +a 3(t)2 + .... a o "" 0
2m 2 + 5m -3 = 0
= C I [au + (- 4a o) (1 + x) + 2a o (1 + x)2 + 0] +
C [ao(l + X)1/2 + a o (-=--!?) (l + x)'/2 + _2.. a o (l + X)5/2 +..2- a o (1 + X)'/2 + ... J '2
.!
2 4 32 128 Roots are different and their difference is not an integer,
= CIaO [1 - 4 - 4x + 2 + 2x 2 + 4xl + C 2a O (1 + x)1I2
Thus, y = CI(Y)ni =-a + C 2 (Y)m= 112
Equating the general terms,
1 - -5 (l + x) + - 7 (l + X)2 + --
3 (1 + X)3 + '" ]
[ 4 32 128 a k + l [em + k + 1) (2m + 2k + 2 + 5)-3] + ta k (m + k) = 0

= CIaO [1 + 2x 2 ] + C 2a O (1 +x)l/2 . -7ak(m + k)

a k + l = -=-[('-m-+---C-
k -+-1 -)(--"2'-m-+-2-k-+-7)- 3]
5 + x) + - 7 (1 + X)2 + --
3 (1 + X)3 + ... ]
[ 1- -4 (l
32 . 128 Putting k = 0, 1, 2, '"

a - -7ao m
I - [em + 1) (2m + 7) - 3]

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[Link] - II 1-41 F (Sem.-2)

-70.0 (m+ 1)
az =
(m + 2) (2m + 9)- 3]
49ao m(m+I)
[(m + 1) (2m + 7)- 3) [(m+ 2) (2m + 9)-3)

a3 =
-7a z (m+2) Multivariable
[(m + 3) (2m + 11) - 3]
-343llo m (m +1) (m + 2)
Calculus-II
[(m. + 1) (2m + 7) - 31 [(m+ 2) (2m + 9) - 3][(m + 3) (2m. + 11) - 31
1
Atm= 2' Atm = -3,
-7a o -210.0
al = al=
5
a _ -7 at x (3/ 2) _ 49 0.0 -7 x (-2) 490.0
aZ =
z - [(5/2) x 10 - 3) - 264 [(-I)x3-3) 5
-7 x (5/2) 1215ao
a3 = [(7/2) x 12 _ 3 = - 20592 a3 =0
Thus, y = CI(Y)m =-3 + CZ(y)m = 1/Z
Y = C I [a o x-3 x O + a l x-3 xl + a 2 x-3 x Z + a x-3 x 3 ... J
3
+ C z [a o x lJ2 x O + a l x lJ2 Xl + a z x1/2 x Z + a 3 x1/Z x 3 , ..)

y = CI ao x -3 [-1 - 521 x + 549 x

2
+ ... ]

liZ [ 7. 49 Z 1215 3 ]
+ C z 0.0 x 1 - 18 x + 264 x - 20592 x ...

--
,_ Find the series solution by Forbenius :method for the
differential equation (l - x2)y" - 2xy' + 20y = 0

..-
.-..,

Sam.e as Q. 1.33, Page 1-38F, Unit-I.

Answer: y = [A + B log (x + 1») ( 1 - 10 t + 2

45 (x + 1)2 t 2 + (- 35 (x +1)3 + ... ))
-2-
,':

©©©

2-1 F (Se:m-2)

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2-2 F (Sem.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II

Mathematics - II
2-3 F (Sem.-2)

4 5
ro x (1 + x ) dx = x 4 dx ro x9
Jo (1 + X)'5 [ (1 + X)'S + [.- dx
c;o 5-1 00 10-1
CONCEPT OUTLINE fo (1 +
X
X)S+lO
dxJ
+ 0 (1 +
x
X)'O+5
dx

[Link] Integrals: By definition of a regular (or proper) def"mite = 13 (5, 10) + 13 (10, 5)
b ,. = 213 (5, 10) ['.' 13 (m, n) = f3 (n, m)J
integral fa {(x)dx , it is assumed that the limits of integration are
In + 1 = nf;;.
finite and that the. integrand fix) is continuous for every value of x in
the interval a x b. If at least one of these conditions is violated,
then the integral is known as an improper integral (or singular or
generalized or infinite integral). We know that m=Jo e- X xn-1dx
1

Beta Function: The definite integral f x)n-1dx is called

In+ 1 = J e- X
x l
1+!-ldx = I
ro

e- xndx
X
o
o o
the Beta function, where m and n are positive. Beta function is Integrating by parts,
denoted by fHm, n). Thus

IHm,n) = J x m- 1(1_ x)n-1dx

1 In+1= [-x;'e-xJ:-J
o
nxn-1(_e-x)dx

o ro

Property 1 :13 (m, n) = 13 (n, m) o+ n J e- X x"-ldx

Property 2 : Transformation of Beta function is o
nt-I In + 1 = n m
- Jo (1 +x
<Xl

13 (m, n) - x )m+n dx
Prove that f3 (Tn, n) = 13 (Tn + 1, n) + f3 (Tn, n + 1).
Gam.m.a Function: Gamma function for a positive number n is
denoted by In: and is given by

In: = 1 e- X xn-1dx, n> 0 RHS = 13 (m + 1, n) + 13 (m, n + 1)

1 1

f x
m
+
1 1
- (I- X)n-l dx + J x m - 1 (1 _ x)n+l-ldx
o 0
1 1

J X
m
(I-X)"-l dx+ J X m- 1 (l-x)ndx
o 0
1

f X
m
-
1
(I-X)"-] (x+l-x)dx= 13 (m,n)

4 5
.
FInd the value of
fl
12'
ro x (1 + x ) dx .
Evaluate
fo (1+x)'5

m = J e- X
x" I dx

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2-4 F (Se:m.-2)· Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-5 F (SeDl-2)

fI = Je- z
X-
1I2
dx
12 0
1
Let, x =y2. Let, x=
1 l+y
= 2y dy = f
w 2
dx e- Y - 2y dy
o y dx== -1 d
(l+y)2 y
1
-
12
= 2 f
w

0
e- Y dy
2
... (2.4.1)
/3 (m, n) = 1
o ( -- )=-1(-- y·-l
)n-1( ) dy
[ 1+Y + 1 y (1 + .y)2
Similarly,
2
- =
0
2
dy f
w
e- Z
2
... (2.4.2)
-f
co
y
n-l
d
Multiplying eq. (2.4.1) and eq. (2.4.2), we get - 0 (1 + y)=+n y

(m 2
4 f e-(z2+y 2) dx dy == f
1
y
n-l

dy + f
w
(1
y
n-1
+ y r+n
dy
... (2.5.1)
U2) o
Now in the second integral,
o 1

rc/2
Let, y = _1
t
1
dy == --dt
2
t
o (!)n-1
e f y"-l
f (1)
o
o (I + y)""" dy = 1 (1 t =+n -t2 dt
Changing this integral to polar coordinate by putting x = r cos e, -dt = f'
y = r sin e and dx dy = r dr de. J __+t_=_-_'
t)m+"(1 0 (1
y=-1
+ yr+ n y
d

Region of integration is the complete positive quadrant r will vary From eq. (2.5.1),
from 0 to 00 and e from 0 to rr/2. m-1 + x n - l
f f
1 n-l 1 rn-l 1
X
(Ii! 2

4
7r./2
f f e-
co
r2
r dr de
A(
I-'
) -
m, n - 0
Y
(l+y)=+n
d +
y 0
y
(l+y)=+"
d
y f
o (1 + x)m+" dx
o 0

[1 Prove that: /3(m, n) = r(m+n)

Imln
'm > 0, n > O.
4
0/2
f __ e- r
de =2 f
012
de = 11:
o 2 0 0

(Ii! 2

U2) = 1t

f
w

We know that, In: = k" e- kx X,,-l dx

o

To prove that f3 (m, n) =f

I xln -1

(1 ..;::
+ xu- 1

dx .
Replacing k by z, r;; = ZO J
o
e-= X,,-l dx
o
Multiplying both sides bye -zzm- 1

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'"

.-.,
Mathematics - II 2-7 F (Sem.-2)
Multivariable Calculus-II
2-6 F (Sem.-2)

e--Z Zm-l = '" J Zn+ m - 1 e-z(l+x)X

n 1
- dx 1
o We know that 13(m, n) = f x m- 1
(1- x)n-1 dx
Integrating both sides w.r.t z from 0 to 00, o

rr;: J
o
'" e- Z J
zm- 1dz = '" x n- 1
0
{'"J
0
e- z (l+Z)zm+
n
-1 }
dz dx
Putting x = sin 2 a
dx = 2 sin a cos a da

Let. z (l + x) = y f 2sin 2(m-1) a cos 2(n-1) a sin a cos a da

x/2

dz = dy o
x/2
1+x
13(m, n) = 2J sin2m-1acos2n-1 ada
'"
J
rr;: r;Ti = x n- 1 o e- Y (1+
y
m+n-l

x)m+n
dy dxJ
IX)

{J
0

m+n-1d }dX
rr;: r;Ti = J
'" . X,,-l
(1+xr+" 0
e- Y
y y
0 Let,
'" xn- 1
Im+nJ dx
0
(1+ xr+ n
rr;: r;Ti = 1m + n 13(m, n)
r;Tirr;:
Thus, JH m, n) = \m+n
.-----::::
I:
7t/2

Evaluate: cos x
2
dx fo sin P a cos q ada =

State and prove the duplication forlllula.

We know that
'" . = (arr;:2 cos na
= tan- 1"(b)
Jo e - ax X,,-l cos bx dx 2
+ b )n
12' where a -
a

'" Duplication [Link] :

Put
a =,
O 1o x
,,-1
cos b x d x In
= -b" cos -nn
2 ,-R .j; r--
1m m + - = -2-1 h
2 , were
2 2
. posItIve.
m IS
m-
. .
Also putting x" = z so that X,,-l dx = dz and x = zl/n B. Proof: We know that
n x/2
nln
fo'" cos bZ '/ " dz --cos-
nn p(m, n) = 2 f sin 2m :- 1a COs
2
n- 1 ada /
b" 2 o
I(n + 1) nn r;Ti rr;: ./2
or So'" cos (bX '/n ) dx ---cos- sin 2m - 1 a COS 2 n- 1 a de ... (2.9.1)
b" 2 2/m+n = [
Here b = 1, n = 1/2 Let, 2n -1 = 0

10'" cos x 2 dx 1c3 / 2) cos 4

n G n = 1/2
2 .J2 - 2V2 Now from eq.(2.9.l)

0/2
]p+_!
. 2
]<I+2 ./2
f sin 2m - 1 e de
r;Ti [
= __12_2_
Prove that J P
sin a cos a da
q
= o
.. Cl.9.2)
o

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t
2-8 F (SellJ.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-9 F (Sem-2)

Again in eq. (Z.9.1), let n = m

1m 1m

--
1
-- =
zrz,;;:
J
_/2

0
(sine cose)2m-l de = 2 2m- 1 f
"/2
(sin2e)2m-l de _.. • Using Beta and Gamma functions, evaluate JIX>
o 1+x4
o

--
Let, 2e = cjJ
ue = dcjJ
--f1 "
2 2m -- 1
0
(sincjJ)2m-l -
dep
=
22 2m
--J
1·
0
sin 2m - 1 cjJ dcjJ

(f;;;:r 1
dx 4

I,
2 "/2
1=
2m
212m = 2 2m f
o
sin - e de
1

Let,
01+x
x 2 = tan 8
[Using property of definite integral] 2x dx = sec 2 e dO
(rm)2 22m - 1 = f "/2
sin 2m - 1 e de ... (2.9.3) dx = sec e de
2
= 1 d8
212m 0 [Link] e [Link] e cos 3/2 e
From eq. (2.9.2) and eq. (2.9.3),
dx = sin-in e COS--3/2 8 de
rm (r,;;f 2 2m -
1 2
lt l2 1 sin-1/ 2 0cos-3/2 e
1 1 =
2 m+-
2

r;;;: 1m + 2
= -.r;
2 2m -
212m

1
12m
I 1=

1 It/2
1= -
fo

2 0
f
2

sin- 1/2 8cosl/

-

2
e de
de

Prove that
"12
fov2
-.Jtan e de =
'.. lt/2f sinPe cosQ8d8=
!P+l
12-2-12-2-
rq+l]
[ o
"/2
! .,}tane de = !
"12 f
\jtan
(
%-e
)
de
1=

f
"12
.Jcot e d8 (a a
... [r(x) dx [(a - x) dx
) 2 2f1 41"414
=
= .!_1t_ ='!!.J2 => I
4 . 3n 4
=
2v 2
[ •.• -. _1t_
sm n1t
= In 11- nJ
SUl-
4
_/2
2
-- ---
2
_ Using Beta and [Link].a function, evaluate
COS1l2 e sin- 1I2 8 de =
f 2 2 Vi; . .,'.' ,: ;."

o f !l(1:3)2 xS dx·
[1IIIIIIf_.
" .. ...-, ;---$

f3rI r
14 14 =- -1 1 -4
2 f1 2 4
1t
-1t
2 sin-
= .J2 I l1&li
Same as Q. [Link], Page 2-9F, Unit-2.
1t
sin nJ
r
(An swer: I = 3
1 -.r;
14/3
[576)

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2-10F (SelD.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-11 F (Sem.-2)

_ State and prove Dirichlet's integral for two variables.

_ For the function, show that

rmrm
-rm =(2)1/S,J;t.
A Dirichlet's Integral for Two Variables : The Dirichlet's
for two variables is given by,
dx d y= [Link]
integral

If
D
X
1-1
y m-l
Il+m+1 '
a I+m

Where D is the domain x 0, y 0 and x + y :::; a

B. Proof: Let, x = ax
III
rr-
. y=aY
..r;.
LHS=
_
x
(2)2 31 -1
Therefore, given becomes If (aX/- 1
(ayr- 1
a 2 dX dY
u
Where D' is the domain and X 0, Y 0 and X + Y:::; 1
a l +m If
X I - 1 ym-1 dX dY
[ ... By Duplication formula,im Im + = 2!!-1 12m] D'

. ..;:;
(2)113 ..;:; = RHS
a l +m f 7'"
o 0
X I - 1 ym-1 dX dY = a l +m jX
0
I- 1 [
ym
m
l 1 X
- dX'

(2fT /+m

m
f
1

0
x l 1
- (l-x)mdX

I fX
l+m 1 l+m
I 1
- (1- x)m+l-ldX = (t, m + 1)
m o m
CONCEPT OUTLINE al +m ,;====
Illm+1 -a
I+m Ilim

....
m Il+m+1 - Il+m+1
Dirichlet's Integral: Dirichlet's integral is given as,
.. State and prove Dirichlet's mtegral for three variables.
dx Ilim
D
If X
1-1
y
m-l
Il+m+1
d
y= a
I+m

Where D is the dOInain x 0, y 0 and x + y :::; a.

A Dirichlet's Integral for Three Variables :
Dirichlet's Integral for Three Variables :
d _
dx dYZ-c
HI X I - 1 ym-l zn- 1dx dy dz = Ilim In:
Iff
.
D
X
1-1
y m-1
Z
n- 1

Il+m+n+1
D Il+m+n+1
Where D is the domain x 0, y 0, z 0 and x + y + Z :::; 1
Where D is the dOIIlain x 0, Y 2: 0, z 2: 0 and x + y + Z :::; 1.
B. Proof: x +y +Z :::; 1
y+z:::;l-x=a(let)
1 1-% 1-%- y

Therefore given integral becomes f f f I 1

X - ym-l z n- 1 dz dy dx
o 0 0

= j
o
I 1
X - [J ar
0 0
ym-l zn-1dz d Y ] dx

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2-12 F (Sem.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics -II 2-13 F (SeDJ.-2)

r;;;: r;
I
Io X
1-1

Im+n+1
a
m+n d
X
Prove that: Jit 1(2n) = 2 2n - 1 RR> i(n + i), where n is not

Im+n+1 o
r;;;: rn J X I - 1 (1 _ X r+ + n 1-1 dx a negative in1;eger or zero.

r;;;:r;
I 1HZ, m + n + 1)
m+n+1 nlZ

r;;;:rn rzrm+n+1 We know that f sin P

e cos q e de
o
Im+n+1 IZ+m+n+1 = IZ+m+n+1
Let,q=p

-
__ Evaluate I!J (a.x 2 + b y 2 + cz 2 ) dx dy dz where V is the
nlZ

region bounded by x2 + y2 + Z2 1.
21p+1
Io (sin 8 cos 8)P de

1 nlZ
2P f (sin 2e)p de
HIv (ax 2 + by2 + cz 2) dx dy dz, Where V == x 2 + y2. + z2 1
Let, 2e =t
o

Let, x 2 = u, y2 = z2 =
V,

x
W

=.JU, y =.JV, z = j-,-;; --1

Jsin n
P
1
J sin
nlZ
1
1 I
O
rP+ --2-
12-2- +
1

1 1 1
2 P 1
+ 0
t dt = - P
2 0
P
t dt
2 2jP;2
P

And, dx = [Link]' dy = [Link]' dz = 2j-,-;;

= III (au + bv + cw) du dv dw, where V' = u + v + W 1 P

8 uvw 21p+1
2
=JJI!!- u1/2 V -1/2 W -1/2dudvdw+!!.. III u- 1/2 v1/2 w -1/2dudvdw
v' 8 8 Ip+ 1
1 };.
+ III U -1/2 v- lf2 w lf2 du dv dw Ip + 1 = 2
P
I' p +2
p+1 , 2
Let, -- = n or p = 2n - 1
= -aIfI u''-1 v'1_1 w''-1 d u d v d w + -bIII u''-1 v''-1 w''-1 d u dv d w 2
8 8 v
rn 1
+ -c Iff u '-1
2
v '-1
2
w '-1
2
du dv dw = 2
Zn
:t-.!
8 v'

! or Jit = 2 2n - 1 r; r: +

- + ! + .! + 1 8 8 (a + b + c)
_ Find the volum.e and the [Link] con1;ained in the solid

_i
2 2 2 1"2 1"2
1 1[};. 1[ 2 2 2
="2 5 3 1 (a + b + c) = 30 (a + b + c) region in the first octant of the ellipsoid x 2 + Y2 + Z2 = I, if the
8------ };. . abc
222
density at any point p(x, y, z) = kxyz.

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Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-15 F (Sem-2)

2-14 F (Sem-2)

Mass = fff abc u -Yo v -Yo w·Yz k a..rz;. b.J;; c-Jii; du dv dw

D' 8
Volume of the solid bounded by the ellipsoid = 8IH dx dy dz
k a b c If
D ----J
8
2 2 2

D'
UO VO WO du dv dw
.
x2 y2 ;:;2 _
Where D' is the domain,
Let, a2 = U, l]£ = D, c 2 - w
u 0, v 0, w 0, u + v + W = 1
2x dx = a 2 du
adu ---I
ka b c If
2 2 2
U
l
-
l l l
V - W l - 1 du dv dw
dx= 8 D'
[Link]
ka 2 b 2c 2 fi rI fi ka 2b 2c 2
. bdv
Similarly, dy = 2 8 11 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 48

dz = c dw
[Link]
Find the mass of a solid ( :;,) P +( q + c;-r= 1, *he

Required volume, density at any point being p = kx'-lyn-1xn- 1, where x, y, z are all

v= 8fH
8 UDW
D'
pOsitive.

Where D' is the region 'when U 0, v 0, W O'and U + v+ W = 1

8 abc III U-Yo v -Yo W-Yo du dv dw Let us take

8
abc IfI u.v
r
D'
(-abx)P = u or -
ab
x = u 1/ or x = ab u 1/ p p

8 __ W 1
d uvw
d d
8 D'
= v
q
ori=v 1/ or y=bv
llq
U sing Dirichlet's integral,

8 abc
8 abc (.j;)3 = orz=cw 1/ r
8
8\!'+!'+'!'+1 2 2
222 Now dx= -u G-1)du
ab
p
= .± 7t abc cubic unit
3
b dw
Mass = Volume x Density = fff D
kxyz dx dy dz dy = -v.
q

x2
_2 =U -
y2 Z2
= v and --2 = w c (!-1)
dz= -w r
dW
Let, a ' b2 c r

x = [Link] and dx
a du
= [Link]
b (!. - 1) b (-!,q -1) (1 1)
Volume = fffdxdydz= P du-v -;:- dwdv
p q r

Similarly, y = and dy = --!!..-

2);; dv fff ab c
2 -1) 1) du dv dw
pqr
_c__ dw Mass = Volume x Density
z = and dz =

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Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-17 F (SeID.-2)

2-16 F (SeDJ.-2)

fffab cuP
2 (.!- -1) V (!.q - 1) W (1-;:- 1) kx(l-ll y(m-ll Z(n- 1 l dudwdv Same as Q. 2.18, Page 2-13F, Unit-2.
pqr
J
II
2 2 2
Answer: M = _ka__b__c_
f ab2c -1) -1) -1) k(ab)(l-ll ( 720
If pqr

U
l - 1) b(m-ll V (m
(-P- -1)
-q- C(n-ll
(n -1) du dv dw
W -r-

= Hf ab c 2
k(ab)(l-ll
pqr
b(m -1) C(n-l) U(lJp - lip) V(m/q - liq) W(nlr- lir) du dv dw CONCEPT OUTLINE

, :=
kal b(l+m-ll c n
U
(.!--1)
P
(!.-1) W (!-1) du
V q r dv dw Surface of the Solid of Revolution : The curved surface of the
Iff pqr solid generated by the revolution, about the x-axis, of the area bounded
by the curve y := fix), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a,
:= kalbm+lc n
IlIplmlqlnlr (B y USIng
. Di"Wt'·t
nc e SIn egr al UlllJ·t) x = b is
pqr III p + ml q + n I r + 1 '
_ Find the volum.e of the solid bounded by the co-ordinate f 2x ycis
planes and the surface + if + = 1.
Where s is the length of the arc of the curve measured from a fixed
point on it to any point (x, y).
Three Practical Form.s of Surface [Link]:
i. Surface [Link] for Cartesian Equation : The curved
surface of the solid generated by the revolution about the
Put := u, H J¥ := V, = w then u 0, V 0, w 0 and u + V + W =
x-axis, of the area bounded by the curve y = fix), the x-aXis and
the ordinates x = a, x = b is
1
Also, dx = 2au du, dy = 2bv dv, dz = 2cw dw f 2n y -dx
x=a
cis dx, where -ds
dx
= J
1 + (d)2
---1:'.
dx
Required volume = HI dx dy dz ii. Surface [Link] for [Link] Equation: The curved'
D
surface of the solid generated by the revolution about the
= HI8 abc uvw du dv dw , where u + V + W := 1 x-axis, of the area bounded by the curve x = fit), y = <!>(t), the
D x-axis and the ordinates at the point, where t = a, t = b is
= 8 abc Hf U
2- 1 V 2- 1 W
2- 1 du dv dw
D E f
x=
d
dx
d
dx
-
dt
(d)2
+---1:'.
dx
8 abc f2 f2 f2 8 abc. 1. 1. 1 _ abc
1(2 + 2 + 2 + 1)
f7 - 90 iii. Surface [Link] for Polar Equation: The curved surface
of the solid generated by the revolution, about the initial line,
Find the [Link] of a plate which is [Link] by the of the area bounded by the curve r = f(9) and the radii vectors
e = a, e = J3 is

--
coordinate planes and the plane
abc
+ + = 1, the density is given e=p ds cis
f 2ny-de
2
where- = r +
O=u dx' de
by p =kxyz.
and y = r sin e.

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2-18 F (Sem.-2) M ultivariable Calculus- II Mathematics - II 2-19 F (SeID-2)

Revolution about y-axis: The curved surface of the solid generated

by the revolution about the y-axis of the area bounded by the curve
x = f{y), the y-axis and the abscissa y = a, y = b is
y';'o

I 21t x ds
y=a

Vollim.e between Two Solids: The volume of the solid generated

by the revolution abOut the x-axis, of the arc bounded by the curves _ Find the area of the surface [Link] by the revolution of
y =f(x), y = ljI(x), and the ordinates x = a, x = b is the parabola r= 4ax about the x-axis by the arc from. the vertex to
one end of the latus rectum..
j 1t (y: - dx
o
Where y 1 is the y of the upper curve and y 2 that of the lower curve. The equation of the parabola is y2 = 4ax
VolUDle Fonnula for Par8.ll1etric Equations: Differentiating wrtx, we get ... (2.22.1)
i The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the
x-axis, of the area bounded by the curve 'x = fit), Y = ,ljI(t), the dy dy 2a
x-axis and the ordinates, where t = a, t = b is '
2y
dx = 4aor dx =y-
J
a
11)'2 dx dt
dt
ds
dx V.L dx
Y,:(d -)2-
= + 4a =
y2
2

4ax
2
+ 4a = Jx
'X
ii The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the For the arc from the vertex 0 to L, the end of the latus rectum, X varies
y-axis, of the area bounded by the curves x = fit), y = ljI(t), the from 0 to a.
y-axis and the abscissa at th.e points, where t = a, t = b is
o nx2 dy dt
Required surface = j 21t)' : dx
I
a dt
%==0

VolUDle FOnD-ulae for Polar Curves: The volume of the solid I 21t .J4ax
a
-- dx
generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curves X
r == f(9), and the radii vectors e = a, e = 13 [... From eq. (2.22.1) y = .J 4ax I
i. About the initial line OX (9 = 0) is j 3 1tT'sin
a
e de 41t...r;; 1
%=0
(x + a)1I2 dx

1t) 2 2
ii. About the line OY ( e = '2 is! 3" 1tT' cos 9 de 41t ...r;; [(x + a)3/2 8na (2../2 _ 1)
3
y,
iii About any line OX' (e = y) is j3
a
rtT
3
sin (9 - y) de
y
L (a, 2a)
1t
9='2

....
r = (CO) Ok I "X

X'

o .. x The curve r =a (I + cos 9) revolves about the initial line.

Find the surface of the figure so fortned.

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I
-
Mathematics - II 2-21 F (SeIll.-2)

-
Z-;20 F (SeIll.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II

The cardioid is r = a (1 + cos 9) ... (2.24.1)

The equation of the cardioid is r = a (l + cos a) ... (2.23.1)
"(from" e "2
= - -nto e = -n) revolves

I
The cardioid is symmetrical about the initial line and for the upper half The arc CAB about the line
of the curve, 9 varies fro"m 0 to n. 2 "

Now frolll eq. (2.23.1),

dr = -
da a sin 9 9 = n"
"2' Le., t h ey-axIS.
.

Also the curve is symmetrical about the initial line or x-axis.

ds _k(dr)2
-- r + - f From eq. (2.24.1), == -a sin, e
da da
.Ja (1 + cos a)2 + a sin 2 a 2 i y

Ii
2

a.)2(1 + cos a) = 2a cos -

a 9 = rr/2
2

Required surface = f 21t)1 da, where y = r sin 9

2n io"a sin 9 (1 + cos a) 2a cos -92 de

"a2 SIn. -9 cos -e 2 cos
( ... r = a(1 + cos an I C
A X

I
a 2a cos 9 9=-2
1t

io
2
2n - - d9
2 2 2 2
16na 2 r" cos 4 sin de
..._1t
ds = J + (dr)
,---------::-
Jo 2 2
I .
de = va cos 9)2 + a 2 sIn 2 9
2 2
" de
16na 2
[- cos" /
5x-
2]" r" 2 (1.+

2 0
a .)2(1 + cos e) = 2a cos
2
32 2 32 2
Required surlace area
- - na (0 1) = - na = 2 x Surface generated by the revolution of arc AB
5 5
2 fo"/2 21tX _ds_ de
de
[ .. 0 For the arc AB, e varies from 0 to rr/2j

9=n 2a 9=0
41t
" 9
r cos e 2a cos - de ( .: x = r cos e)
A X o 2
"/2 " e
8na io a(1 + cos e) cos ecos - de
" 2

••• Ii 8na "Jro 2 "/2(2 - "2e)(

2 sin "2 1 - 2 sin 2e)
"2 cos "2e d9
The arc of the cardioid r = a (l + cos a) included between e 1 9
Put sin "2 =T :. "2 cos"2 de = dt
n F·Ind Now the limits are given as follows,
nan
- "2 is rotated about the line e = "2. t h e area of surface
When 9 = 0, t = 0 and when e = rr/2, t = 1/.J2 "
generated. - fl/-12
Nqw, surface area = 16 na 2
0 (I - 3t 2 + 2t 4 ) 2dt

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-
2-22 F (Se:rn-2) Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-23 F (Se:rn-2)

32:rra
2
[
3 2t 5
t - t +-
J
lI
.J2
=
96.
t;:;:rra
2

5 0 5",2 The equation of the curve is

_ Find the volum.e of the solid' generated by the r =a + b cos 9 (a> b) ... (2.26.1)

revolution of r = 2a cos 9 about the initial line. The curve is [Link] about the initial line and for the upper half of

_1l11
.
the curve 9 varies 'from 0 to 7t.
:. Required volume

I
The equation of the curve is
r = 2a cos 8 ... (2.25.1) "2
Eq. (2.25.1) is clearly a circle passing through the pole. The curve is
103 - 7t r 3
sin 9 d9

-2 7t I"
symmetrical about the initial line and for the upper half of the circle 8
(a + b cos 9)3 sin 9 d9
7t 3 0 .

varies from 0 to 2"'

- -2 -7ti" (a -+ b cos 9)3 (- b sin 9 d9)
Required volume 3 b 0

f "/2. -3 7tr 3 sm. 9 d8 = -32 1"/2(2a cos e)3 .

2 y
1t SIn 8 de
o 0

-16 7ta 1"/2 cos 9 sin 8 d8

3 s
3 0

_ 16 :rra3 [cos
4
9J"/2 = _ ±:rra3 (0 _ 1) ±na 3
=
8=7t 8=0
3 4 0 3 3
x

o x
-- _
3 b
2: [(a + b cos J"
4
9)4
0

_27t[(a-b)4 _(a+b)4]
3b 4 4

6b
[(a + b)4 - (a - b)4] == ±
3
7ta(.a 2
+ b2 )
ShoW" that the volu:rne of the solid for:rned by the
revolution of the curve r = a + b cos 8 (a> b) about the initial line is .
Find the volum.e of the solid [Link] by the revolution
4 2
of the cissoidy2(2a -x) = x3 about its [Link].
-3 7ta(a + b2) .

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2-24 F (SeID.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II

Mathematics - II 2-25 F (SeID.-2)

Put x == 2a sin 2 e :. dx == 4a sin e cos e de

3 Now the limits of the integral are given as follows,
The equation of the curve is y2(2a - x) == x 3 or y2 == _x__ ... (2.27.1)
2a-x When x = 0, e == 0, and when x == 2a, e ==
The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis and the asymptote is the line 2
2a - x == 0 or x == 2a. Now, required volume
If P0c, y) be any point on the curve and PM ..L on the asymptote (the axis
of revolution), and PN LOX.
= 2n fo
n 2
/ (3a - 2a sin 2 8) .j2a sin 2 e .J2a (1- sin 2 e) 4a sin e cos e de
3 ["/2
ThenPM==NA = OA-ON= 2a-xandAM=NP=y, == 16na Jo (3 - 2 sin 2 e) sin 2 e cos 2 e de
where A is the point of intersection of the asyrfiptote and the x-axis.
[,,/2
= 16na
3
Jo (3 sin 2 e cos 2 e - 2 sin 4 e cos 2 e) de
y

16M 3 [3. -.!:!. - 2. 3.1.1 . == 16na 3 [3n - == 2n2a 3

4.2 2 6.4.2 2 16 16

oK.'. I" .. X
A(2a,0) ©©©

:. Required volume == 2J n(PM)2 d(AMl

"''''j' ... (2.27.2)

X 3/2
Now, AM =y = .j2a _ x [From eq. (2.27.1)]

d(AM)=dy

(2a - X)lf2 X 1f2 _ X3/2 ! (2a - X)-1/2 (-1)

2 2 dx
2a-x
3x 1l2 (2a - x) + X 312 .[; (3a - x) .
-----:cc-----:-;-",-- dx == dx
2(2a - X)3/2 (2a _ X)3/2
From eq. (2.27.2), we get
Required

== 2n [2. (2a _ X)2 .[;(3a - x) dx

Jo (2a _ x )3/2

= 2n C' (3a - X)2 .[; J2a - x dx

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3-2 F (SeID.-2) Sequence: and Series

CONCEPT OUTLINE
Sequence and Series
Sequence: An ordered set of real number a p a 2 , aa' .... , an is called a
sequence and is denoted by (a). If the number of terms is unlimited,
then the sequence is said to be an infinite sequence and a is its general
term. . n

Series: Ifu p u 2 ' , un' be an infinite sequence of real numbers,

then
U 1 + u 2 + u + ..... + un + ..... 00
a
is called an infinite series. An infinite series is denoted by un and the
sum of its firstn terms is denoted by s .
Convergence, and of a Sequence:
If = I is Illite and unique, the sequence is said to becoxivergent.

n_
If lim(a n ) .
is infinite (± 00), the sequence is said to be divergent ..

If is not unique, the sequence is said to be oscillatory.

Convergence, Divergence and Oscillation of a Series: Consider
the infinite series = u 1 + u 2 + u a + .... + un + ..... 00 •
and let the sum of the first n terms be sn = u 1 + u 2 + u a + .... + un
Clearly, sn is a function of n and as n increases indefinitely three
possibilities arises:
i. If sn tends to a finite limit as s" 00, the series is said to be
convergent.
ii. If S tends to ± 00 as n cn, the series LU is said to be divergent.
iii. If s n does not tend to a unique limit as n 00, then the series

is s;rld to be oscillatory or non-convergent. n

[Link] the following sequence for convergence:

n 2 -2n
i. ii. un = 2 n iii. Un = 3 + (- 1)".
u" = 3n2 + n '
3-1 F (SeID.-2)

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Mathematics - II 3-3 F (SelD.-2) 3-4 F (SelD.-2) Sequence and Series

2 11. Here U = n" =_1_. (_n_J2 , ignoring the first term.

" (n + l)n + 1 n + 1 n + 1
L. I'1m (n 2-2nJ = I·1m L-21n == 1/3 w hi c h·IS fi"mte and'
unique. H ence
3n + n . 3 -+- 1 I n Taking v" = lin, we have
the sequence (a) is convergent.
(u,,' "
ii lim (2") == 00. Hence the sequence (a) is divergent.
lim
n-+<X) un J
= lilll
n-+oo (J
_n_ . lilll _n_
n + 1 n-+CI('l n + 1

iii. lim [3 + (- 1)"] == 3 + 1 == 4, when n is even

== 3 - 1 == 2, when n is odd
· (
I Illl 1
1+1I n
J I·
.lm 1
(1 + 1 I n)n
1
=1.-*0
e
i.e., this sequence doesn't have a unique limit. Hence it oscillates. Now since is divergent, therefore is also divergent.

_, [Link] the following series for convergence: Deterlnine the nature of the series:
i.l+2+3+ .... +n+ .... 00
ii. 5-4-1+5-4-1+5-4-1+ .... 00 i.
J2 -
-3--
1 -'- 1 .J4 -1
+ -8-- + -8-- + .... 00
..
11.
,,1 . 1
L..J- sin -
3 -1 4 -1 5-1 n n
•.
' ,. il'-'i;@!'" _
,
i. Here, Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n == n(n + 1) + 1) - 1 . vIn:" [(1,+-1 I n) - 1 I vln:"J
2
1. We have U = =
" (n + 2)3 - 1 n 3 [(1 + 2 I n)3 -1 I n 3]
lim s n == ..!
2 lim
n-+oo
n(n + 1) ---t 00 Hence this series is divergent.
Taking v" == 1 I n 512 , we have

I
ii. Here, s == 5 - 4 - 1 + 5 - 4 - 1 + 5 - 4 - 1 + .... n terms
" == 0,5 or 1 lim u" = lim .j[(I+lln) -l/v1n:"] =1*0
Clearly in this case, s" does not tend to a unique limit. Hence the series v [(1+2In)3-lIn 3 ]
is oscillatory. Since i';, convergent, therefore is also convergent.

I
" "
Test the following series for convergence: 11.
Here u" ==
1.
-;;::sm-;; 1 1[1 1 1
== -;; -;; - 3' n3 + 51 n5 - .....
J
1 3 5
i. ---+ +----+ ..... 00

I
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 .... ]
n 3!n 5!n
2 3
1 2 3 Taking v" == lIn 2 , we have
ii. 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + ....
°
00

1
f
u" == lim
v"
lim
,,_m
1-
3In
r
+ _1_4 - .•.• == 1 *
5!n
J
Since is convergent, therefore is also convergent.
We have U ==
2n -1 1 2 -lin
1.
n n(n + 1)(n + 2) n 2 0+1In)(1+2In)
Taking v" == lIn 2 , we have
2- II n 2-0
lim un == lim
vn (1 -+- 1 I n)(1 + 2 I n) (1 + 0)(1 + 0)
== 2, which is finite and non zero.
Hence, both LU and LV converg" or diverge together but LV == L1/n 2 is
known to be Hence LU" is also convergent. '

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!lathematics - II 3--5 F (Sem.-2) Sequence and Series

1. Ratio test fails when A = 1.

_ Discuss in detail about D' [Link]'s test or ratio test. 2. This test makes no reference to the magnitude of u ,Iu but concerns

- --
give its [Link]. only with the limit of this ratio. n+ n

Test for convergence of the following series:

2 6
.. D'[Link]'s Test or Ratio Test: 1 x x"" x
In a positive term series n
, if I:u i. [Link] + 3../2 + 4J3 + 5../4 + •••. 00
lim U n +1
= A, then the series converges for A < 1 and diverges 2 6· 2 14 3 2" - 2 ,,-1

--
un ii. 1 + "5 x + 9"x + 17 x + .••• + 2" + 1 x + •••(x > 0)
for A> 1.

Case I : When, lim Un+1 = A< 1

n.-'<XI Un
2 2"
X
By definition of a limit, we can find a positive number r « 1) such that i X "-2 and U"+l = (n + 2).,j(n + 1)
We have, u. (n + 1),Jn 2),j(n +1)
u n + 1 < r for all n > m X 2n - 2
un lim lim (n +--O:2-=-n

Leaving out the first m terms, let the series be u , + u 2 + u 3 + .... un + l (n + 1),J;; X

S o th at U2
u,
<r,
u2
< r, -u 4 < r ,
u3
an d so on. Th en u , + u 2 + u 3 + 00 - lim

_ (1 + u 2 +
u,
+ u4 u 2 + ..... 00) .
hm [1+2In.,j
.(1 + II n)
1+ lin
Jx- x- 2
= 2

x2> 1.
U3 U2 U,
< u , (l + r + r 2 + ,.s + .... 00) Hence I:u n
converges ifx- 2
> 1 i.e.,for x2< 1 and diverges for
1 1 1 .
l-r
which is finite quantity. Hence L.U is If x 2 = 1, then, u . = I = ---:JJ2 --
n " (n + Ihm n 1 + 1I n
convergent. [ ... r < 1)
1 u 1
Takin g v = ----s72, we get 1·1m ---!!..
Case II : When, lim u n +1 =A> 1 n n n---to<X:I Un

un
:. Both L.U n and I:v" converge or diverge together. But I:v" = L is a
By definition of limit, we can find m, such that u,,+' 1 for all n m. convergent series.
u" :. L.U" is also convergent. Hence the given series converges if x 2 1 and
Leaving out the first m terms, let the series be diverges if x 2 > 1.
. u u 2 1
U, + u 2 + u 3 + .... so that 1, - r, - 4 1 ,.... and so on. 2" - 2 x"
___ 2" + 1 + 1 _1 1 - 2--;;- 2 + 2".!
= __
u, u2 U3 ii Here, -1
-2 x
Un + 1 2" + 1 2" + 1 - 2 x" 1
1+- 2 - 2"
2"
U, + u 2 + u 3 + u 4 + .... + u" = u, ( 1 + -U2 + -U 3 -U 2 + ..... )
u, u 2 U, 1-02+01 1
.. lim -- -----
u , (1 + 1 + 1 + .... to n terms) = nu, u" +1 1+0 2 - 0 x x
1
(u , + u 2 + ... + u) (nu,), which tends to infinity. Hence L.U" Thus by ratio test, L.U convergesforx- > 1 i.e., for x < 1 and diverges for
x > 1. But it fails for::: = 1.
is divergent
Lirnitations of D'Ale:rnbert's Test:

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3-8 F (Sem-2) Sequence and Series

Mathematics - II 3-7 F (Sem.-2)

--
1 _ Explain Raabe's test in brief.
1--;;- 2n _ 2
When x = 1, lim U = lim = lim __2_ = 1"" 0 ---
. n-+oo- . n n"":""co n-J-co 1 2n + 1
1+-n
2
:. tu diverges for x = 1. Hence the given series converges for x < 1 and I n t h e POSI·t·lve term senes
. LU ,
if 1·1m ·n (un l--'- 11) k thOen t h e serIes
=, .
diverges for x 1. . n n-J-CO un +1

_ Discuss the convergence oithe series. converges for k > 1 and diverges for k < 1, but the test fails for k = 1,
When k > 1, choose a number p such that k > p > 1, and compare L.U n
2! 3! 4!
1 + 22 + 38 + 44 + .. 00
with the series ." which is convergent since p > 1.
.

Given series is

[Link] =
:. L.U n will converge, if from and after some term,

un
-- > (n +p I)P or
Un + 1 n
(1 +-1 n
r
n=I nn
1+ -P +
Here,
= n! (n + l)n
(n + I)!
+1
(n + l)n = (1 + J ·f Un
or I , -- >
Un + 1 n
p(p-l)
2n
2 + ...
.

U n+ l nn
or if, n (_U_'n_
l
- IJ > P + p(p - 1)
+ .....
..
un + 1
lim
n-+CQ
(1 +
n
= e, which is > 1. Hence the given series is
Un + l 2n·

convergent. or if, lim n

[Link]
l--
(Un
un
- 11) >
lim [P(P
+1
n-J-oo
p +
2n
- 1) + ..... ]

_ Exa:[Link] the convergence of the series: i.e., if k > p, which is true. Hence, [Link] is ·conyergent.
The other case when k < 1 can be proved similarly .
X x2 x8

..-
---+---+--'--+ ... 00 ...........
."'.'.''''.:'''....,,; .•' :" Test for convergence of the following the series:
1+ x 1+ x2 1+ x8
L 4 . 7 ••. (3n + 1) x2n (n!)2 x 2n

-
i.
1.2 •.. n ii. L(2n)!
n+1
xn X
Here, un == 1 + xn andu n + l = l+x n + l ..'

lim lim
xn
( ----;;-.,
1+ x
1
n
+
n
1
J lim ( x + x n
1+x
n
+ 1 J i. Here, U
__ n_
un + 1
4 . 7 .. .(3n + 1) n
1.2 .... n
x
4.7; .... (3n+4)
___ -'-c-_-,-
1.2 ..... (n + 1)
X
n+1 n+l 1
= ----
3n + 4 x
un +1 n-+oo X +X + 1

1
-, if x < 1
x
r·o· x n
+
1
0 and n 00] l l+l/nJ!
3+41n x
1
:.lim
(1 + 1 I x + 1 I
n
· l·f 1
Also, lim
un + 1
= 11m
1 + x I xn
l
+ 1) = ,I X > 0
U nd 3x

Thus by ratio test, the series converges fur 1 > 1, i.e. for x < ! and
By ratio test, L.U n converges for x < 1 and fails for x :? 1. 3x 3

Wh en x = 1 , L.U n = "21 + "2

1 + "2
1 + ..... h·ICh·IS d·Ivergent. diverges for x > ! 0 But it fails for x = !
00 , W 3 3
Hence the given series converges for x < 1 and diverges for x 1.

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3-10 F (SeD1-2) Sequence and Series

3-9 F (SeD1-2)
Mathe=atics - II

:. Let us try the Raabe's test IfC+21t

an := ;- {(x) cos nx dx

3:r
C
1
Now, [Expand by binomial theore=l
Un + 1
(1 + 1+ bn:= -IfC+21t {(x)sin dx
1t C -.
:= (1 + .!.)
n
(1 - -±.. + 162 - .... )
3n 9n
= 1- ---.!..- +
3n 9n
+ .... Fourier Series when Interval is Changed: Fourier series in the
interval C < x < C + 2L is given as
(Un 1 4
1\ := --+-+
:. nl-- ) .... 00 00

Un +1 3 9n {()
x :=
ao"
2+ n1tx. "b
L...-
. n1tX
n=l n=l
.
.. Un +1 1 w h'IC h'IS < 1
:= - 3"
Where, a o := L1 fC+2L
C {(x)dx
Thus by Raabe's test, the series diverges.
Hence the given series converges for x < (113) and diverges for x 2': (113).
an
f
1· C+2L
L C ((x)cos dx
Here ( . n! )2 [2 (n + 1)]!
iL , U + (n + 1)! (2n)! x 2
(n+l)
n 1 1 f.C+2L {(x)sin n1tx dx
and bn == L C
(2n -+ 1)(2n + 2) 1 _ 2(2n + 1) 1 L
(n + 1)2 x2 - n + 1 x
2 Note:
i. If C == -L, then interval is -L < x < L and
:. Ibn := li= 2(2 + 1/ n)
2
=
2
--±- a o == -1 JL {(x)dx
un + 1 1 + 1/ n x x L -L
2
Thus by ratio test, the series converges for x 2 < 4 diverges for x < 4 and
2
diverges for x > 4. But fails for x == 4.
2 an == L1 fL
_L{(x)coS (nroc)
L dx
(un
Whenx2:=4,nl---1) \
Un + 1
2n +
== n ( ----1
2n + 2
1) ==- ---
n
2n + 2 b == -
1 JL n1tx dx
((x) SlO-- .
n L -L L
1 n. If rex) is an odd function then,
•
h= n l-.- - 1)
( Un
Un +1
\
== - -2 < 1 a n := a o == o.
2 L . n1tx
Thus by Raabe's test, the series diverges.
Hence the given series converges for x 2 < 4 and diverges for x 2 4.
bn == -
L o. 1
((x) sm-- dx
L
iii If rex) is an even function then,

bn:=Oanda o ==
2 rL
LJo {(x)dx,

an == L2 f.L
0 {(x)cos
(n1tX)
L dx,
CO NCEPT OUTLIN E

Fourier Series in the Interval C < x < C + 21t : The Fourier series
for the function fix) in the interval C < x < C+ 27t is given by

{(x):= fancosnx+ fbnsin nx

n=l n=l
Where a o' an and b n are called Fourier coefficients, and given as
1 f.C+21t
ao := -
1t C
{(x)dx

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3-11 F (Sem-2)
Mathematics - II
3-12 F (Sem-2) Sequence and Series
Find the Fourier series expansion of the function
-I, for -1t < X < - 7t /2 Hence required series is,
. fix) =
{
0,
1,
for
for
-n /2 < x < 7t /2
n/2<x<n
f(x) = f 'nn
n=l
nn - cos nn)Sin nx
2 .
Putting x =n /2 in the above series,
111

-
1t
Hence deduce that 1--+---+ ..•...
4 357 ff(x)J = L -nn2 (n1t
cos -
2
- cos n1t) SIn-
. n1t
2

0+1 == 2 L..
"" -1 (nn
cos - - cos n1t) SIn-
.' n1t
2
--
1t n 2 2
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, .... _.
f{x) = + f an cos nx + f bnsin nx
n=l n=l
4"1t = "11( cos"2-
n
cos n sm
) _ 1t
2" + 0
.

1f7< f(x)dx re 2
1 [f- / (-l)dx Ire (l)dx ] 1 3n 31t
a = -
o n -1t
= --
n -7< .
+
re/2
+-(cos -- cos 3n)sIn -+0
3 2 2
(5n2 51t
1 cos--cos5n·sIn-+0+ ) ..
;[-(c-%+n) + ( n- i)] +-
5 2
....

ao=0 n 1 1 1
1 + -(-1) + -(1)+ -(-1) + ...
1f7< . nx dx 4 3 5 7
a
n
= -
1t-1t
f(x) cos 1t ....
_1
n
[f-
-7<
1t
'
2
' nx dx + Ire
. - cos
re/2
cos nx dx ]
4 357
Find the Fourier series to represent the function fix)
1
n[ {
" }- 1[/2
_ 7<
{' }re 1 given by

![sinn1t /2 _ sinnn + sinnn _

n n re/2
fix) = {:2- x)
O:O;x:O;l
1:0; x:o; 2

an =0
n n n n n .;;;:;::=: .•. !,'.:'.,,',

bn = -1n fn-re f(x)sin nx dx

_1 [f-7</2-sin nx dx + Ire sin nx dx ] fix) = £lo +

2
f an cos nnx + f b n sin nri
.
n -7< n:=:l

f:
re/2 ,#

!..[{ cos nx. }-re/2. { . Then ao= f(x)dx = IOInx dx + f; 1t(2 - x) dx

n n -re

nn/2 _ cosnn cos nn/2 ]

a o = n[x:I + =

f:
n n n n n a o =.1t
an = f(x) cos nIT.>': dx
b n = - 2 [ cos---cosnn
nn . ]
nn 2
fo
I
1tX cos nm.: dx + II IT (2 -
2
x) cos n1tX dx

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3-14 F (SeID.-2) Sequence and Series

Mathematics - II 3-13 F (SeID.-2)

a = -2 I1t x cos nxdx

" 1t 0

JI
1tX sin n1tX _ n (_ cos n1tX)]1
a = [ n2 n2
" nn
o ; [x ( sinn nx ) - (- nx
+[n (2 _ x) sin nnx _ (-n)(- cos nnx)J2
nn n 2n 2 1 [cos nn _ = 2 [(-1)" - 1]
n2 n2
cos nn
[ n 2n n 2 n
-1] + [- cos 2nn + cos nnJ
n 2n n 2n
n
a, if n is even
nn

a =
" {--2'
-4 1'f . 0 dd
n IS
[cos nn -1] = [(_1)" -1] nn
2 2
n n n n
n 4 ( , cos 3x cos 5x )
= 2'-;
{_l
if n is even Ixl

-
if n is odd .. Expand ((x) = x sin x as a Fourier series in 0 < x < 21t.
nn 2 '

2
b
"
= r
Jo
(x) sin n1tX dx

I: 1tX sin nnx dx + I: n(2 -:- x) sin n1tX dx

[7tX (- co::nx) n( I fix) =x sin x ° < x < 21t

-
ao = -
I 21t x SIn
. x'dx = -1 [x (- cos x) + SIn
1
X Jo
.' 21t
.!. [- 2n J
n x)(-c:nn7tX) -(-n) (-
+[ (2 -
,

1
2 nOn
a o =-2

a" = -n1 I21t x sin x cos nx dx

1t

0
[- nn J+ [ co: mt J = 0
-
1 121t x [sin (1 + n) x + sin (1 - n) xl dx
2n 0
fix) = 2: _ + cos + cos + )
2n 1 ::l !l [_ x cos (n + 1)x + sin (n + l)x
2n n +1 (n + 1)2
_ Express ((x) = Ix I ;- 1t < X < 1t as Fourier series.
21t

-
_,
.,., '," "c'18l.'P'Z'.'}lJ + X - 1) x _ sin (n - 1) x
liillli'lilot .L .
n -1 (n _1)2 0
J
\" '
_, - " - , _ 1 [ -2n 2n J 1 1
Since fi- x) = I - x I = I x I =fix) 21t n + 1 + n -1 n-1 n+1
fix) is an even function and hence b" = ° 2
Let fix) = Ix I = ao
2
+ f
"=1
an cos nx
a" = -2--
n -1
, n "" 1

When n = 1, we have

Where a o = -2
nO
In
(x) dx = -2
nO
In I x I dx = -2
nO
In x dx = -2
n
[x 2In
-
2
=n al = -n1 I0
21t
xsinxcosxdx = -1 I21t xsin2xdx
0 2n 0

a
"
2 In (x) cos nx dx = -2
= -nOn In I x I cos nxdx
0
21t
{- cos
2
2X} + sin 2XJ21t
4 0
= -.J_ [-
21t
21tJ
2

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3-16F (Se:m-2) Sequence and Series

Mathematics - II 3-15 F (SeID.-2)
ao = 0
1
a1 =-"2
1 a = -
" n
J{(x)cos nxdx
:n;

-1t.
bn = -1 i21t x
n
sin x sin nx dx 1 0 1 1t
0 - f -Kcosnxdx+- "fKcosnxdx
.1 r TC n
21t -:n; 0
2n Jo x[ cos (1- n) x - cos (1 + n)x]dx
an = _ K [Sin nxJO + K [Sin nxJ1t
1 [ sin (n - 1)x cos (n -1) x 1t n -1t TC n .0
- x +
2n n -1 (n - 1)2 a" = 0
2>1: 1 1t
.:... x sin (n + 1)x _ cos (n + 1) x b = - f {(x)sin nxdx
(n + 1) (n + 1)2 ]0 " n -1t
1 I 1t -
1[ 1 1 1 1
(n - 1)2 - (n + 1)2 - (n - 1)2 + en + 1)2
J 0
- f (-Ksin nx)dx+-f Ksin nxdx
n n "
-1t 0
bn =0
When n = I, we have ! [-K ( - cos nx )JO +! [_ K ( - cos nx )JO
i i 2 n n -1t n n_ 1t
[1 .( 1]
2
1
b 1 =·- xSlnxslnxdx
%.. 1
=- ' x(l-cos2x)dx
1t 0 2n 0 K _1)n . (-I)n

1
2 1t [x (x - J-1.( + CO:2X JI' b
n
0=
-
n

n
-------+-

n
n n

n
n n

- 1 [ 2n (2n) - --
4n - -1 + -1
2
J= 1 ( 2n 2 ) =
-" 1t
2n 2 4 4 21t 0, if n is even

f(x) = a o + a l cos x + b 1 sin x + fa" cos nx + tb" sin nx 4K ' ..

( -, Ifnlsodd
2 nn
1 2
= - 1 - - cos x + 1t sin x +
2
-2-- cos nx
n - 1
L ((x) 0= ao +
00

L an cos nx + L bn sin nx
00

n=l n=l
Find the Fourier series to represent the function f(x)
given by
f(x) = Lb n sin nx
n=l
- K for - 1t < X < 0 = b sin x + b 2 sin 2x + b a sin 3x + ....
f(x) = . j

{ K for 0 < x < n

f()
x 4K[. 1 . - 3 X+-Sln
= -- SlnX+-Sln
n
1. 5 x+ .... ]
3 5
Hence show that 1- + - + .... = TC
Now putting x 0=

2
.
r K for - TC < X < 0 f(%) =K= - 4K[1+-(-1)+-(1)+-(-1)+
1 1
3
1
5 7
..... ]
((x) = ) TC
l K for 0 < x < IT
n 111
0 1--+---+ .....
In 1 In 4
an := -- f f(x)dx
IT
0= -
TC
f (-K)dx + -
;r
f K dx 3 5 7
0

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3-18 F (Sem.-2) Sequence and Series

Ml;lthematics - II 3-17 F (Sem.-2)

_ Find the Fourier series expansion of the following Let the Fourier series be
function of period 21t, defined as
'{-I, -1t <x<O
[(x) = i + fan cos nx+ fbnsin
'
nx ... (3.18.1)
fix) =
1, 0 x < 1t
Now, a o = x dx+f"-xdx}
1 1 1 n -" 1t -" Jo

11.'-."_
1--'-+---+ ....
,3 5 7

-- ,,' .-

Same as Q. 3.15, Page 3-15F, Unit-3, (Putting K = 1). an I"

1 _"f(x)cos nx dx
;-

-.; [1_"xcos
=

I" -x"cos nxdx ]

i-
_Find the Fourier series of 0
1 nxdx+ 0
fi X) -- x3 in (- l!i"4 ••
nxJO _JO sin nx
1t 1t) ... dL;<

1 dx
ll, - . '" ","" - n n _" -" n
fix) = x 3 is an odd function.
a o = 0 and = 0 an +[-xsin r:xJ" - i"(-I) sin nx dX}
2"
J 2"
b n = - f(x) sin nx dx =- x 3 sin nx dx J I n 0 0 n

1t o no
1t n2 "n 2
nx r}
0
[J '
[x3 (- co: nx) _ 3x 2
uu = uU 1 -

(_ Si::X)
U u2 +"
U u3 - U ... u 4 + •.. ]
;[{ { -I}] = ;[

+ 6x (co: 3nx) - 6 (Si: 4nx) I nn

= [_ 1t
3
cos nn + 6n cos nn] = 2(- l)n [_ n
2
, if n is even.

if n is odd.
1t n n3 n n3
nn 2 '

6 I. 6 I.
I"
2
(n 2
fix) = x = 2
3 [(
-l-Tn + 1 3 ) sm x + l-
2 + 2 3 ) sm 2x bn = -1
n -"
f(x)sinnx dx

- l- ( 2 61
+ 33 ) sin 3x ...
] xsinnx dx+f;(-x)sinnx dx J
1•••1111 Obtain Fourier series for the function
2
;[{ x( nx )J:"-r"l( -co: nx )dX
X, -1t< X < 0 1 1 1 1t
fix) = and hence show that 2 + + -2" + ..... = - •
{ -x , 0 < x < 1t 1 3 5 8
+ {( _ 5:(-1)(-co:nx )dX ]

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Mathematics - II 3-19 F(Sem-2) 3-20 F (Sem-2) Sequence and Series

+;[ In +{ n( -0 IJ
=
n n n
= 0, whatever
be the value of n.
Therefore, the Fourier series is -. ,
Expand fix) = x as a half range
4 [cos x cos 3x cos 5x
-n ] i. Sine series in 0 < x < 2
f()
x = -+- --2-+--2-+--2-+'" ... (3.18.2) ti. Cosine series in 0 < x < 2.
n2 1 3 5
Since the functionj\x) is discontinuous atx = 0, by Dirichlet's condition

f(O) = "21 [LHL + RHLJ = (l/2)1f(0 - 0) + j\0 + 0)] = 0 I. Let x = 2:bn sin--
00 nnx
... (3.19.1)
2
Put x = 0 in eq: (3.18.2), we get
2 • nrr:x;

J Where, b =
1xsm--dx
2

I
+ 312 +'512 + ...
n 0
0= -;

1
1
1 1
2"'+2+2+·· .... · =
3 5
n2
8 H-;T]J:-c[
4 . 4
- - cos nn = - -' (- 1)"
nn nn
Hence from eq. (3.19.1),
CO NCEPT OUTLIN E 4 l)n '. nnx
00 (-

X= -- L---sIn--
Half Range Series: Half series is found when a periodic function is n 2
expanded in half range of its period i.e., to expand j\x) in range (0, L) a co n1tX
having a period of2L.
ii. Let x = 2:a cos-- ...(3.19.2)
2 n 2
A function j\x) defined in the interval (0, L) has two half range series
that are called Fourier cosine and Fourier sine series.
Half Range Cosine Series: The half range cosine series is given as
Where, aO = fo x dx =
2
.( J x2
2 0 =2
ao nnx . n1tX . n1tX
j\x) = - + L... an cos --
= {,2 X
Where ao
2
2 fL
= - JI f(x) dx
L 0
L and a cos n1tX dx =
no. 2
[ x SIn -2'
nx
-
2 J
0
_ f.2
0
SIn 2-
nn
.-
2
dx

an = -L2 fL f(x) nnx

cos--dx = __
2 -cos--
n1tXJ
2 4
0 L nn nn
_
=
n n
-2-2- (cos nn - 1)
Half Range Sine Series: The half range sine series is given as [
2
co

fix) = ""b
L... n sm-----r:-
. nnx Hence, x = 1 + n
2
-±- £..,
nn2 -1) cos --
n1tX
n 2

Where, bn = -2 fL f (x )SIn. --
nnx dx
L 0 L

II
J
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3-21 F (Sem.-2) . Sequence and Series

3-22 F (SeDl-2)
Mathematics - II

Find the half range cosine series expansion of r + 1) ( - cc:: nn) + co: 0° J + [ S1::x J:
f(x)=x-:r, O<x< 1
;[[(n+ 1) + 1] + [sin nnn-;sin OOJ]

[1 - (l + n) (- l)n]
f(x) =x - x2, 0 < X< 1 nn
f(x) = ao
2
+ fa"
n=l 1
-
n
; If n is even
2 .
1 1 { -(2 + n); Ifn is odd
2 rcn
a = 2Jf(x)dx=2J(x-x )dx
o Hence Fourier sine series is
o 0
2(2 + rc) [ .

2[ _x:I
sin 3x sin 5x ]
.. f(x) = x + 1 = rc SIn x + --3- + --5- + .
sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x ]
-2 [ ---+---+---+ ...
11
2
. 2 4 6
a = 2 = 2J(x _x )cos nrrxdx
nIl Find the half range sine expansion of
o 0

2[(X _ x2)(sin nnx) _ (1- 2X)(-cos nrrx) + (-2)(- sin nnx)Jl . .{t ;o < t <2

-
0 fit) = 4 - t ; 2<t<4
_.
"_.''- ..... _.c".""
), ,- ...
-- " ,-- .. -.

n2n2 n2n2
2[(-1) cos nn __l_J = 2[(-1)n+l __1_) ...

n2n2 n2n2
f(x) = !- +
6
f ;-
n=l n n
2 [(_l)n+l -l]cos nrrx
bn
1 J4
= 2" . nnt dt
0 f(t)sm T

Find the Fourier half range sine series for

fix) = (x + 1 ) for 0 < x < 1t.
[J:t sin ( n:)dt + J: (4 - t) sin ( n:)dt J
_1 [{ t (4
- - cos -- nnt) + --16 . (nnt)}2
2 nrc .4 n rc SIn -- 4 2 2
0

fix) =x + 1 + (4 - t) ( - -
4 nrct) 16 . nrct}4l
cos -- - ----:f2 SIn .--
CD { nrc 4 n n 4 2
+ 1 = L bn sin nx
1[8
X

nn + n 16rc nrc8 (nrc)

nn) +--cos 16 . (n1t)J
Fl.::::l

b = -2J1t (x + 1) sin nx dx
2" - nrc OOS 2 2 2 sm
. (
2
-
2 nZrc
+--smz -
2
Where, n n 0
(,m)
eo: =)I -r:(l)(-eo:nx) dx] --
16
SIn
. -
[[ (x+ 1) (- n2 2 rc 2
Hence the Fourier series is,

;1
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Mathematics - II 3-23 F (SeID-2)

3-24 F Sequence and Series
16 .
'f( x) = L.
n=On1t
(n1t)
-
2 SIn
. (n1tt)
--
4
-
1[
1t
n
{-cos(n+l)1t
n+l
+-COs(n-l)1t} - {0-0 }]
n-l
Obtain the Fourier expansion of fix) = x sin x as cosine
series in (0. 1t) and hence show that
n+l
-1t
1t
1[
+' l)n + COS(n-l)n}] ,n",,1
n-l
When n is odd, n "" 1, (n - 1) and (n + 1) are even,
2
1IIIr...... !tRRt:f:11 an = ;[ 1t {- n 1 + n 1}J = n 1 - n 1 = n 2 _ 1
When n is even, (n -1) and (n + 1) are odd, therefore cos (n + 1) 1t and
cos (n - 1) 1t are -1. '
Let the Fourier series be 1 1 -2
an ---+--=---
n 2 -1
f(x) xsin x"= + f an cos nx
Whenn = 1, al -
n-l n+l
2Jn xsin X cos X
lin xsin
dx = - ' 2x dx
nO. nO'
lIn xsin 2fn xsin
Now, a o = -1t -n
x dx
[ '.'
=-
1t
X
0
sin X
X dx
is an even function)
;[x( 2X) -1.( 2x)I

Using fuvdx = uVl - u'v2 + ....• we have -1 {-ncos

----- _ 1
21t} ---
n 2 2
Now the Fourier series is,
1t
2 ' . x=I-·-cosx-2
{(x) = xsm 1 {cos
--- 2x
-(-1tCOS1t) = 2, 2 2 2 -1
n

And, an -2i"
n 0
xsin x cos nx dx _ co s
3 2 -1
+ co; 4x _ co: 5x ..... }
4 -1 5-1
... (3.23.1)

-lin x(2cos
1t
nO,
nx sin x)dx Putting x = "2 in eq. (3.23.1), we get

-'!fn
n 0
x[ sin(n + l)x - sin(n -1)x Jdx 1t
-SIn
. 1t
1- i +4/-1 -6/-1 + ...)
2 ,2
[... 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) -sin (A -B»)
1
+ 3 5 - ... J
21:-1
-.![x{-cos(n + l)x + cos(n -1)X} 2
1t n+l n-l
1t-2 1 1 1
----+ "-
-sin (n + l)x + sin (n -1)x }]n 4 1.3 3.5 5.7
{ (n + 1)2 (n - 1)2 0 Obtain half range cosine series for tr the function
-.!f1t{-COS(n + 1) 1t + cos(n -1) 1t} 2t .0<t<1
nL n+l n-l f(t) = { 2(2 _ t) .1<t<2

_{ -sin(n
(n+l)
+;) 1t ; sin (n, -
(n_l)2
- oj I ,'f!11

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3-25 F (Sem.-2) Sequence and Series

Mathematics - II 3-26 F (Sem.-2)

no 00 nrrt
fit) == - + LCos-
2 1
a rrt
fit) = ---9- + La
00

cos 11-- == 1 + (- + 0 - .--;) == 1 - 82 (1 + ! + .....).

2 n 1 rr 9rt rt 9

2
1 0
I
2 [1
a o = - I f(t) dt =- I2t dt + I 2(2 - t)dt
2 0 1
2 1 ©©©

[ + (4t - t
2
): J
a o = [1 + 1] = 2

Ii
a = -2 II fet) cOS-.
nrtt
dt
2 0 1

1
n

_. [1
2 I2tcos --dt
nrrt nrtt
+ I2(2 - t) cos --dt 2
2 0 2 1 2
Using integration by parts
2
_2 [( 2t - 2 SIll
. -- 2
nrrt + 2 -- nrtt )'
2 2 cos --
2. nrt 2 n rt 2 0
2
+. ( 2(2 2. nrrt 2 nrrt)2]
cos--
. nrr 2 2 l'

== _4 SIll
. -nrt + ---,----,
8 ( cos -nrt - 1 ))
[( nrt 2 n n; 2
8
+ ---cosnn 4 . --+
- -SIn nn 8
-- nrt)l
2 2 cos-
(. n2rt2 nrt 2 n rr 2
16 cos -nrt - --
__ 8 - ---
8
2 2 cos nrt
n2rt2 2 n 2n;2 n rt

__8 [nrt
n 2 rt 2
2 cos - - 1 - cos nrt
2
J
When n is odd, cos nrt = 0 and cos nn; == - 1
2
an = 0 :::::> a 1 == a 3 == as ..... == 0

When n is even,
8 [2rt
a = --
2
2 cos - - 1 - cos 2rt
2
J - ----z
8
rt
8 [4rr2
a 4 == 4 2 rt 2 2 cos -1- cos 4n J = 0

a == _8_ [2 cos 6n; - 1 _. cos 6rrJ = - 2

6 62rt2 2 9n
I

.I
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,":',I".
"

4-2 F (SeDl-2) COInplex Variable Differentiation

CONCEPT OUTLINE

[Link] Variable LiDlit : The function fix, y) tends to the limit l as x

y
a and
b if and only ifthe limit l is independent ofthe path followed by the
Differentiation point (x, y) as x a andy b, Then
Iimf(x, y) = l
x-+a
y-+b

The function f(x, y) in region R tends to the -liIIli t l as

x a and y b if and only if corresponding to a positive number
E (a, 1l), there exists another positive number 8 such that

Ifix, y) -ll < E for 0 < (x - a)2 + (y - b)2 < 8 2

for every point (x,y) inR,
Continuity: A function fix, y) is said to be contiilUous at the point
(a, b) if Iimf(x, y) =f(a, b) irrespective ofthe path along with x a,
x-+a
J y ......b

,
I 1m
x-+l
y--.,.2
x
3x2y
--;,----7-
2
+ y2 + 5
, rI'1m
I1m
x-+l y-+2 x 2
3x y
+
2

y2 +5
I'
] =lm
x-+l x 2
3x
2
(2)
+ (2)2 + 5
-

x-+l x2 + 9 1+9 5
" xy + 4
Ev al uate • un 2 2
;::::2' x + 2y

lim xy +4
2
lim[lim
y-+2
xy + 4
x 2 + 2y 2
J' = lim rx x(2)+ 2(2?
x
2
+ 4 J= lim
x x2 4 8
y-+2 X + 2y 2

4-1 F (SeIll-2)

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Mathematics - II 4-3 F (Sem.-2)

4-4 F Complex Variable Differentiation

2+± Since the limit along any path is same, the limit exists and equal to zero
lim--x-= 2+0 =0 which is the value of the function fix, y) at the origin. Hence, the function
8 00 + 0 fis continuous at the origin.
x+-
X

___ Show that the function f(x, y) = x - y is continuous for all

-
(x,y) E R2.

Let (a, b) E R2 then fia, b) =a - b

CONCEPT OUTLINE
.. Ifix,y)-fia,b)l= \(x-y)-(a-b)1
I (x - a) + (b - y) I [Link] or C-R Equation:
:::; Ix - a I + Iy - b I [.: Ixl=l-xIJ ... (4.3.1) au au
ox =
6
Let 6 > O. Choose 0 = then for Ix - a I < 0 and Iy - b I < 0, we have
and'
ou 8v
2
from eq. (4.3.1)
8y ox
6 6
lfix,y)-fia,b)/< -+-=6
, 2 2
Hence, the function fix, y) = x - y is continuous for all (a, b) E R2. But
(a, b) is an arlritrary element of R2, so fix, y) =X -y is continuous for all
(x, y) E R2.
__ X 3 _
y3 Define analytic function and state the necessary and
m' '
d, .• "
,,"';",.
+Y
2 If f(x, y) =
when x ot 0, yot 0 and f(x, y) = 0 when
X
2
sufficient condition for function to be analytic.
x = 0, y = 0, find out whether the function f(x, y) is continuous at

_'I
origin.
A Analytic Function: A function fiz) is said to be analytic at a point Zo if
. tii",'
it is one valued and differentiable not only at Zo but at every point of
> . ,

First calculate the limit of the function:

some neighbourhood of zOo
· x3 _ y3 . (_ y3'\ . B. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for f(z) to be Analytic: The
1. hm 2 2 =hml--2-j =hm(-y)=O
x + y y -+ 0 Y y - 0 necessary and sufficient conditions for the function
w = fiz) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

II.
3 3
lim x 2 - Y 2 = lim
(x 3)
2 = lim (x) = 0 to be analytic in a region R, are
i=:g x + y x-+o X X-JoO

1. ou ou ou ou are con t'Inuous f unc t'Ions

-,-,-,- 0 f x an d'
.>' In t h e regIon
. R.
· x 3 _ y3 . x3 _ m3x3 3
ax cry Ox 8y
III. = hm. 2 lim Q - m ) X =0
Inn 2-
i=::;U: x +
2
y2 x + m 2x x 4 0(l+m 2 ) au ou au ou
3
II.
ax= 8y'8y =-ax
· x 3 _ y .l . x.l-m.l-m"x" . x"(l-m"x ) • (l-m 3 x 2 )
IV. hm. ---- = hm. 2 = hm -, hm x =0 The conditions in (ii) are known as Cauchy-Riemann equations or briefly
x +m 2 x 4 .l +ox (l+mx) x---+o(1+m 2 x 2 )
CoR equations.

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4-6 F (Selll-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

Mathematics - II 4--5 F (Selll-2)

au = au and au == _ au
Define analytic function. DisCliss the analyticity of ax Oy Oy ax
flz) = Re(z3) in the cOlllplex plane. _
are satisfied except when x 2 + y2 == 0 i.e., when x 0, y 0 = =
Hence, the function f(z) == log z is analytic everywhere in the complex
plane except at the origin .
.._................ . Find the values of c and c such that the function
A.
B.
Analytic Function: Refer Q. 4.5, Page 4-4F, Unit-4.
NUIIlerical: I flz) =.r + clY -
1

2xy + i
2

(c2 .r-Y + 2xy)

--
z = (x + iy) [Link]'(z). _
z3 = (x + iy)3 = x 3 - iy 3 + 3xiy (x + iy) f
= (x3 _ 3xy2) + (3x2y _ y3)i !
au
ax
u = x 3 _3x y 2

= 3x 2 -
au
3y 2, Oy = - 6xy
I f(z) = x 2 + c 1 y2 - 2xy + i (c 2 x 2
+ iv = x 2 + c l y2 - 2xy + i (c 2 x 2
U
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
_
_
y2 + 2xy)
y2 + 2xy)

u = x 2 + C 1 y2 - 2xy
v = (3x2y _ y3) f And v = _ y2 + 2xy
I au au
av au 2 2 - = 2x - 2y and - = 2c 2 X + 2y
ax = 6xy, Oy = 3x -3y ax ax
au au·
-=2c y-2xand - =-2y+2x
au = au and au = _ av Oy 1 Oy
ax Oy Oy ax C-R equations are
f(z) = Re (z3) is analytic function.
au = av
_ Show that flz) = log z is analytic everywhere in the ax Oy
2x - 2y = - 2y + 2x ... (4.8.1)
cOlllplex plane except at the origin •. au av
Oy = - ax
2cY' - 2x = - - 2y ... (4.8.2)
Here f(z) = u + iv = log z = log(x + iy) (... z == x + iy) From eq. (4.8.1) and eq. (4.8.2), equating the coefficient ofx andy, we
e and y = r sin e so that get
Let x = r cos
2c l == - 2 =
cl = - 1
x + iy = r (cos e + i sin e) = re ifJ - 2 = - 2c 2 =
c2 = 1
log (x + iy) = log (r e ifJ ) = log r + i9 = %log (x 2 + y2) + i tan- 1
Now, f'(z) = au + i av = (2x - 2y) + i (2x + 2y)
ax ax
= (2x - 2y) + i (2x + 2y)
Separating real and imaginary parts, we get
= 2[x + ix + (- y + iy) = 2[(1 + i) x + i (1 + i)y]
= 2(1 + i) (x + iy) = 2(1 + i)z
u = log (x 2 + y2) and v = tan -1
_ Find p such that the function flz) expressed in polar

-
Now,
au x au y coordinates as flz) = ,-2 cos 29 + i,-2 sin p9 in analytic.
ax x2 + y2' Oy x2 + y2

av -y av x
And Letf(z) = u + iv, then u = r 2 cos 20, v = r 2 sinp9
ax == x 2 + y2 'Oy = x2 + y2
We observe that the Cauchy-Riemann equations

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Mathematics - II 4-7 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

4-8 F (Sem.-2)

au au.
- == 2r cos 2e, - == 2r Slllpe
Or ar
au . au 2 Here f{z) = u + iu = sinhz = sinh (x + iy) = sinh x cosy
- == - 2r 2 s1ll2e, - == pr cospe + i cosh x siny
ae ae
For f{z)
. au lau
to be analytIc, - == - -
au lau
and - == -- -au = cos h x cos y, au =- Sinh'
x SIn y
Or r ae ar r ae ax 0'
.. 2r cos 2e == pr cos pe and 2r sin pe == 2r sin 2e
_au = SIn au

«_
Both these equations are satisfied if p == 2. 'h x SIn
. y, == cos h x cos y
ax 0'
Show that the function defined by /T..z) = --/1 xy I is not
regular at the origin, although [Link] equations are
au == au and au == _ GU
0' 0' ax

I
ax

-
satisfied. __ Thus C-R equations are satisfied.
·
S Ince Sl'nh x, cos h' au -,-
x, slny an d cosy are con t"Inuous Iiunc t'lon, -, au au

I
l' .. . .., ax 0' ox
fez) == u(x, y) + iu(x, y) = --/1 xy I then u(x, y) == --/1 xy I, u(x, y) == 0
At the origin (0,0), we have and : are also continuous functions satisfying C-R equatiol).s;-

au == lim u(x, 0) - u(O, 0) == lim 0 - 0 == 0 Hence f{z) is analytic everywhere.

ax X %-+0 X f N ow, { '() au
z = -au + t- --.
au = limu(O,y)-u(O,O) ==lim 0-0 =0 ax ax
0' y-->O y y-->O y == cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y
= cosh (x + iy) == cosh z.
au == lim u(x, 0) - u(O, 0) = lim 0 - 0 = 0
ax %-->0 x %-->0 x Using C - R equations shoW" that fez) = Iz I 2 is not
au == lim U(O, y) - u(O, 0) == lim 0 - 0 = 0 analytical at any point.
0' y-->O y y-->O y
au au au au
Clearly, ax == 0" 0' == - ax
Let w == f{z) == u + iu == Izl 2
Hence, C-R equations are satisfied at the origin. u + iu = x 2 + y2
Comparing both sides,
Now ('CO) = lim fez) - (CO) _ I' --/1 xy I - 0 au au
-->0
z
- 1m
Z z-->o X + iy u == x 2 + y2
'(IX
= 2x -
'0'
= 2"'-'
"
If z 0 along the line y = mx, we get
u == 0 == au ==0
'ax 0'
('CO) == lim = liIn --/1 m I Using C-R equations,
%-->0 x(l + im) %-->0 1 + im

I =
Now this limit is not unique since it depends on m. Therefore, ('(Q) does au au
not exist. ax ay = 2x==0 x=O

= - -au = . =0 =
I
Hence, the function {(z) is not regular at the origin. au
And - 2y y =0
0' ax
Prove that the function sinh z is analytic and find its
derivation. Ij At (0, 0) C-R equations are satisfied and the function is differentiable.
Hence, the function is not analytic anywhere except at origin.

I
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Mathematics - II

-
C7If f(z) =
=0
x 3 y (y - ix)
x6 + y2
4-9 F (Sem.-2)

whenzcF-O

whenz =0
_I
4-10 F (Sem.-2)

f(z) =
[Link] the nature of the function
X 2 y 5(X+iy)
4 'R ; Z cF- 0, f(0) = 0
Complex Variable Differentiation

-,._.-
x +Y

--
{(z) - ((a) • In the region including the
Prove that 0 as z 0 along any radIus vector but not
z
as z 0 in any [Link].
Same as Q. 4.13, Page 4-9F, Unit-4.
(Answer: f'(O) does notOexist. Hence, f(z) is not analytic at origin).
_ Prove that the function f(z) defined by
"
f(z) = u + £u =
x 3 y(y - ix)
6
x +y
2 ' Z cF- ° 3
X (1+i)-yS(l-i) ZcF-,O
X 3 _ x 4y f f(z) = x 2 +y2
y2 {
u- u=--- o
- x6 + y2 ' x6 + y2
j z=o

au
ax
lim u(O + h, 0) - u(O, 0) = lim 0/ h
h-.O h h-.O h
6
= ° I
is continuous and the [Link]
the origin, yetf'(O) does not existo __
equations are satisfied at
I
au
iry
= lim u(o, °+ k) - u(O; 0) = lim
k
Q!32 =
k
° j
k-.O k-.O
I x 3(1+i)-y3(1-i) .
Similarly,
au
-
ax = ° and -
au
ay =0 I f(z) = ,
X
2
+Y
2 = U +£u

I
x3 _ y3 x3 + y3
au where, u= -- lJ-
au au au x2 + y2' - x2 + y2
Thus 8x = iry' iry =- ax
°
Hence, C-R equations are satisfied at origin.
Now, fez) - feD) = [x 3y
(y - ix) _oj _1_ I The value of -auauau8u
-, ---'--- -
fu'iry fu'iry
at (0, 0) we get -, so we apply first
°
I
Z x 6 + y2 X + iy principle method.
At the origin,
3 3
_ x y(y - ix) 1 _ - ix y
au lim _u--,-(O_+_h--,-,---,O:-)_-_u---,(_O:.-' ( h3 l
- x 6 + y2 (x + i".y) - x 6 + y2 0--,--)
lim / h = 1
Let z ° along radius vector y = mx, then
ax h-.O h h-->O h

"
Iz1m
--.- 0
fez) - f(m
Z
=
I"
1m
X--).O
- ix
X
6
3
2 2 =
+m x
(mx) I"
r
1m
.J-
-
0 X
4
imx
+ m2 =
2
° au
iry
" u(O,O+ k)-u(O,O)
I 1m --'-----'-----'-----
k-->O k = lim
k-->O
( -k 3 l
l-2k ) / k =-1
( h3 l
Hence
fez) - feD)
as z ° ° along any radIus vector
" au
ax
" u(O + h,O)-u(O,O)
I1m
h-.O h h-->O h / h ,=1

Let z ° z
3
along y = x then,
3 3 .
au " u(O,O + k) - u(O, 0)
I Im---'---------'----'---'--- lim (k:k J/ k = 1
. f( z) - feD) I" - u" x _ l iry k-.O k k-->O
1m
1z---JoO =lm 66 ---
x_o X + x 2

I
Z
au and au = _ au
au _
Thus f'(O) does not exist, hence f(z) is not analytic at z = 0.
iry ax iry ax
Hence, C-R equations are satisfied at origin.
1
,I

I
J
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1
I 4-12 F (Sem.-2) Variable Differentiation
Mathematics
, - II 4-11 F (Sem.-2)

3 3
-1-.-l au av
u-+v-
I
Now f'(O) '" lim fez) - f(O) '" lim[X - y3: i(X + y3)
2
z->o Z z->o X +Y x + ly Similarly, I fez) I = 0' 0' ...(4.16.4)
= mX, Jy I f(z) I
Now let z 0 along y

=
then
· [x3_m3x3+i(x3+m3x3) 1 1 J.
Squaring and addingeq. (4.16.3) and eq. (4.16.4), we get

I
f'(O) 11m
(au avr (. au av)2
"...,0

. [1-m3 +i(l+m
x 2 + m 2x2

=
3
)1 3
x + imx
m (-I+i)+(I+i)
I fez) if + I fez) If = u B; + v + 0' + v By
11m
%-+0 (1 + m 2 ) (l + im)
The value of f'(O) depends on m, therefore f'(O) is not unique.
Hence, the function is not analytic at z '" O.
(1 + m 2 ) (1 + im)
I au 00)2 + (
( ua;+vfu au 00)2
2
I fez) 1
(Using C-R equation)
1
(u 2 +
I fez) /2
Har:[Link] Function: A function of (x, y) which possesses continuous
partial derivatives of the first and second orders and satisfies Laplace
equation is called a harmonic function. II ( au)2
ax + (av)2
If'(z)
ax
/2
('.' If{z)1

(--- f'(z) '"

2

Z
'''u 2

+ i :)
+v2 )

_.Verify
3fltB'tfi
J
that the function on u l (x, y) = xy is hannonic and
find its conjugate [Link] function. Express u + [Link] an analytic
function f(z).
U=x2_ y 2_ y
__ If f(z) is a [Link] function of z, show that

I fez) r I fez) I}
2
= I f'(z) 12

-
+
u(x, y) = xy

L.
au
-"'y .'.
a2 u
--2 =0
We have, f{z) '" u + iv ... (4.16.1) ax ax
.. If{z)! '" Ju + v
2 2 ... (4.16.2)
au a2 u
"'x -2- =0
Partially differentiatingeq. (4.16.2) w.r.t x andy, we get 0' 0'
For a function to be harmonic, it must satisfy Laplace equation.
I fez) I '" .!(u2 + v2)- 1/2 (2U au + 2v av) a2 u a2 u
ax 2 . ax dx
ax2 0'2
u
au + v--00 Hence, function u(x, y) is harmonic.
ax ax ... (4.16.3) Using Cauchy-Riemann equation,
I fez) I
au av au av
ax '" 0" 0' "'-ax

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Mathematics - II 4-13 F (Sem.-2)

4-14 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable DifferentiatiOri
Total differentiation of v is given as,
Ov au du = [e-X (-x siny + y cosy + siny)] dx
dv = -dx+-dy =-xdx +ydy + e-X[x cos y + y sin y - cos y] dy
Ox 0'
·22 u = J e-X(-xsiny + y cos Y + sin y)dx

I
-x Y
V = --+-+c y=oonl
2 2
u and v are said complex conjugate. + f e-X(xcosy+ysiny-cosy)dy
Again, u = x 2 _ y2 _ Y

I
:c=conl
au au = - Je-Xxsinydx+ y cos y f e-xdx + sin yf e- x dx
ox = 2x, 0' =- 2y - 1 u
Using Cauchy-Riemann equation, + xe- x f cosy dy+ e- x f y sin y dy - e- x f cos y dy
au = !!!!... and
ox 0'
ou
'0'
Ov I u = - (- 2x e-X) sin y - e-X y cos y - e-X sin y + x e-X sin y
+ e-X (- y cos y - y sin y) - e-X sin y

I
Ox
au au u= 2x sin y - e--X y cos y - e- X sin y + x e-x sin y
dv = -dx + -dy =(2y + l)dx + 2xdy =d(2xy +x) . - e- Xy cos y - e- X y sin y - e-X sin y
Ox 0'
u = 3x e:-X siny - 2e- x y cos y - e-X y siny - 2e-x siny

I
..

- .......
v=2xy+x+c
Then, fix, y) = u + iv = (x 2 - y2 - y) + i(2xy + x + c) Here u is the harmonic conjugate of v.

-
_ Show that v (x, y) = e""'" (x cos y + Y sin y) is [Link]. Find _ Find an analytic function whose iInaginary part i.s

I ;
-
its [Link] conjugate. e""'" (x cos y + Y siny).
, i
I
vex, y) = e- X (x cos y + y siny)
I Let f(z)= u + iv be the required analytic function.
Here, v = e-X (x cos y + Y sin y)
ov
Ox
ou
0'
= _ e-X (x

= e- X (.
cos y + Y sin y) + e-x (cos y)

. )
_ox slny +y cosy + smy
I Ii
i Ox
av
8y

av
= e-:X (-x sin y + Y cosy + siny)

= e-X cos y - e- X (x cos y + Y sin y) = \jI2 (x,

= \jIl (x, y)

y)

a2 u = - [- e-X (x
err" cos y + Y sin y) + e-X (cos y )] - e-X (cos y)
I \jI1 (z, 0) = 0, \jI2 (z, 0) = e- _e- z = (l-z) e-
Z Z Z

By Milne's Tholllson method,

a u = e- X [-x cosy
2
. f{z)= J[\jIl(z,0)+i\jl2(z,0)ldz+c = iJ(1-z)e- z
dz+c
--2 + (cosy - y smy) + cosy]
8y
= e- X [2 cos y - y siny -x cosy]
i [(1- z)(-e"Z) - J(-l}(-eZ)dz ]+c

u2 u 02 V • i [(z - 1) e Z
+ e -z 1+ c
-2 + --2 = e- X
[x cos y + Y sm Y - cos Y - cos y I
f(z) = ize- Z
+c
Ox 0'
+ e-X [2 cosy - y sin y + x cos y]
_ Find the analytic function whose real part is
= e- x [x cos y + Y sin y - 2 cos y + 2 cos y - y sin y

I
-x cosy]
e 2x (x cos 2y - y sin
=0
IlIl
I
Since, v satisfies the Laplace equation hence v is harmonic function. ,/;W(LijJYt

du = au au
-dx+-dy = (av)
- dx+ (-av)
-- dy Let, U = e2:c (x cos 2y - y sin 2y)
Ox 0' 0' Ox
i au = e2:c (cos 2y) + 2e2:c (x cos 2y - y sin 2y) = cPl(x, y)
ax

j
..
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4-16 F (Se:m.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

Mathematics - II 4-15 F (Se:m.-2)
2
·
S Ince a2u a u
--2 + --2 =
0 , t h ere fiore u IS .. IiunctIon.
. a h armoruc .
au = e2x[_ 2x sin 20' - 20' cos 20' - sin 20'] = cjl2 (x, 0') &; 0'
ay
On replacing x by z and y by 0, Let dv
au au
= -dx+-dy
ay
f(z) = I cjll (z, 0) dz - i I cjl2 (z, 0) dz + C
ax

f[ e 2z cos 0 + 2e 2z (z) ] dz - Io dz +c (- :;) dX+(Z) dO' (By C-R equation)

I (e
2z
+ 2ze
2z
) dz + c = 2"1 e 2z + 2 [e e
z 2 - 4
2Z 2z
]
+ C Ij = ex sin 0' dx + eX cos 0' dO'
= d (eX sinO')

_Blt_
Integration yields,
f(z) = z e 2z + C
j u = eX sinO' + c
If u = 3,x2Y - 0'3 find the analytic function f(z) =u + iv. I Hence f(z) = u + iu = eX cosy + i(e X sinO' + c)
II = ex(cosy + i sinO') + c I
= ex + iy + C 1 = e Z + c 1 •
(where c I = ic)

_1.· I _ Show that the function u = 1:. log (x2 + y 2 ) is [Link].

II
%0fc,
" 2
u = 3x 2y _0'3
t_lllllIIIIIIJ8IIII· .

--
au au Find the [Link] conjugate of u.
-ax = 6xy -
'ay
= 3x 2 _3v 2 J
I
I
Now, du = -dx+-dy
au au = (au)
-- dx+ (au)
- dO' I
&; 0' 0' ax !I u = -1 log (x 2 + 0'2)
2
du = (- (3x - 3y 2))dx + 6xy dO' 2

On integrating, u = IM dx + IN dO' -
au
- x au 0'
x 2 + 0'2 ' 0' = x 2 + 0'2

I
(y WI constant) (Ignoring terms of . ,. -) ax
u = I(3 y 2_3x 2)dx+0 =3x y 2- x 3+ c ifu x 2 + 0'2 - 2x 2 0'2 - X 2
-- === 2 =
= 3x 2y _0'3 + i(3 xy 2 _x 3 + C) &;2 (x + 0'2)2 . (x 2 + 0'2)2
Now, u + iu l
i 2
= [3x 2y _ 0'3 + i(3 xy 2 - x 3)] + ic a u = x 2 + 0'2 _ 20'2 = X 2 -0' 2
=- i(x 3 - iy 3 - 3xy 2 + 3ix 2y) + ic 0'2 -Cx 2 + 0'2)2 (x 2 + 0'2)2
=- i(x + iy)3 + ic = -'iz 3 + ic
I a2 u + a2
u . .
-- 2 --2 = 0, hence u IS harmonIc,
u + iu =- i(z3 - C) ax ay
1
Sho"W that e'" cos 0' is hannonic function, find the analytic Now, du = -au au
dx + - dO' = - -au au
dx + - dO'
function of "Which it is real part. &; 0' 8y ax
-0' x
_lIit\,J"} dv =
x
2
+0'
2 dx +
x
2
+0'
? dO'
Let, u = eX cosy
i"u a2 u dv = x d:;. - 0' = d [tan -1 ( J
i'x = eX cosy => &;2 = eX cosy
2
Integration yields, v = tan- 1 +c
{'u
,-y = _eX sinO' => a u = _ eX cos 0'
ay2 This is the required harmonic conjugate function of u,

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Mathematics - II 4-17 F (Se:rn-2)

4-18 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

_ . ' ".. " If f (z) = u + iv is analytic function and u - v = eX Where, U = (u - v) and V = u + v

--
;"111-.
(cos y-siny), find f(z) in term.s ofz. Hence, 2sin2x
V = u + v =
e2y + e 2y - 2 cos 2x

- i(u
u + iv = f{z)
+ iv) = if(z)
iu -v = if(z)
... (4.24.1)

... (4.24.2)
Now,

and
-8V
Ox

-8V
=

cry = 2
e Y
4 cos 2x
2
e Y
.
+ 4 SIn 2x

- 4 sin 2x
2 2y (
+ e = '1'1 x,y
'I' J(z,O) = - 4 sin 2z + 2
'l'2(z,0) = 4 cos 2z + 4 sin 2z
)
= 'l'2(X,y)

I
On adding eq. (4.24.1) and eq. (4,24.2),
u - v + i (u + v) = (1 + i) f(z)
By Milne's Thomson method,
TJ + iV= F(z) F(z) = f{'I'l(Z,O) + i 'l'2(Z,0)} dz + c
Where, U=u-v=e"(cosy-siny)

(l
V=u+v
+ i) f(z) = F(z)
.f = f {(- 4 sin 2z + 2) + i( 4 cos 2z + 4 sin 2z)} + c

N ow using Milne's Thomson method, = (

4 cos 2z + 2)
Z +£
. (4 sin 2z - 4 cos 2Z) +c
f . 2 2 2
= IjIl = e" (cos y - sin y)
8U
J
= (2cos 2z + 2z) + i (2 sin 2z - 2 cos 2z) + c
8x
SO, «I>1(Z, 0) = ez (cos 0- sin 0)
or (l + i) f(z) = (2 cos 2z + 2z) + i (2 sin 2z - 2 cos 2z) + c
«1>1 (z, 0) = ez I z = 2 (cos 2z + z) + 2i (sin 2z - cos . 2z) + __
or f() c
8U.( , (l + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)
N ow - = «1>2 = e" - SIn y - COS y)
cry
«1>2 (z, 0) = e
=-ez
Z
(- sin: °- cos 0)
Multiply and divide by 0- i) on RHS, we get
1j12(Z, 0) f(z) = 2 ( cos 2z + z) (1 - i)
According to Milne's Thomson method, (l + i) 1- i
F(z) = f {IjII (z, 0) - i «1>2 (z, o)} dz + c
+ 2i (sin 2z - cos 2z) (1 - i) + (1 - i)
f (e Z
+ ie Z
) dz + C = fez (1 + i) dz + c (1 + i) 1- i (I + i) 1 - i
F(z) = (l + i) e + cZ
2 (1- i) (z + cos 2z) 2i (1 - i) (sin 2z - cos 2z)
or (1 + i) f(z) = (l + i) e + cZ
12 _ i 2 + 12 _ i 2 + c1
Z C
f( z) = e +--. {Where, C I = Constant}
1+l
2 (1 - i) (z + cos 2z) 2i (1 - i) (sin 2z - cos 2z)
III.. Determine an analytic function f(z) in tenn of z if
=
22
+
= (z + cos 2z) - i(z + cos 2z) + (i + 1) (sin 2z - cos 2z)
+ c1 (-.' i 2 = - 1)

u + V = 2 sine 2 2x + e
2
Y - 2 cos 2x. = (z + cos 2z + sin 2z - cos 2z) + i(- z - cos 2z + sin 2z - cos 2z)
Y f(z) = (z + sin 2z) + i(sin 2z - 2 cos 2z - z)

Let f(z) = u + iv
if(z)=iu-v
(l + i) f{z) = (u - v) + i(u + u)
F(z) = U +IV

I
I
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I
Mathematics - II

CONCEPT OUTLINE
Confor:[Link] Mapping: A mapping w = f(z) is said to be conformal if
4-19 F (Se:m.-2) 4-20 F (SelD-2)

Roei90 = ('(zo) = lim (2 0 ,+

",,-.0

. llw
Complex Variable Differentiation

- (z) --
the angle between any two smooth curves cl' c 2 in the z-plane 1Im--
",,-.0
intersecting at the point Zo is equal in magnitude and sense to the
angle between their images <, c; in the w-plane at the point wo=[Link]) lim
",,-.0
(IllwI+ i arg' t.w)
z-plane w-plane
y u
* So 80 = lim (arg llw)
""-.0
v

k'
y

0: /»0
if
czo+t>z 8

o
zo
0 •
a. '
"

(
I
x u
20-- -- w - -----

-
General Linear Transfor:[Link] : General linear transformation , , o
or simply linear [Link] defined by the function o r--x 0 • u
w = f(z) = az + b ... (1)
(a * 0, and b are arbitrary cOInplex constants) maps confonnally the
llw
I
.
extended complex z-plane onto the extended w-plane, since this function S lnce llw = --
is analytic and ('(z) = a *0 for any z. If a = 0, eq. (1) reduces to a t>z
constant function. , llliJ
arg llw = arg -- + arg
Special Cases of Linear Transfonnation :
i. Identity Transfonnation : In this, w = z for a = 1, b = 0, which J. As -7 0, 13 = 8 0 + 0. ,
maps a point z onto itself. Thus the directed tangent to curve c at Zo is rotated through an an 1
ii. Translation: In this, w = z + b for a = I, which translates' 9 0 = arg ( '(zo), which is same for all curves through zOo Let a , a gbe
(shifts) z through a distance I b I in the direction of b, angles of inclination of two curves c I and c 2 and 13 1 and 13 I be e
iii. Rotation: In this, w = eiOo + z for a = eiSo, b = 0 which rotates corresponding angles for their images 8 1 and 8 2 , 2 e
(the radius vector of point) z through a scalar angle 8 0 Then 13 1 = 0. 1 + 8 0 and 13 2 = 0. 2 + 8 0
(counterclockwise if 8 0 > 0, while clockwise of 00 < 0). .
iv. Stretching (Scaling) : In this, w = az for 'a' real stretches if Thus 13 2 - 13 1 = 0. 2 - 0. 1 = Y
a> 1 (contracts if 0 < a < 1) the radius sector by a factor 'a'. Hence, the angle y between the curves c I and c 2 and their images S d
8 2 is same both in magnitude and sense. 1 an

Show that circles are 'invariant under translatl' on,

rotation and stretching.

Linear transformation preserves circles i.e., a circle in the z-plane und .

linear transformation maps to a circle in the w-plane. e!
State and prove condition for conforIIlality.
Consider any circle in the z-plane
A(x 2 + y") + Ex + Cy + D = 0 ·..(4.27 1)
Let w = f(z) = az + b .
StatelDent: A mapping w = f(z) is conformal at each point zo where f(z) From above u + iv = w = az + b = a(x + iy) + (b , + ib 2 )
is analytic and ('(zo) *
O. or u = ax + b l , v = ay + b z
Proof: Since (is analytic,(' exists and since(' * 0, we have at a pointz o

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4-22 F (SeDl-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

MatheIllatics - II 4-21 F (Se:rn-2)
z-pJane
u-b 1 u-b 2 0 y
or ---,y=---
X = ,a"" ... (4.27.2)
a a
Substituting the value ofx andy from eq. (4.27.2) ineq. (4.27.1), we get
A·(u 2 + u 2 ) + B· u + C-v + D* = 0 ... (4.27.3)
Which is circle in the w-plane.
A B· -_ B - 2Ab 1 , C· ---------"
_ C - 2Ab 2
II -"X
Wh ere, A • -- -, A(O, 0) B 0, 0)
a2 a a
••
and D+A(b: + b;) _ Bb 1 _ Cb 2
.
D*
a2
=
a a I
I u +iv = w = (1 - i)(x + iy) + 3
Thus'circles are invariant under translation, rotation and stretching. Here,
= x + iy - ix + Y + 3
Discuss in brief about inversion and reflection So u(x,y) = x +Y + 3, v(x,y) =y-x
I
-
transfor:rnation. AtAB,y= 0, u =x + 3, v =-x
or u=-v+3
I
v = 3 - u gives A * B*
L:ti:f. ,L .,' '.t""
1 I AtAC,x = 0, u =y + 3, v=·y,
Consider, w=
z
forz "" 0 ... (4.28.1)
I or u=v+3

I
v = u - 3 gives A *C*
In polar coordinates,
At BC, x + Y = 1, or substituting u = (x + y) + 3
= 1 + 3 = 4,
re '9 r u = 4 gives B*C*
So the image is the triangular region with vertices atA *(3,0), B*(4, - 1),
So R = !,
<I> = - 8. Thus this transformation consists of an inversion in
1
r
the unit circle (Rr = 1) followed by a mirror reflection about the real axis.
1
C*(4, 1). Let D Ci, ±) be any interior point of ABC. Its image is

Also Iwl
1
I zl
So the unit circle Izi = 1 maps onto the unit circle I
l.
D*(3, 5, 0) which is also an interior point of A *B*C*.
w-pJane
j

Iwl =!
1
= 1. Further the interior ofthe unit circle Iz 1 = 1 (point lying I u
within Izi = 1) are transformed to the exterior of the unit circle Iwl = 1
(points lying outside Iwl = 1) or vice versa (Fig. 4.28.1).
z-pJane..
y
w =z1 ...v w-pJane
D

Find the graph for the strip 1 < x < 2 under the Dlapping

. w = ! (Fig. 4.30.1).
z

Find and plot the iDlage of triangular region with

vertices at (0,0),0,0), (0,1) under the transforDlation w = (1- i)z + 3
(Fig. 4.29.1).

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I
4-23 F (SeIO-2) 4-24 F (Sem-2) Complex Variable Differentiation
Mathematics - II

y z-plane
y z-plane

x
o x

-"
Iz-"al = a

-
.a·V""£

. 1 x -iy The given region is a circle in the z-plane with centre at (a, 0) and radius
Here, u + = w = -
z x2 + y2 a, i.e.,
z - a = ae iS or z = a + ae iS = a( 1 + e iO )
u -v So w = Z2 = a 2(l + e iS )2 = a 2 (1 + cos 9 + i sin 9)2
So x= -- y=
2
u + v2 ' u 2 + v2 = 2a 2(COS 2 9 + cos 9 + i sin 9 cos 9 + i sin 9)
Re i.;= w = 2a 2 (l + cos 9)(cos 9 + i sin 9)
Since 1 < x < 2 so 1 < 2 U ,< 2 = 2a 2(l + cos 9)e'S
+ v2
I
U
Thus R = 2a 2(l + cos 9)
or u 2 + v2 < 0 and 2(u 2 + v 2 ) > 0
- U - U
= 2a 2 (l + coscP) (·.·cP = 9)
RewrIting.. (u - -1) 2 1
+ v 2 < - and u - - [ 1) 2 + v 2 >-1 v w-plane
2 . 4 4 16
w-plane
v
u

r • ,..u

•••., --
1
B*
R = + cos +) cardioid

or Iw - < and Iw - il >

i.e., interior of the circle with centre at [%,0) and radius %and exterior CONCEPT OUTLINE

Mobius Transfonnation : It is also known as bilinear transformation.

of the circle with centre at (i, 0) and radius Bilinear transformation is the function w of a complex variable z of the
form
Thus the infinite strip maps to the region shaded in the w-plane. az+b
w =f{z) = --
__ Detennine and graph the image of Iz - al = a under w =Z2
ez+d
Where a, b, e, d are complex or real constants subject to ad - be *- o.
(Fig. 4.31.1).

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Mathematics - II 4-25 F (SeID.-2) 4-26 F (SeID.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

Properties of Mobius or Bilinear TransforInation :

or (6i + 2)(1 + i)(i - z) - (2 - i)5z
1. Circles are transformed into circles under bilinear w=
transformation. - 5z + (6i + 2)(i - z)
2. The cross-ratio of .four points is invariant under a bilinear z(6 + 3i) + (8 + 4i)
w=
transformation. z(7 + 6i) + (6 - 2i)
_ DeterInine the Mobius transforInation having 1 and i as
fixed (invariant) points and Dlaps 0 to - l.
_i'l
. _.'Ii'.•)
The Mobius transformation having a and f3 as fixed points is given by
yz - af3
How could you deterInine the bilinear transforInation ? w = -------
z-a-f3+y
For a = 1, f3 = i, we have
1. A bilinear transforInation can be uniquely determined by three given yz - i
w=
conditions. To find the unique bilinear transformation which three z-1-i+y
given distinct points z1' Z2' za onto three distinct images WI' W 2' w a' Since z = 0 is mapped to w = - 1,
consider W which is the image of a general point z under this 0- i
transformation. -1=
2. Now by theorem 2 which states that the cross-ratio of four points is
invariant under a bilinear transformation, the cross-ratio of the four i or y =
0-1-i+y
2i + 1

._1
point wI' w 2' w a' W must be equal to the cross-ratio ofz1' z2,za' Z. Hence Thus the required transformation is
the unique bilinear transforInation that maps three given point zI' Z2' za 1 w=
(2i + 1)z - i
-------

I
on to three given images wI' w 2 ' w a is given by, z +i
(W.L:=_l':l.2)(W" -_llJ) _ (ZI - Z2)(Z" - z)
(w, -- w)(w" - w 2 ) - (ZI - z)(z" -- Z2) Find a bilinear transforInation which [Link] the upper
half of the z-plane into the interior of a unit circle in the w-plane.

.
.,. Find the bilinear transforInation that [Link] the point 0, Verify the transforInation (Fig. 4.35.1).
1, i in z-plane onto the points 1 + i, - i, 2 - i in the w-plane. 1 z-plane

-.x
y

The required bilinear transformation

(w l- w 2)(w" - w) _ (ZI - Z2)(Z" - z)
is I t
(w, - w)(w 3 - w 2 ) - (Zl - Z)(Z3 - Z2) -1 .
(1 + i + i)(2 - i - w) = (0 - 1)(i - z)
(l + i - w)(2 - i + i) (0 - z)(i - z,) '{\@\]
BIIl·····@·""0··.·.1&·····.··.;·.·.'··
. .' .<'-'

mit
-1)C zJ
'. ..
(1 + 2i) (2 - i - w) Suppose any three points in the upper half of z-plane say A : - 1, B : 0,
(i
2 (1 + i - w) C = 1 gets mapped to any three points in the interior of the circle
2-i-w 2(3i + 1) -
(i--- zJ Iwl = 1 in the w-plane, say A': - i, B*: 1, C*: i. Thus the required bilinear

Solving for w,
1 + i-w
----
5 z j transformation is the one which maps - 1, 0, 1 from z-plane to - i, 1, i in
the w-plane.
5z(2 - i - w) = 2(3i -+- 1)(1 + i - w)(i -z)
! Now according to cross-ratio property,

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r1athematics - II 4-27 F (Se:m-2)

(ZI - Z2)(Z3 - z) (WI - W 2 )(W 3 - w)

(ZI - Z)(Z3 - Z2) (WI - w)(w 3 - w 2)

(-1-0)(1-z) (-i-1)(i-w)
(-1- z)(l- 0) (-i--:w)(i-1)

or
1-z l+iw CODlplex Variable
l+z i+ w
i-z
Integration
On solving, w = i+z

Verification: Iwl .
=. li-zl
-.- ,.;; 1
or Ii - zl ,.;; Ii + zl
,jx 2 + (1- y)2 ,jx2 + (1 + yf
0

Thus the bilinear transformation w = i -'- z transforms interior of unit

i+z
circle in w-plane onto the upper half plane inz-plane.
'x 2 + (1- y)2
Also, Iwl = +z x 2 + (1 + y)2

For y = 0, [wi = JX 2+ 1
-2-- = 1. Thus the real axis (y = 0) gets .
mapped to
x +1
the unit circle Iwl = 1.
V w-plane

_I
©©©

5--1 F (Se:m-2)

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5-2F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration

Mathematics - II

CONCEPT OUTLINE

Contour Integral : If the initial point and final point coincide so

that C is a closed curve then this integral is called contour integral State Cauchy's Integral theorem. and derive it.

and is denoted by dz.

If f(z) = u(x,y) + iu(x,y) A . [Link]: Ifj{z)is an analytic function and {'(z)is continuous at each
since dz = dx + idy point within and on a simple closed 'curve C, then
fJ(z)dz = t(u+iu) (dx+idy) = fc(udx-udy)+ifc(udx ..... udy) = 0
which shows that the evaluation ofline integral of a complex function B. Proof: Let R be the region bounded by the curve C.
can be reduced to the evaluation of two line integrals of real functions.
Cauchy's Integral Theorem.: Iff(z) is an analytic function andf'(z)
is continuous at each point within a simple closed curve C, then
=0
c
For multiple connected regions,
J
C1
f(z)dz =
C2
f(z)dz
if••'11
when integral along each curve is taken in anticlockwise direction.
Let, f(z) = u(x, y) + iu(x, y), then
Cauchy's-Goursat Theorem. : Cauchy's theorem without the
assumption that f '(z) is continuous is known as Cauchy's-Goursat
1 'fc f(z)dz.
,f.. = ,f.. (u + iu)(dx + idy) .
'fc
theorem. (udx - udy) + (udx + udy) ... (5.1.1)
Cauchy's Integral [Link] : If f(z) is analytic within and on a f
closed curve C and if a is any point within C, then ·
S Ince f'()' .
z IS contmuous, t h e part!'ald" au au au au are al so
envat!ves
-,-,-,-
ax cry ax ay
f(a) = ---.!-fez) dz continuous in R. Hence by Green's theorem, we have
'Yz (z - a)
2ni
Cauchy's Integral [Link] for Derivative of an Analytic.
Function: If a function f(z) is analytic in a domain D, then at any C
f(z)dz = IfR(----
au au) dxdy+£ ··ff (au
axay
---au) dxdy
Raxcry
... (5.1.2)

point z = a of D, f{.z) has derivatives of all orders, all of which are again Now fez) being analytic at each point ofthe regionR, by Cauchy-Riemann
analytic functions in D and are given by . equations, we have

f
,(a) --f(z)
)n+l
dz
2 . c(
f au = au and au au
n£ z - a ax ay ay ax
Where C is any closed curve in D surrounding the point z = a. . Thus, the two double integrals in eq. (5.1.2) vanish.
Hence = 0

State and prove Cauchy's integral forlllula.

1
1
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5-4 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-5 F (Sem.-2)

A. [Link]: Iffiz) is analytic within and ona closed curve C and a is

any point within C, then
__ State Cauchy integral theorem. for an analytic function.

boundary of the rectangle with vertices 1, - 1, i, - i.

_
Verify this theorem. by integrating the function %3 + iz along the

-
.....
f(a) = f(z) dz
J, SF·. :&:
2m t'c z-a .

B. Proof: Consider the function fez) , which is analytic at every point

z-a A. Cauchy's Integral Theorem.: Refer Q. 5.1, Page 5-3F, Unit-5.
within C excep.t at z = a. Draw a circle C 1 with a as centre and radius p B. [Link]:
f fez) dz = f fez) dz + f fez) dz + f fez) dz + f fez) dz
such that C1lies entirely inside C. Thus fez) is analytic in the region
z-a C AB BC CD DA

between C and C 1· f fez) dz = f (x + iy)3 + i (x .t- iy) {dx + i dy} =0 ... (5.3.1)
AB
c
f fez) dz f «x + (x _1)3 + i (2 x-I) {2 dx}
BC
o
2f {(2 X _1)3 + i (2 x -l)} dx - i ... (5.3.2)
1

f fez) dz f[{x + i (+ i x + i)}3 + i (-ix +i)] (0) = 0 ... (5.3.3)

CD

f f(z) dz 2 f[ {x - i (i x + i)}3 + i(2x + 1)] dx

DA
y

:. By Cauchy's theorem, we have

c
ef> fez) dz '" ,h j(z) dz ... (5.2.1)
.Cz-a 'j'c,z-a Do(" I -, X
Now, the equation of circle C t is Iz -0 I = p or z - a = peiS B
(1,0)
So that dz = ipe,a de

:.,f, f(zL dz = (2,[(a

:t'c1z-a Jo
+ peia) i peiS de = i
pelO
r'
0
f(a + peiS)de AJ(O,-i)

Hence by eq. (5.2.1), we have

·1
fez) dz = l h f(a + pe is )de
••RlIB
P--
Cz-a 0
... (5.2.2) 2f[(2X + 1)3 + i (2x + 1)] dx
In the limiting form, as the circle C 1 shrinks to the point a, i.e.,
p 0, then from eq. (5.2.2), 1)JO. = i
2[(2 x + 1)4 + i (2 x + ... (5.3.4)
8 2 1
,f, fez) dz = 2n
i f0 f(a)de = if(a)
fh de =
0 2nif(a) From eq. (5.3.1), eq. (5.3.2), eq. (5.3.3) and eq. (5.3.4), we have
'j'cz-a
f fez) dz = - i + 0 + 0 + i = 0 (Hence proved)
_I_,f, fez) dz
Hence ((a) = C
2ni 'j'c z - a

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Mathematics - II 5-7 F (Sem.-2)

s.:-6 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration

iz
_ State Cauchy's integral [Link]. Hence, .
Verify Cauchy's theorem. by integrating e along the
dz
boundary of the triangle with the vertices at the points .Evaluate 2 2 , where Cis Iz I == 1

-.r ••- c z (z - 4)e X

-
l+i,-I+iand-l-i.

fez) dz == Jfez) dz +. J fez) dz + J fez) dz ... (5.4.1)

A Cauchy's Integral [Link] : Refer Q. 5.2, Page 5-3F, Unit-5.
C AB BC CA .. B. [Link] :'
AlongAB, y == x, dy == dx
(tz) == e iz == ei{)c +iy)
(tx) == ei(l + i)x
Let; 1==
J, dz
r
Z2(Z2 -4)e' , c== Izi == 1

1 e-zdz
J fez) dz == J ei(1 + i)x (dx + idx) 1==
C
_ -
AB -1
1 Poles are z == O.(of order 2), z == ± 2
HI + 0% (i + 1)
(i _ 1) [e i - 1 - e - i + 1] z == 0 is the orily pole which lie inside C.
== (l+i)
y
]

1==
e-'/(z? -4) .
Z2 dz == 2m
• [ddz ( e-•.:-4)
lZ2
c z=o
(- 1 + i)
CI
I C (1 + i)
.. 7B
_
I - 2m
. [- (Z2 - 4)e-' - 2ze-' ]
z? _ 4)2
(

Along BC, y == 1, dy == 0 .
(-1-_ I

A
i)
.."
71'"

. ""
.. X

Thus
c·
1
",2(",2 _ 4-)p'
.
I=-27ti

1= ni
2

dz=-2
ttl

I fez) dz == }1 ei(x+i) dx == e- 1 ye ix dx == (e-

i
-
i
e ) _ State Cauchy's integral formula. Hence evaluate:
BC 1 1 Ie

-
2z+1 . 1
Along CA, x == - 1, dx == 0 [ -ll--dz ,where CIS Izl == -.

Jfez) dz
CA
==
-1

J
== _ ie-i
1
e i(-1+iY)·d

(e+1_e-1)
. -i Je
-1

+1
== - ie-:-i
-y dY

1
(e - e- )
C Z + z

.6 2

lei -i] + i;e- - eiei- .

From eq. (5.4.1)
i i A Cauchy Integral [Link] : Refer Q. 5.2, Page 5-3F, Unit-5.
dz
(i + I? -i ie-
- -; - ee e + ---;- B. [Link]:
c
P6les are given by z2 + z == 0, z = 0, - 1
iei· . e-l el _ ie --I
__ -- + iee-' + -- - - - ie-·'e + --
e ie ie e
== _ ie i - 1 + ie-i + 1 _ ie-i - 1 + iei - 1 _ ie- i +

fez) dz == 0 (Hence proved)

1 + ie- i - 1

I
c

II (paharia.aadhyaa24@[Link])
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5-8 F (Sem."2'j, - Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-9 F (Sem.-2)

The circle I z I = 3 with centre at origin and radius = 3 encloses a pole at

Jz/ .!.
2 -
is a circle with centre at origin and radius
-'
1:.2 Pole z = 0 z =- 1 of second order and simple poles z = ± 2i.
Let the given integral = I} + 12 + 13 ... (5.8.1)
enclosed in Iz I = z2 -2z
z2-2z z2+ 4
1 2z +1 . 2z + 1 I}= Ic} (z+l)2(z2+ 4 )dz=Ic .,9 dz
c z (z + 1) dz = 1 z +1 =2m [ 2Z +IJ
z+1 d Z2 - 2Z]
"
1 2z + I ' c z = 2ni [ dz Z2 + 4 z = _ 1
c z(z+ 1) dz = 2Tei
= 2ni [(Z2 + 4) (2z - 2) - - 2Z)2ZJ
(z2 + 4)2

e""
Use Cauchy's integral fonnula to show that
.
= 2m [(1 .
+ 4) (-2 -2) - (I + 2) 2(-I)J
(1 + 4)2
:z=-1

1cz2+1 dz=2Teisint·ift>OandCisthecircle Izi =3.

= 2m (_ =- 28 Tei
_ii_III
-2z
'r
Z2

Poles of the integrand are given by

I
21c 2
=
(z-2i).
.' dz = 2m
(z + 1) 2 (z + 2L> . z 2 - 2z
(z+I)2(z+2i)z=2i
J
Z2. + 1 = 0, z = ± i(order 1)
The circle / z I = 3 has centre at z = 0 and radius 3. It encloses both the = 2nL, [ -4 - 4i ] (1 + i)
= 2 TeL--
singularities z == i and z = - i. (2i + 1)2 (2i + 2i 4 + 3i

Now ,1 --dz
e
Z2 + 1
C
zt
== fc (z + i)(z
e
zt

- i)
dz
1. = f ·(z +
z2 -2z
1)2 (z - 2i) dz = 211i [ . Z2:- 2z . J
3 C3 (z + 2i) (z + 1)2 (z - 2i) z = 2i

=
(ze:J f --,
1.c, --,-dz+ Cze:J dz (e I
zt
= 2Teil-'j
( e 'II
.+ 2nil-'j
zt -4+ 4i
= 2 rei
[ (- 2i + 1)2 (-2i -, 2i)
] = 2 .TeL. -c':-,_'-:-
.
(i - 1)
(3L - 4)
z+L Z- L C2 '- Z + L
Z"'t
'- Z - L
z==-i
Now putting the value of 11'1 2 and 1 3 in eq. (5.8.1), we get
= 11 (e il - e- il ) = 2m sin t
==="'" Cauchy's fnteg...ai fonnula fC (z + Z21)2 -(Z22z + 4) d z = -[Link]
---+
25
2' 1 + i') + 2'
nL [ --.
4 + 3(
TeL ( ---
i-I) )
3i - 4)
. 2
,f., z - 2z -14 I+i (i-I)]
l'c ' 2 2 ,dz"where C is the circle Izl= 3. = 2rei [ 25 + (4 + 3i) + (3i :-4)
(z + 1) (z + 4) ,

_ . [-14+ (I+i)(3i-4)+(i-I)(4+3i)]
- 2m 25 (-9 -16) .
.. ' il = .2 ni [14 + (3i - 4 - 3 - 4i) + (4i - 3 - 4 - 3il]
- 25 .
Here, we have
Z2 - 2z
c (z + 1)2 (z2 + 4)
dz f =0
The poles are detennined by putting the denominator equal to zero,
(z + 1)2 (Z2 + 4) =-·0"
z = - 1, - 1 and z = ± 2i

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5-10 F (SeDJ.-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-11 F (Sem-2)

2z __ 3+'
I (z+e 1) =0

-
Evaluate the integral ----5 dz, around the boundary Evaluate J (Z)2. dz , along the real axis froDJ. z to
o
z = 3 and then along a line parallel to [Link] axis froDJ. z = 3 to

--
Izi = 2. z=3+i. _

Poles are z = - 1 of order 5 will lie in I z I = 2 3 .... i 3 .... i

Using cauchy integral formula, we get f (:zf dz

o
J (x - iy)2 (ax + idy) = J x 2 ax + J (3 - iy)2 idy
4 o OA AB
e 2z dz _ ---.!!!...
2 . [ __ d (e 2Z )]
I f_ , 1\5 - 41 dz 4
y
B

21ti (l6e 2z ) = 321ti x e-2 = 41ti2 1

4! 24 3e

-
e Zz , ) ,A .. X
Using Cauchy's integral fonnula evaluate J L ... ,,4 dz , 013
c

where C is the circle 1z I = 3. Along OA, y = 0, dy = 0, x varies 0 to 3

Along AB, x = 3, ax = 0, andy varies 0 to 1
3f (Z)2 dz = J3x 2 ax + J1(3 -
+i .
iy)2 idy =
[ 3J3 + i J1(9 - 6iy - y2)dy
" . ( 81ti) o 0 o· 3

I'l .
00
Same as Q. 5.9, Page 5--10F, Urut-5. Answer: 3e2 .

Evaluate "J(l+z)sinZ C .•
[ :3
x
3

0 + 9y - 3ly 2 - y31 =327 .[26'J

3" 3 - +l 3l 26i
= 12 + 3"
-----2-
c (2z- 3)
dz, where IS the Circle
1
Iz I =2
I __ Integrate f(z) = Re(z) troDJ. z =0 to z =1 + 2i, (i) along
- i counter clockwise.
I straight line joining z = 0 to z = 1 + 2i, (ii) along the real axis frODJ.
z = 0 to z = 1 and then along a line parallel to [Link] axis froDJ.

--
z=ltoz=1+2i. ._
The given integral is'
.
I (l(2z-3)2
+ z)sin Z dz

Poles of integrand,
(2z - 3)2 =0 i. J:+2'fez) dz C+ 'Re(z) dz
2

3 3
z= -- Equation of OB is,
2'2
Pole lie inside the circle of radius 2. 2-0
y-O= --(x-O)
By Cauchy's integral formula, . 1-0
y = 2x
[d ]
r
c
(l+z)sinz
(2 Z
_ 3)2 dz = 21ti -d-Z Cl + z)sinz
= 2m ((1 + z) cos z +
z=3/2

sin Z1 z =3/2
dy
z
dz
= 2dx
= x + iy
= ax + idy = ax + i2dx
5 3 . 3)
= 2ni ("2 cos "2 slll2 + o Re(z)dz = J1o x(ax + idy)

I
I
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,5-12 F (SeIl1-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics II 5-13 F (SeIll-2)

J: x(dx + 2idx) = (l + 2i) J: xdx = (1 + 2i{ I 1+2i

2
Now J CR
fez) dz = f
0
1'C

-
.
eimRCeos & + i sin

Re'o
e)
Rie o de [.: z = Re i6 ]

y = ifoneimRlcosO+ism'ol de"
B=1+2i
Since.
--" -'
= e- mR sin e
I
I CR'
fez) dzl
.
f" e-mRsinO, de = 2 f "/2 e-mRsinO de
JO.. Jo
2Lnl2 e-2mRO/n de [.: for 0 e 7tl2, sin e/8 ? 2ht]

ii. Jf(z)dz OA

1 2
o
v

I Re(z)dz + f Im(z)dz
foxdx+folCidY)=
[X22J1
AB

0
.. x

.! + 2i = 1 + 4i ,
2 2
I mR
e- mR ) which
Y4
0 as R ---+ 00,

'y
1+2i I .. ' ,,-

-R R X
J
, ,A .. x
Also
,
I Cr
fez) dz =
0
if e imrCc';so+i8inOl de
7t 7t
de i.e. - in as r ---+ 0
.

o 1 Hence as r ---+ 0 and R ---+ 00; we from eq. (5.14.1).

+'0 + - in =0
_ . i
, ' Evaluate: 0 dx, Tn> O. or foo -co
f(x)dx = in i.e. foo -co
e """ dx
x
= in ...(5.14.2)

illEr . Equating illlaginary parts frOIll both sides,

foo
-00
sin mx dx = x
x
foosin mx dx = n
Consider the integral f emu dz =
C z C
I
fez) dz where C consists of Hence
Jo x 2
1. The real axis frOInr to R.
ii. The upper half of the circle C R: 1z \ = R,
iii. The real axis - R to - r,
iv. The upper half of the circle C r : Izi = r (Fig. 5.14.1)
Since f(z) has no singularity inside C (its only singular. point being a
simple pole at z = 0 which has been deleted by drawing Cr),-we have by CONCEPT OUTLINE
Cauchy's theorem:
r f(x)dx + J f(z)dz + r' f(x)dx + f. f(z)dz =0 ... (5.14.1)
! Taylor's Series: A function f(z) which is analytic at all points within
r elf - R C,. a circle C with centre at a can be represented uniquely as a convergent
J. power series known as Taylor's series.
I
1
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5-14 F (SeDJ.-2) COIIlplex Variable Integration

-
Mathematics - II 5--15 F (SeDJ.-2)

f(z) = Lan(z-a)n
n=O
If the centre of the circle is at z = 4, then the distances of the singularities
Where, a =--
r(a) "". z = 1 andz = 3 frOIIl centre are 3 and 1.
n n!
Helice if a circle is drawn with centre at z = 4 and radius 1 then within
Laurent's Series: Iff(z) is analytic inside and on the boundary of the
circle Iz - 41 = 1, the given function f(z) is analytic hence it can be
annular (ring shaped) region R bounded by two concentric circles C 1
expanded in Taylor's series within the circle Iz - 41 = 1 which is therefore
and C 2 of radii r 1 and r 2 (r 1 > r 2) respectively having centre at a, then the region of convergence.

8-"-'·
for all z inR
00

f(z) = Lan(z-q)n+Lbn(z-a)-n

a =
n=O

f(w)
n==i

dw of · · z - 1 z - 2 .= = 4 11.

-
Z Z
Where, n 2m ':t'C (W _ a)n+l
1

and b = f(w) dw
n 2m ':t'C 2 (W _ a)-n+l
Liouville's TheoreDI: Iff(z) is entire and If(z) I is bounded for allz,
f(z)= ,- =
then f(z) is constant. . . ."

+ (z _ 4W 1 z; 4) }-1]
J f(z) = .!If(-1nZ-4)n -.! f(-1r(Z-
4
r]
i 2 3 n =o 3

_.
_ 1

-
.. . . Expand _2 _ . in"the region 1 < Iz I < 2. I _ Find the Taylor series expansion of the function tan-I z

about the point z = rr/4.

f(z) = tan- 1 z

1
------
1 1
=
1 ( Z 1-1 1(
-2 1-iJ· -; 1-;
1)-1 f'(z) =
f(z) = Z2 _ 3z + 2 (z - 2) (z -1) 1+z

After rearranging, we get,

= -! [1
2
+
2
+ Z2 + z8
4
3
••• J- !z [1 + .!z + z
+ .... J IJ f"(z) = - 2z
(1 + Z2)2

=_2l1+z2-4Z2] 2 (3z 2 -1)

f()-
Z - - z
-3
- z
-2
- z
-1
- 21 - 4:1 z - '81 z 2
- 16 z
1 3
.
I f"(;)=_21(1+Z2)2_4Z2(1+Z2)]
L (1 + z2)4 (1 + z2)3 (1 + z2)3
!
f' = tan- 1 = 0.6658,f' = 0.6185
Obtain the Taylor's series expansion of f(z) = Q 1
(2:)

-
about the point z = 4. Find its region of convergence. f" = -2 (0.785) = _ 0.60087
4 2.6142
Thus,

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F (Sell1-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II F (SeIl1-2)

tan-1 z = 0.6658+(z +( z - (- 0.60087)+.... f(z) = 2

7z +9z-18
Z3 -9z
_ Find all Taylor and Laurent series expansion of the Using partial fraction,
following function about z = 0
_
f( z ) -
-2z+3
7z 2 +9z-18
Z3 -9z
-+--+--
ABC
z z-3 z+3
7z +9z-18
2

(z-3)(z+3)z=0 - -3x3-

-
1
A=
_"III
7z +9z - 18
2
B= 4 1 =
. +
f(z) = 2
-2z+ 3 = ---1---2
1 1 = -- 1 + ( 1. ) ...(5.18.1) z(z

7z +9z- 18
2
3)

1 1 =
z -3z+2 z-z- (l-z) 2 C=
2 z(z -3) z=-3

i. 0<lzl<3
= (1-z)-l+ Rearrangement of function f(z),
2 4 1( Z)-1
N ow expanding by binomial expansion
f(z) = ;- +3 1+3
f(z)=(1+z+Z2+ z 3+ .... )+ +....J )-1 +31 ( )-1
f(z) = ;-3
2 4(

or f(z) = I: (l)n
n I:
- n (l)n ()n
zn + '1

This is the Taylor's series expansion of given function.

2 2 f(z)= ---I:
2 4 - +-I:(-1)
(z)n 1 -3
n(z)n

Eq. (5.18.1)
can also be written as; . ii. Izl> 3
z 3 n=O 3 3

. 1(
f(z)=-;l-;
1(
,..-;1-;
·24
f(z) = -+
1
+-- = 2Z 4(
-+- 1----:-3)-1 +-'1(1+-3)-1
Now expanding by binomial expansion we get z Z(l-;J Z(l+;J Z Z Z Z

f(z)= -;[l+;+(;r +(;r +....] -;[1+;+(;)'+(;r +....] f(z) = 2

z
-+-4,.,
I: (3)n 1
- . +-I:(-lf
z n=O Z Z n=O
( 3)n
-Z
_
f(z) = - -1 nil n I:(l)n ----;; - - I:(l)n - .
(2)n
"
Expand f(z) = z
(z - 1)(2 - z)
in Laurent series valid for
Z Z Z n=O Z
This is the Laurent's series expansion of gIven functioh. i. Iz - II > 1 and ii. 0 < 1z - 21 < 1.
'-.:"

-
_ Find the Laurent series for the function
2
z = 7z +9z-18.
f() 3 ' Z IS COll1p I ex VarIa
. bl e va lidf, or th e regIons
.
z -9z
i.O<lzl<3 ii. 1z I > 3 _'::" "., .', -" .' - '. -. _1ii
,- .-' :,".: lR '1 f(z) = (z _
z
1)(2- z)

..... ., M" _ 1 _2
f(z) = z _ 1 - z - 2

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5-18 F COlllplex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-19 F (SeID-2)

i. Iz-11>1 In such a case, f{z) can be expanded in a Laurent's series around

z =a,
f{z) = _1_ _ 2 = _1 2_ [1- _1_J-l = a o +a 1(z-a)+a 2 {z-a)2+ + a_I (z-a)-1 +a_ 2 (z-a)-2+
f{z) (1)
z - 1 (z - 1) - 1 z - 1 (z - 1) . z - 1
For eXalllple, f{z) = cot (rei z) is not analytic where as tan (rei z)
1 2 [ 1 1 J
= 0 i.e.; at the points re I z = 4re or z = lin (n = 1, 2,3, .... ).
z - 1 - (z - 1) 1 + z - 1 + (z - 1)2 + ... Thus z = 1, 112, 113,.... are all isolated singularities as there is no
other singularity in their neighbourhood.
1 '" 1
f{z) = ---2
z - 1 ,,=0
L--- But when n is large, z = 0 is such a singUlarity that there are
infinite milllber of other singularities in its neighbourhood.
ii. 0<lz:"'21<1
Thus z = 0 is the non-isolated singularity off{z).
1
f{z ) = ------= 2 [1+(z-2) ]-1 ---2 ii. ReIDovable singularity: If all the negative powers of(z - a) in
(z - 2) + 1 . z - 2 z - 2
'"
f{z) = [1 - (z - 2) + (z - 2)2 - (z - 2)3 + ...] - --
2 eq. (1) are zero, thenf{z) = La" (z - a)" . Here the singularity
n=.O
z-2
can be rellloved by defin:iDg f{z) at z = a in such a way that it
becollles analytic at z = a. Such a singularity is called reIllovable
f{z) = -l(z - 2
+ f(-I)" (z- 2)" singularity.
Thus if lilll exists finitely, thenz == a isa relllovable singularity.
_ Find the Laurent series expansion of
[Link]: Ifall the negative powers of(z-a) in eq. (1) after the nth

-
7%-2 are rissing, then the singularity at z = a is called a pole of order
f(z)= ( )( in the region 1 <lz+ll <3.
% %+1 %+2) n. A pole of first order is called a simple pole.
iv. Essential Singularity: If the number of negative powers of
(z - a) in eq. (1) is infinite, then z = a is called an essential

singularity. In this case, f{z) does not exist.

Sallle as Q. 5.20, Page 5-17F, Unit-5. Zeros of an Analytic Function: Azero of an analytic function f(z)
( '" 1 9 '" (_1)" '\ is that value foc z for which f(z) = 0
l Answer: fez) = - (z + 1)"+1 + Z+1 - 8 (z + 1) "+ 1 )

CONCEPT OUTLINE
':81 Find the nature and location of singularities of the
following functions :
Singularity: A singularity of a function f{z) is a point at which the z- sin z
i. ----
function ceases to be analytic. Z2

Types of Singularities:
i. Isolated Singularity: Ifz = a is a singularity off{z) such that
ii. (z + 1) sin -----.!--
z-2
f{z) is analytic at each point in its neighbourhood (i.e., there
1
exists a circle with centre a which has no other singularity), iii.
then z = a is called an isolated singularity. cos z - sin z

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5-20 F (Sem':2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II

--
5-21 F (Sem-2)

= 2ni m
i Here, z =·0 is a singularity, .{sum of residue. soffCz) at itS}

Also,
z- sin z
Z2
1 { (. Z3 Z5 Z7 )} Z Z3 z·
= Z2 Z - Z - 3! + 5! - 7! + ..... = 3! - 5! + 7! .....
Since there are no negative powers of z in the expansion, z· = 0 is a
= 27t£
.
."
poles within C
I
removable singularity.
ii. (z + 1) sin 1 = (t + 2 + 1) sin ! Where, t =z - 2
z-2 t

(t + 3) -Ill
- --3 + --5 - ... }
{t 3rt 5!t
Find the residues off(z) = 3 at its poles. Hence
1
( 1- 3!t2 + 5!t4 - ...
1 )
+
(3t- 2t
1
3 +
3 )
5!t5 - ...
"2 Z -
z + 2z + 5

3
3 1 1 1
1+------+----
or otherwise evaiuate z- , where C is the circle Iz + 1- i I = 2.
2 3 4 c +22:+5
t 2t6t 120t
3 1 1
1 + z _ 2 - 6(z - 2)2 2(z _ 2)3 + ....
Since there are infinite number of terms in the negative powers of
(z - 2), z = 2 is an essential singularity.
z-3
iii. Poles of f(z) = 1. are given by equating the denominator to The poles of f(z) = 2 are given by
cos z - SIn z z + 2z + 5
z2 + 2z + 5 = 0 => z = - 1 ± 2i
zero, i.e., cos z - sinz = 0 or tanz = lor z = rr/4. Clearly z =
4
is a simple Only the pole z =- 1 + 2i lies inside the circle Iz + 1 -Ii I = 2
pole of f(z). Residue off(z) at z = - 1 + 2i is
lim (z + 1 - 2i) f(z)
z--+-1+2i" ..

lim (z - a)(z - :;I) , where a = _ 1 + 2i (Form.2)

.. 2i Z2 + 2z + 5 0
lim(z - a) + (z - 3) (By L' Hospital's Rule)
CONCEPT OUTLINE Z-H' 2z + 2
a - 3 -1 + 2i - 3 i- 2
Residues: The coefficient of (z - a)-l in the expansion of f(z) around ---= --
2a+2 -2+4i+2 2i
an isolated singularity is called the residue off(z) at that point. Thus By Cauchy' residue theorem,
in the Laurent's series expansion of fez) around
z = a i.e., f(z) = a o + a 1 (z - a) + a 2 (z - a)2 + .... + a_ 1 (z - a)-l + ,+, __ dz = 21ti(_i-_._2) = rr.(i _ 2)
a_ 2 (z - a)-2 + ..... ,the residue off(z) at z = a is a_ 1 .
':Yc Z2 + 2z + 5 2i
DeterlDine the poles and residues at each pole for
Res f(a) = f(z)dz ,.;; .. '. -o:,::·;d

2m c
f(z) = . z ; 1 ---- and hence evaluate c f(z)dz where C is the circle
z + 1) (z - 2)

II
i.e., Pf(z)dz = 2rci Resf(a)
c
Cauchy's Residue TheorelD or TheorelD of Residues:
Iz - i I = 2.
If a functionf(z) is analytic, except at a finite number of poles within
a closed contour C and continuous on the boundary C, then

I
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Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-23 F (Sem.-2)

5-22 F (Se:ID-2)

Evaluate ICcose% 7tZ

dz, where C is the unit circle I % I = 1.
Poles of fiz) are given by
(z + 1)2 (z - 2) = 0, z =- 1 (Order 2), 2 (Simple pole)
eZ eZ
Residue offiz) at z = -1 is, Here, fiz) =
COS 7tZ =
-- [1- (7tZ)2
2!
+ (7tZ)4 -
4!.
[Link]-
R 1 = {(Z'+ 1)2 __1

d (z
[ dzlz.:.. 2
-1)]
= (z - 2)2 z--1
l -1
-1
9
].
Ithas simple poles at z = ± !, ±
inside the circle I z I = 1.
222
± 00' 0' of which only z = + .!.lie
-2

Residue offiz) at z = 2 is, . Residue of f(z) at z = is

, z-I·, z-1 1
R = llln(z - 2) = lim --- =-9
z_2 (z+1)2(z-2) (z _.!.)e
!J
2 z-+2(Z+l}2, Z

I
The given curve C = Iz - i I = 2 is a circle whose centre is atz =i [[Link], at (0, 1)] lim (z - f(z) = lim 2
and radius is 2. Clearly, only the polez = -,IOOs inside the curve C. r-+.!
2
2 z-+.!
2
cos 7tZ

Hence, by Cauchy's residue theorem

(z - .!.) e Z

= 21ti'(-IJ
2 [By L' Hospital's Rule]
1un
0

Pcf(z) dz = 2m (R 1 ) g- = - 921ti' z-+.! - 1tSln 7tZ

0

Detennine the poles of the following function and e 1l2

-7t
residue at each pole: 1 -1/2
oZ2 Similarly, residue off(z) atz = -_ is _e__
f(z) = (z -1)
2
(z +2
) and hence evaluate . -2 n

-
:0 By residue theorem,
Ief(z) dz, where C: Iz I = 3. Z

e dz = 27ti (Sum of residues)

C cos 7tZ

o( e e-
l/2 1I2
= 21t£ - --;- + -----;;-' = - 4£
) 0 (e 1l2
-
2
e-
1I2
J = - 4z smh
,0

2"1
Same as Q. 5.24, Page 5-21F, Unit-50 (Answer: 2ITi) y

Find the poles (with its order) and residue at each poles
of the following function:

-
1-2z
f(z) = x' .. I 0 , 0 I -x
z(z -1Hz - 2)2

J y'
Same as Qo 5,24, Page 5-21F Unit-5, (Answer: Residues are - i,
1
I
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5-24 F (SeDl-2) Complex Variable Integration

I Mathematics - II 5-25 F (SeDl-2)

-
Using of residue, evaluate the following integral CONCEPT OUTLINE

I _dx_ •• .,.. .' ,;:

Evaluation of Real Integral of Type

-
2«
I f(cos
,
B, sin B)dB, I f(x)dx:
_. ,,0'
2'1. ...

Let, I=f (x 2 dx of the type I {(cosB,sin e)dB, where {(cos B, sin B) is a

+ a 2 )2
, ,', 0
o
rational function of cos B and'sin e.
1
{(x) = -(-2- 2)2 2n . " J.. ' (z + Z -::l Z " dz
X +a If(cosB,sinB)dB
o -,
= yC \:, 2 2t tZ
Poles, (x 2 + a 2 )2 = 0
=? x2 + a2 = 0 where C is a unit circle ofl z I = 1.
x = ± ai
Only one pole but repeated nature.
Residue at x = ai

---1
(2 -I)! dx
d {(' x-at 0)2 x
[ --
'
1
(x - ai)2(x + ai)2
}l
(2 I)! [ :x (x: tai = [(X ::i)SLai
air Use calculus of residue to evaluate the following integral

-1 1

I f (x" + acos)(xx
OO. , dx

--
- 4a 3 i - 4a 3 i 2 2
+ b2) ,
Using Cauchy's Residue theorem,
I
f {(x) dx I
00

= 2ni [Sum of residue]

cos x r
fOO __ l__ dx = 2ITi x _1_ =
(x 2 + a 2 )2 4a 3 i 2a 3
I We consIder
. foo
(x2 + a 2)(x 2 + b 2) dx = Jc{(z)dz

Where C is the contour consisting of the semi-circle C R of radius R

Using property of integration,

fooo (x 2 +1a 2 )2 - 4a 3
II together with the part of the real axis from - R to + R °
The integral has simple poles at

of which z = ai, bi only lie

z = ± ai, z = ± bi
, inside C. ,
'

I a z = at0)",= -'I"1m (z - at")

Th e resl°d ue (t 2
cos2 z dz
2 2
+ a )(z + b )
I
z-'ai (Z

° (z -
11m at
") cos z dz , I' cos z dz
= 1m -,-----.,.--,---;;------:::-;;-:-
It
Hai

cos ai
(z - ai)(z + ai)( Z2 + b 2 )

cos ai l
nai (Z + ai)(z2 + b )
2

[ (ai + ai)(ai)2 + b 2 ) J= 2ai(b 2 - a 2 )

1l
I,
f

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5--26 F (SeID.-2) Complex Variable Integration

Mathematics - II 5--27 F (SelD.-2)
The residue (at z = bi) = lim(z - bi) 2 2COS z dz
(z + a Xz - biXz + bi)
z-->bi
1=2 r 1 dz

-
.
I lID
cos [Link]
-
[ cos bi ] - cos bi
Jc
14 -
(
z+-1) iz i c 14z - Z2 - 1
(Z2 + a 2 )(z + bi) - «bil + a 2 Xbi + bi) -
Z
- z-->bi

. cos ai cos bi - 2 L· i dz -
Z2 -14z + 1 -
f 2i
(z - a.) (z - /3)
dZ
Sum of ResIdues (R) = 2 2 + 2 2 - C C
2ai(b - a) (a - b )2bi
Where, a. = 7 + 4 and /3 = 7 - 4 ['.' Z2 - 14z + 1 =0]
1 [ cos ai cos bi] 1 [ cos ai cos bi ] Here /3 < 1, so only /3 lies inside C.
2i a(b 2 - a 2) + b(a 2 - b 2 ) = 2i - a(a 2 - b 2 ) + b(a 2 - b 2 )
Residue at (z = /3) = lim (z - /3) x 2i
1 [ cos bi cos ai ] 1 [cos bi cos ai] z-.p (z - a.) (z - /3)
2i b(a 2 - 6 2 ) a(a 2 - b 2 ) = 2i(a 2 - b 2 ) --b- - --a- 2i 2i i
Using Cauchy's Residue theorem, /3 - a. =7- - 7- =-
J COSX dx
(x 2 + a 2)(x 2 + b 2 )
= 21ti 1
2
2i(a 2 - b )
[cos bi _ cos ai] By Cauchy Residue theorem,

= Re[
b a

1t (COSbi_cosai)]
1 1
a 3 + sin 2 9
d9
=
2' ( - i
1tL
J= 21t
=
1t

(a 2 _ b2 ) b a d9 .

-
I
_ 2".
.. . Use contour integral to evaluate 3 2'· 9 . •
cos + sin 9

-
0 -
.. .[Link] integration [Link], evaluate

I"o 3+ sin
..-
1
2
9
dfL

I
1 - "1 2 d9 = I" 1 d9
-- Here, 1= I--
a
d9

Pf(z) dz, where C is the unit circle Iz I = 1.

- 3 + sin 9
a
a 3 + .!.2 (1 - cos 29) c

We know that, z = ·0
and d9 =-dz
iz'
j
2
["'sin 9=

l
9i
'.' cos 9 = eOi + .e- Z2 + 1
= ---
=
"
I 1 1- P 1
dz 2 2z
z+_!J+ ( J
2 d9 iz . e 9i _ e- Oi Z2 - 1
a 7 - cos 29 - c 3 - ( Z2 and SIll e= = ---
2i 2iz
. 1 dz
Put 29 = el>, d9 = del>
P 2,f,dz

h
2

Ia 7 -
1
cos el>
del> = I
b
.1
(e'+ + e-'+)
. del> l'.' cos 9 = e +2e-'O]
i9 .

I
1= ----:;--------;------0-

c3-z-.!
z
dz
2z2
iz
---:-'1" '2·
L C 6z - 2z 2 - 2 - LZ +L

dz

!I
2 ,f, 2 ,f,
a 7 _ .:=------"-
2 =- i r (i + 2)Z2 - 6z - (i - 2) =- i r (i + 2)Z2 - 5z - z - Ci - 2)
2" 2
= I . a _ ,. , del>
... (5.30.1) 2,f,
= - i r z[(i + 2)z -
dz
5] - l[z + (i - 2)]
a
dz then eq. (5.30.1) reduces to,
But z = e'"• so that del> = -.-
a =_ p .---:o--=-d...::.z _
lZ i i c z[(i + 2)z - 5J -. !_-- [Ci + 2)z + (i - 2)(i + 2)]
(t + 2)
:1

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l
!
5-28 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5--29 F (Sem.-2)
_._.
=_ 4 dz =-;P dZ · I . Z3 1(-1)
8
(2) -1
3' = 24i
l C [z(i + 2) - 5] z- I l+2
t
r
l-
c [z(i + 2) - 5] z + ---
5 Hence by Cauchy's Residue theorem
2
2i (z + 2) = 2i x

2-
Poles are (2 - i) and ( -5- i) .--'l'he only pole which lie inside C is 1= ,f., fez) dz = 27ti( -1.) = _.!.:...
1 't'c 24t 12
2- i 2
z= __'" Evaluate the integral
' J" cos 3e

-
5 • de .
,.' o5-4cos2e

I
2-i =
Residue at z = -- lim (i-2)
z + -- fez)
5 z-+2-i 5
5

_
-
li
i z(i+2)-5)
1
- 2i
J

j -.at
By Cauchy's residue theorem, Same as Q. 5.32, Page 5--28F, Unit-5. (Answer: :;)
. I
f(z) dz = 2m
II
'

(Sum of all residues) 'de

_
Joa+bmne
2ft
.

-
C . " , Evaluate: if a > J b I
!
h de
3 - 2 cos + sin e e = 2m
. (1)
2i = 7t
. ,

m.. . ,,"',w."'.A1'.·.·.·..•.'... Evaluate 1 5 +cos4' cos

2ft

0
3e
e de .
-_.• J
I.

Consider the integration round a unit circle C

So that z = e''6 .. de
dz
= -.-
lZ
= Iz I = 1

Let I =
Jo
r2 • cos 3El dEl = Real art of r 2•
5 + 4 cos El P
e ,
Jo 5 + 2 (e'S + e-'s)
dEl
3iS

I
1.t
AI so, .
SIll
e=
1 (is
--;-
2l
Then the given integral reduces to
1 ( z ,- -1)
e - e -is) = --;-
2l z

1 (dz),f., 2iz (dz)

= Real part of Pcl5+2 (z+-1) Z3 IdZ
iz
i
( Writing e " = z, dEl = ::)
j 1=
tCI J, iz
2
='t'cbz +2iaz-b iz
z 1
2rr.. dz
= Real part of -:- r
t Jc
1
.
Z3
, dz j = b't'c 2 2ia
z +-z-
b
1

Singularities of f{z) are given by, (2z + 1)(z + 2) = 0

z = -
1
2' -2 ij
"

,
j
2 2ia
Poles are given by, z + --z -1
b

z =
- 2ia
----±
b
J-
=0
4a
---+4
2
b
2

_ ia Jb 2
- a2
Only, z = - lies within the unit circle Iz I = 1. b - b
! 2
2 2

Residue of f{z) (at z = _!) =

2 z
lim (z +
_
.!)
2
x
i(2z + 1) (z + 2)
- ia + iJa - b
b - b
= n, f3 (simple poles)

1j
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5-30 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration I Mathematics - II 5-31 F (Sem.-2)

. . I 2 - b2 .,l"a-
I 2 b2
where,
- la
a. = -- +
l"a - la
and 13 = -- - . cos 9 = -1 (e''8 + e-''9 )
b b b b 2
I
Clearly, 1131 > 1 Putting z = e i9 , d9 = in eq. (5.36.1), we get
But 0.13 = - 1 I lZ

10.131=1 I I=<p'
1(2 1) dz
!
10.11131 =1 1( l)iZ
10.1 < 1
Hence z = a. is the only pole which lies inside circle C = Iz 1= 1.
I
j
;
c
5-4x"2 z+;

1 ,(, Z4 - 1 dz
1)1
Residue off(z) at (z = a.) is 2i'Y c
z2 l( 5 - 2 (z2+
--z-) iz

R = lim(z _ a.) x 2 = __2

z-+n . b(z - o.)(z -13) . b(o. -13) 1 ,(, Z4 -1 dz
2 1 2i 2 'Yc 2 (5z - 2z 2 - 2) ----;-
z
([Link] 2
- b 21 = iJ;;>- b 2 z
bl
b ) .! ,(, Z4 - 1 dz
By Cauchy's Residue theorem, 2 'Yc n n

.
1= 27t l(R) = 2ml.( i Ja 21_ b 2)1 = C2
21t
"a 2 _ b 2
-
1 <p,
2 C Z2
Z4 -

(2z - 1) (z - 2)
1
dz

d9 27t = .!,(, f(z)dz, where C is the unit circle Iz I = 1.

Ja

_
o a+bsin9 2
_, b2 2 'Yc
Now f(z) has a pole of order 2 at z = 0 and simple poles at z = 1/2 and
d9
Evaluate the integral: f
2K z = 2, of these only z = 0 and z = 1/2 lie within the circle.
o f(.!) = .!.J

-
Res lim (z - (Z4 - 1)
........•............ '. 2 z-+1/2 2 Z2 (2z - 1) (z - 2)

Ii
z-+VA
r Z4 - 1
2z 2 (z - 2)
]

Same as Q. 5.34, Page 5--29F, Unit-5. (Answer: i) 1

--1
-15
--
16 _ 16
Using [Link] variable techniques evaluate the real 1(1 J - "21 (-2 3) 4

-
x 2 x
.2 4 "2-
n 1

integral J sin 29
5 - 4 cos 9
d9 Res f(O) =
(n-l)!
1
{ --1
d - [(z - o)n fez)]
dz n -
}

o
1 d -
(2-1)1 dZ 2- 1
2 1
r (z-O)
2
x z2(2z-1)(z-':"2)
Z4 - 1 ]

.'
The gIven mtegral, 1=
sin 29
d9 ... (5.36.1) (',' n = 2)
05 - 4 cos9
d 2 (Z4 - 1) ]
sin 29 =
2i
(e 2ie
_ e- 2i8
) r-xZ
dz Z2 (2z - 1) (z - 2)

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5--32 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-l F (Sem.-2)

d Z4 - 1 ]
[ dz (2z - 1) (z - 2)

(2Z-1) (z- 2) (4z 3 ) - (Z4 -1)[(2z-1) + (z- 2)2]}

{ [(2z - 1) (z - 2W
0-(-1)(-1-4) -5
Differential Equations
[-1(-2)]2 =4 (2 Marks Questions)
2
1 .
HenceI=-{2m[Res{(1/2)+Res{(0)]I= (5 5)
2i --_.
4 4
=0

1.1. Find the order and degree of the following differential

._
©©© equation .

d
dx;
2

=0
Also explain your answer. '"",. "
..

Mi'liI: ddx; +V 1 +li)

2

=0
On

Jl+(dy
.dx
)3 = _ ddx2;
On squaring both side,

dy.)3 .(d2y 12
1+ ( dx = ldx2)
Again rearranging the equation, we have

(d 2y 1 (dy )3
2

l dx 2) dx - 1
- =0
Order = 2 and degree = 2

,......-
1.2. Find the roots of the auxiliary equation of the differential
equation:
d 2y dy
---6-+9y =4e 3t
dt 2 dt
2I!ii1I:: Differential equation is,
d 2y dy·
--2 - 6 - + 9y = 4e 3t
dt dt
D2y - 6Dy + = 4 e 3t
Auxiliary equation,
m 2 -6m+9=0

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"1i
I

Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-3 F (Sem.-2)

SQ-2 F (Se:m.-2) Differential Equations
II 2
(m - 3)2 =0 i
1.6. Find the particular integral of d ;- =:x;2 + 2x - 1.

..
m = 3,3 dx

1.3.
d 2y
Solve --
dt 2
dy
- 3 -
dt
+ 4y

AuxilillIY equation is,

m 2 -3m +4= 0
- (- 3) ±
= o.
-
.J9 - 16
PI =
D2

1+ D
(x 2 + 2x - 1)

_1_ _ (x 2 + 2x - 1)
2

1
-1

2 (x 2 + 2x -1)
[1 + (D 2 - 1)]
3±iJ7 = [1 + (D 2 - 1)] - 1 (x 2 + 2x - 1)
m=
2 = [1 - (D2 - 1)] (x 2 2x - 1) +
m = 3 J7. = (2 - D2) (x 2 + 2x - 1)
2 2 = 2x 2 + 4x - 2 - D2 (x 2 + 2x - 1)
Since, roots of auxiliary equation are complex, then = 2x 2 +4x-2-2

CF = e2 (J72 C 1 cos x + C 2 sin 2J7 J

x .
= 2x 2 +4x-4
= 2(x 2 + 2x - 2)
2
and PI= 0
Therefore, complete solution = CF + PI
1.7. Find the particular integral of d ;
dx
_ y =x 2 •
J
-
= e2 C cos -J7 x + C SIn
. -J7 x
1 2 2 2
d2
dx 2 - Y =x2

--
1.4. Find the general solution of (20 + 1)2y = 0, where D = . = (D2 - l)y = x 2
dt
PI = __
2
1_ x2 = - (1 _D2)-1 x 2 =- (l + D2)x 2
D -1
m:RfO (2D + 1)2 y =0 PI = - (x 2 + 2)

-
Auxiliary equation is,
(2m + 1)2= 0 1.8. Find the particular integral of (D2 - 20 + 4) y = cos 2x.

-
1 1

_I
m=- 2'-2"
General solution is y = (C 1 + C 2 t)e"-t/2 PI = 1 cos 2x
2
D - 2D + 4
1.5. Solve: (2D_l)3 y = o. Put, D2= -4
(2D _1)3 y = 0
Auxiliary equation is,
PI = ---1 cos 2x =- -1 cos 2x
-4- 2D+4 2D
(2 m _1)3 = 0
111 1:. fcos 2x dx = - 1:. sin 2x
m= - -- 2 4
2'2'2
y = (C I + xC 2 + x 2C 3 ) e xl2

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I
Differential Equations , Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-5 F (SeD1-2)
SQ--4 F (SeD1-2)
, 2
2
1.9. For the di -ueren
. I .....
•
equatIon x 2 d y dy
--2- + 4x -- + 2y = ex, fin d 1.11. For a differential equation
d + 2a dy + y = 0, find the value
, dx dx dx dx

-
its cOD1pleD1entary function. of a for which the differential equation characteristic
equation has equal nUD1ber of roots. '
Putting x = et .
i.e., t = In x, the given equation becomes
• I
[D (D - 1) + 4D + 2]y = ee ! JIID'j;/ The characteristic equation ofthe given differential equation is
m 2 + 2am + 1 = 0
i.e.,(D2 + 3D + 2)y = ee' For equal roots,
Auxiliary equation is, (2a)2 - 4 x 1 x 1 = 0
m 2 + 3m+ 2= 0 4a 2 -4 == 0
Tn = -1,-2 4a 2 = 4
I
C, C2 a2 = 1
CF = C1e-' + C 2 e- 2 ' C, x-' + CJ x- 2
--,- +-2
x, x· a=±1
oJ

-
1.12. DeterD1ine the differential equation whose set of
1.10. Solve the differential equation = -12x 2 + - 20 with independent solutions is {ex, xex, x2ex}.
, dx.
the condition x = 0, y = 5 and x = 2, y = 21 and hence find the
value of y at x = 1. lIIIIIIIlI!l ••II•• - Let the general solution of the required differential equation be
y = C,e' + CzXe% + C.;x2e'" , . . .. 0.12.1)
2 Differentiating eq. (1.12.1) w.r.t x, we get
d y = - 12x 2 + 24x - 20
--
Given: 2 y' == Cle'" + C 2 (x + l)e% + C a(x 2 + 2x)e> ... 0.12.2)
dx
On integrating the above equation, we get From eq. 0.12.1) and eq. (1.12.2), we get
y = y' - Cze% - 2C.;xe x ' ••• (1.12.3)
dy = _ 4x3 + 12x2 _ 20x + C ... (1.10.1) Differentiating eq. (1.12.3) w.r.t x;"we get
dx 1 y' = y" - C 2 e' - 2Ca (x + 1)e x ••• (1.12.4)
Again integrating eq. (1.10.1), we have From eq. \1.12.3) and eq. (1.12.4), we get
y = _x 4 + 4x 3 - 10x 2 + C1x + C 2 ... ( 1.10.2) y = y' + y' - y" + 2C ae x = 2y' - y" + 2C ae x •.• (1.12.5)
At x = O,y = 5 Differentiating eq. (1.12.5) w.r.t x, we get .-
From eq. (1.10.2), y' = 2y" - y'" + 2Cae'" ... (1.12.6)
C2 = 5 From eq. (1.12.5) and eq. (1.12.6), we gety = 2y' -y" +y' - 2y" +y'"
=:> y'" - 3y" + 3y' - y == 0
Atx = 2,y = 21 __ . Which is the required differential equation.
From eq. (1.10.2),
21=-16+32-40+2C 1 +5 1.13. Solve: (D + 1)3 Y = 2e-X.
21=-19+2C 1 &'lIIII: Auxiliary equation is
2C 1 = 40 (m + 1)3 = 0
C 1 = 20 m = - 1, -1, - 1
Putting tne value of C I and C 2 in eq. (1.10.2), we get CF = eC I + CzX + C.;x2)e- X

y = - x 4 + 4x 3 - 10x 2 + 20x + 5 1
P I = ---;- 2-
e x
(D + 1)3
At x == 1; y = - 1 + 4 - 10 + 20 + 5
y = 18 1
x----- 2e- x
3(D + 1)2

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SQ--6 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-7 F (SeIU-2)

x2 1 2 e -x
3x2(D+l)
3
X
3 1
3x2xl
2e- x x
=-e
3
_x Multivariable
y = CF +PI Calculus-II
x3
= (C l + C.;x + C:r2)e- X
+ - e- x
3
(2 Marks Questions)

©©©
2.1. Find the value of 1-i
-!
We know that, In: 11- n = _. _1t__
SIn n1t
Put n = -1/2,
1t

Sin(- ¥)
FI 1t __

(-I)f]:
12 212
=
.
_1t -
!II = ..r;;=- 2J;
21t

2.2. Evaluate 1(- 3 I 2) •

We know that, In: 11- n - ----
sin
1t

n1t
Putting n =5 / 2,

r5T2 r=-3 / 2 = • 1t
SIn-
2

1-3/2 = ( '.' sin 5n12 = 1)

2
1-3/2 = TC = i..r;;
3
2 2

2.3. To prove r1 = 1 .
m:rs;
. We know that, In: = f e-
'" x
xn-1dx
0

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SQ-8 F (Sem.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-9 F (Sem.-2)

LHS + m, n).I3(l + m + n, p)
m).I3<Z
Putting n = 1, ri Ie-x
00

X 11 dx =-[ e-xI = -[e--«> - eO] =1 It !(l + m) r,;

+ m +n Ii fP
o
1([ + m) l(l + m + n) l(l + m + n + p)
2.4. Evaluate [(- 5/ 2) . r,;[P = RHS
IT l(l + m + n + p)
-.: We know that r,; /1 - n
sin nIT
Putting n = 7 / 2 ooX 8 (l- X6)
IT
2.8. Evaluate: fo {l + x)
ax .
17/21-5/2
SIn
• 7IT
-- x8 foo X 14 dx
f
OO .

2 1= dx-
o (1 + X)24 0 (1 + X)24

1- 5/2 IT
('.' sin 7rr/2 =-1) x9 - 1
CIO XI5 _. 1 CIO

(-1) =fo (1+x)9+15 dx- dx fa .. -

IT
= 13(9, 15) -13(15, 9) = 0 [ ... l3(m, n) = l3(n, m)]
1-5/2 -15
53!,;; 2
222 2.9. Evaluate: fo x(S - x 3 )1/3 ax .
00

2.5. Evaluate f e- x ax. Putting x 3

.
= By or x = 2y 1/3 so that
.
dx = 3
y- 2/3 dy, we get
\ o
\
-= f. 12 y l/3(8
00

Let I = I he- X
dx
1=
o
_ 8y)1I3
3
y-2/3 dy
o
00 !i (1 -113(1 _ )1/3 d =!iA i)
We know that, I e- X x n - 1 dx = In 3 Jo y y Y 3p 3' 3

I = Ie-
X
o

dx = = = ; [.. "38 rum R2) 9

8
----
SIn
.
IT

IT

3
16lt
9-13
2.10. Prove the following results:
2.6. Evaluate 10 00

X
1/4
e-.,Ix ax.
MIiC Let 1= Jo xl/ 4 e-..rx dx ... (2.6.1)
1o,/2 "sIn
I'
d9
9 .
1"/2
x "sin 9 d9 =
0
7t •

f.
f. sin- 9 coso e de x e coso e de

mrPJ
,12 1I2 ,/2
LHS = sinl/ 2
Put ,r; = y => x = y2 so that dx = 2y dy then eq. (2.6.1) becomes
o. 0

I = I: y1/2 e- Y 2y dy = 21: e- Y
y3/2 dy

2 ( e· Y y(5/2l-1 dy = 21(5/2) [By definition]

1
--+0+2
J x i----
31 I 3 r;-:-:-;:
2 - - vlt = -.J; (..' I(n + 1) = men)] 2 [
22 2

2.7. Prove that: 13 <l, Tn).13 (l + Tn, n).I3(l + Tn + n,p) = It r,;;: r;; [p
l(l+ Tn + n+ p)

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Q-I0F (SeDl-2) Multivariable Calculus - II

Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-ll F (SeDl-2)

rnn) mm
2m 2m x

Sequence and Series

}rn 4
x ..[;c =1t=RHS
(2 Marks Questions)

l'" I(n + 1) = n [(;;) and m = ]

3.1. EXaJDine the sequence an = 2 n for convergence.
00. Hence
2.11. Find the value of integral J: 1
e-- x ..- dx.
3.2.
lim (2 n
n-TOO
) = the sequence

Write down the properties of series.

an is divergent.

·""""'F":!w""""'':''''''''"'''''.'''''''''''·'''fl
Following are the some properties of series: '.

Je-= x L The convergence or divergence of an infinite series re,mllins

00
n 1 ... (2.1Ll)
- dx unaffected by the addition or removal of a finite number of 'its
o terms.
t 'dt 2. If a series in which all the terms are positive is convergent, the
Let ax = t, a
x = and dx = --
a series remains convergent even when some or all of its terms are
From eq. (2.1Ll) negative.
I
o
e- t (
a)
dt
a
!
ao
Je-tt n- 1 dt
3. The convergence or divergence of an infinite series remains
unaffected by multiplying each term by a finite number.

3.3. Discuss the convergence of the series

Je-xx
00

Since, n
-
l
dx = In-
o
n=l (nn)2
Therefore, ! fe-ttn ..ldt = ! In mu;
0.
0
a
u n -_ (nn)2
n! and u n+l =
2.12. The parabolic arc y = R , 1 :5; x:5; 2 is revolved around x-axis. We have (n+l)' •
[en + 1)n+l]2
Find the volulJ1e of solid of revolution.
. n! (n + 1)2(n+1)
lim .!!:JL hm-x------
n-l-OO Un+1 2n
n-TOO (n + I)!
Y= j";;', 1:5;x:5;2
Volume of solid of revolution ·
11m
(n + 1)2n+l
n 2n
=
l'
1m
(n n+ IJ
--
2n (
n+
1)

T=
n-too n
2 2 3n:
J1ty dx = J
---)tY.J

1
2
1
IT x (j";,)2 dx 1tl - 2

lim [(1 +
n....-+oo
!)"J2
n
(n x 1) = e lim (n + 1)
n-----)-oo
00
Hence the given series is convergent.
©©©

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Q-12 F (Sem-2) Sequence and Series Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-13 F (Sem-2)

3.4. Write dovvn the stateDlent of Raabe's test.

-= Raabe's Test: In the positive term series LUn , if 1
a o = if(x+x 2
)dx=0+ [ 3 J- =(1;1)
1

lim n
n-..+co
l-_n-
( u
un
-1)I = k,
+ 1 2
-1 1

ao=
then the series converges for k > 1 and diverges for k < 1, but the 3
test fails for k = 1.
3.7. If fix) = 1 is expanded in a Fourier sine series in (0, 1t), then
3.5. Detennine the nature of the series: find the value ofb n •
t__ ill

L'"2 1
(p>o) 1"
n (log n)P aIi'im b
n
= -f{(x)sinnxdx
n
mm; o
p
1 (logxr 1" 1"
Let fin) = so that fix) = -'-----=-- I· - f 1 sin nx dx =- f sin nx dx
n(logn)P x no . 1t .
o
f'(x) = -p (logxr
x
p
-
1
!
x
+ (logx)-P(--4) x ![-cosnxJ" = ![-cosnrc +!J
rc non n n
= p
x 2 . (log X)p+l
+ 1
(log x)P
}<o = -1 (1 - cos nrc)
i.e., fix) is a decreasing function. nn

<X> dx j(IOgX)-P+l/'"
'" 3.8. Find the value of the Fourier coefficient a o for the function
(x) dx _ =
Also If - Ix(logx)P -p+l 2 O, -:re<x<O
fix) = {
Ifp> 1, thenp - 1 = k (say) > 0 x, O<x<:re

"-'f {(x) dx = I(log xr hi'"

. =!
[0 + (log 2)-1<] which is finite !8ItlitJII._
2 -k 2 k Let the Fourier series be,
Thus by integral test, the given series converges for p > 1.
Ifp < 1, then 1 - p > 0 and (log X)l-p ---+ 00 as x ---+00.
fix) = + i:
n=l
an cos nx+ i: b
n=l
n sinnx
00

:. f f(x) dx ---+ <X)

ao = -n1 f" {(x)dx
2
Thus the given series diverges for p < 1. -"
:JJ d QO

Ifp = 1, then f ((x) dx = f-_x- = Ilog(logx)/;

2 2 xlogx
---+ 00 ao = ;-[0L
1
f(x)dx + {(x)dx I
1t
Jl
Ixdx j
Thus the given series diverges for p = 1.
ao=
3.6. Find the constant tenn if the function fix) = x + x2 is expanded
in Fourier series defined in (- 1, 1).
aD = I
fix) = x T x 2
ao=

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SQ-14 F (SelIl-2) Sequence and Series Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-15 F (SelIl-2)

3.9. Expand for f (x) = k for 0 < x < 2 in a half range sine series. 2
m:m fix) = k = - -
nn
I x SIn nx dx
2n

0
•

2 IC-f( ) . nnx
x SIn-- d x in half range (0, c)
}:n _y1 ( _ co: nx) dX]
b = --
nco C
=_ n: [{x ( - co: nx)
2
2 • nnx 2 ( -cos--
nnx)2
- IksIn--dx k-
2 0 2 nn 2 0 = -
nn
[- 2n -
n
oJ =
n2
2k
- [-cos nn + 1] 1 2n 1 2n
nn b n = - f f(x) sin nx dx =- f x 2 sin nx dx
Halfrange sine series is non- 0
fix) = Lbnsin-
nd 2
n11X
; {[ x2 ( _ co:nx) In _y 2x co: nx dx}

k =
2k
- [- cos nn + 1] SIn --
-. nnx
2 !
n
r_
L
4n
n
2
_ 0] = _ 4n
n
3.10. Expand for f (x) =k
for 0 < x < 2 in a half range cosine series.
2 c 2 2
a o == - f f(x) dx == - f kdx == k [ = 2k
2 0
Co _
C
©©©
nnx dx = -2 f2 kcos ----
an == -2 I f(x)cos -- n1tX dx
Co c 20 2

k
-2 [. nnx]2
SIn -- =
2k .
-sInnn
nn 2 0 nn
ao
f( x) == k = --+ La nnx
cos--
2 n 2
,,2k . nnx
k == k + L.,-sInnncos--
nn 2
3.11. Find the Fourier coefficient for the function fix) = x2; 0<x<2n.

[••
ll
Ah"'li: The Fourier coefficients for the given function are as follows:
2n
x3
f f(x) dx = -no
a o -_ -1
no
2. 1 fx 2" 2
dx = -1 -
n 3 0
2
8n
3
1 2n 1 2"
an == - f f(x) cos nx dx = - f x" cos nx dx
Ito 'lto

1 [( x sin nx \2"
; l
2

n )0 - f0
2 "2 sin nx dx l (-." sin nn == 0)

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:Q-16 F (Se:m.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation Mathelllatics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-17F (SeDI-2)

Here f(z) = u + iu = sinhz = sinh (x + iy) = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y

u = sinh x cos y and u = cosh x sin y
au. h .
[Link] Variable -au = cosh x cos y, - = - SIn x sm y
ox Oy
Differentiation ou
-=s xsmy, -au = cos h xcosy
inh'
ox Oy'
(2 Marks Questions) au = ou and ou = _ au
ox Oy Oy ox
Thus C-R equations are satisfied.
Since sinh x, cosh x, sin y and cos yare continuous functions,
4.1. Find li:m. cos z - 1

-
%40 Z • ou !!!!. au and ou are also continuous functions satisfying CoR
.! ax' &y' ox &y
.
Ihn cos z -1 = 1un cos z - cos 0
----------:-- equations.
Z40 z Z40 z-O
Hence f(z) is analytic everywhere.
= cos' (0) = - sin (0) =0
4.2. State the necessary condition for [Link] variable function
f(z) to be analytic.
The necessary conditions for a function f(z) to be analytic at all
points in a region R are :
4.6. Prove that u(x, y) = ex cos y, is harDIonic function.

u = e%cosy
1JIIII,•• IIIiIII1fL.,
au 02 U
i u", = uy ' u y =- u", ax = e%cosy , ax2 = e" cosy
ii, u"" u y ' v"" uyexists.
au = -e%slny
. 02 U

4.3. Write the Cauchy-RieDIann

-
&y , &y2 = - eX cosy
equation for fez) u + iv
(a co:[Link] variable function). 02 U 02 U
The C-R equations are
Since ax2 + &y2 = 0, hence u is a harlllonic function.

-
ou
=-
au 4.7. Prove Cauchy-Rie:[Link] equation in polar forDI.
ox Oy
ou ou _i_tlil
and Oy =-ox Let (r, e) be the polar coordinates of the point whose cartesian
coordinates are (x, y), then
4.4. Write the Cauchy-RieDIann equation in polar coordinates x = r cos e, y = r sin e
z = x + iy = r (cos e + i sin e) = re,a
system.. .,....w._.....,'W'. 0"
u + iu = f(z) = f(re ia) ... (4.7.1)
Cauchy-Rielllann equation in polar coordinate systelll : Differentiating eq. (4.7.1) partially wrt r, we have
ou 1 au -au + .au
- = i ' (re' 'a ) e''a
iJr =;oe or or
Differentiating eq. (4.7.1) partially wrt e, we have
au -1 au au
and,
iJr=7ao ae + .au
De = i' (re ia
) ire,a,(au au)
= ir iJr + i Dr

4.5. Prove that the f(z) = sinh z is analytic. au . au

or or
Eq uating real and imaginary parts, we get

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SQ-18F (Sem.-2) Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-19 F (Sem.-2)

Complex Variable Differentiation

-
Ou au
= -r- and -=r-
au Ou
ae ar
De Or

or
Ou 1au
-- and --'-
au :; , which is the polar form of C-R
[Link] Variable
Or rae Or
equations. Integration
4.8. Write down the conditions for [Link]. (2 Marks Questions)
A mapping w = f(z) is conformal at each point zo' where f(z) is
analytic and f'(zo) oF- o.

5.1. State Cauchy's integral theorem..

1t
4.9. Describe the region onto which the sector r < a, 0 S e s 4 is
[Link] If a function {(z) is analytic and its derivative {'(z) is continuous at.
a. w =z2 all points inside and on a simple closed curve C,
b. W = z3. then f {(z)dz = 0
c
5.2. Write the [Link] of generalized Cauchy's integral
a. R = r 2 < a 2, 0S q, s.:: (Fig. 4.9.1)
2
1IIIIIIII,'_
[Link] for nth derivative of an analytic function at the

tZ:i
v pointz =zo·
If a function f(z) is analytic in a region, then its derivative at any
point z = Zo of that region is also analytic and is given by
4
a
X 2 u ('(a) = 27U c (Z-Zo)
a
Where, C is any closed contour in region surrounding the point
z =zo'
b. w = Z3, R = r 3 , <p = 3e, R = r 3 < a 3 , 0 S q, S 3n (Fig. 4.9.2.)
4
v
5.3. Evaluate fc z e%l
+
dz, where C is the circle Iz I = 2.
w-plane

The pole z = - 1 lies inside the circle Iz I = 2.

By Cauchy's integral formula,
eZ 2ni
___ .•6//

a
3 U
f c --
z+ 1
dz = 21ti(e Z
)
Z = -1
=
e

5.4. Evaluate f z: +-11 dz , where C is circle Izi = 3/2 .

4.10. Write down the properties of Mobius [Link]. CZ

Following are the properties of Mobius transformation:

i. Circles are transfonned into circles under Mobius transformation. [!••
n. The cross-ratio of four points is invariant under a bilinear z2 +1
cJ z -1
transformation. Aii'iiZ I = Izi = 3/2
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SQ-20 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-21 F (Sem.-2)

The integrand I is not analytic at the points z = ± 1 and both lies 3

inside C. 5.7. Find the residue of f(z) = -:---

z -1
at z = 00.

Now write the integrand as,

Z3
1=
cS
(z 2 +1) [1 1
------- 1 1 ] dz
2 (z - 1) 2 (z + 1)
We have,
f(z) = Z2 -1 1 )-1
I =J
z2 + 1 dz _ (z2 + 1) dz S f(z) = Z3 ,=z( 1-
7
c 2(z - 1) c 2(z + 1)
1=1 1 +12
N ow using Cauchy integral formula, = ... ...
z
I = S + 1) dz = 2m (Z -1)(z2 + 1)1 z z z

1 c 2(z -1)
I 2(z -1) z=1 Residue at infinity = - ( coeff of ;) = - 1 .
+ 1)
(1

-
2ni --- = 2m
2 ! 5.8. Find the residue of f(z) = cot z at its pole.
_(z2 + 1) (z + 1)(z2 + 1)1
And 12 = S 2(z+ 1)
C dz = -2m
1 2(z+ 1) z=-1
cosz
= -2m (2) = -2m f(z) = cot z = -._.-
SID Z
2
I = II + 1 2 = 2m + (- 2 m) = 0 The poles of the function f(z) are given by
sin z = 0, z = nn, where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3 ...

5.5. Evaluate I Z2 +1
lr__ Residue of f(z) at z = nn is = d
cosz

dz (sin z)
ID:i:l!l: Poles of integrand by putting denominator equal to zero
z2 + 1 = 0 cos z = 1 - <!>(U)J
z = ± i cos z [ ReSIdue at (z = u) = <!>'(u)
The point z = ± i lie outside the circle Iz I = 1/ 2.
... By Cauchy's integral theorem,
5.9. Expand 1 in the regions Izl < 1.
(z+ l)(z + 3)
e'dz - 0
J1>1 y,; Z2 + 1 - 1fIIII]IR1111'
__
1 Ami: Let, f(z) = 1
5.6. Find the residue at z 0 of z cos (z +1)(z +3)
z
U sing partial fraction,
&Yiil: Expanding the function of powers of 1: , we have
z f(z) = 1:.
2
[_1_-
z+I
_I_J
z+3
zcos 1:z 21 z
=
4! z
...
2z 24z
.... f(z) = 1: [_1_-_l_J
2 l+z 3+z
This is the Laurent expansion about z = o. Iz 1< 1 -
The coefficient of 1:in it is - 1 / 2. So the residue of z cos 1 at
f(z) =
z z
z = 0 is - 1/2.

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SQ-22 F (SelD-2) Complex' Variable Integration

fiz)= .. + .... J
5.10. Discuss Singularity and its types.

:::
Singula... ity : A singularity of a functionj(z) is a point at which the
function ceases to be analytic.
Types of Singularities:
1. Isolated singularity,
2. Removable singularity,
3. Poles, and
4. Essential singularity.

5.11. ·
D ISCUSS . gul.
sIn anty 0
f (
cot 1tZ
)2 at Z = a an d z = OCJ.
z-a

Le t
n _) _
Iv<- -
cot cos 1tZ
1tZ
2
=
(z - a) sin 1tZ(z - a)
The poles are given by putting the denominator equal to zero.
i.e., sin 1t Z (z - a)2 = 0
z = a,
==
(z - a)2 = 0 or sin 1t z = 0 sin n1t
1t z n 1t (n E n
z=a,n

©©©

I
r
II
II
tf
t
I

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