POST CLASS NOTES
Statistics
Topics
1. Mean
2. Cumulative Frequency
3. Median
4. Mode
Mean of Grouped Data
Mean
Mean is a measure of central tendency which gives the average of a data.
Direct Method
Σ'" !" Upper Class Limit + Lower Class Limit
!̅ = Class mark (!" ) =
Σ'" #
Assumed Mean Method
An arbitrary mean ”a” is chosen which is Σ'" *"
called ”assumed mean”, somewhere in the !̅ = ( + Where *" = (!" – a)
middle of all the values of x. Σ'"
Step Deviation Method
Σ'" /" 23
!̅ = ( + ×ℎ Where /" = and h is class size of class interval
Σ'" 4
Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative frequency is the sum of all the frequencies up to the current point.
Less-than type cumulative frequency table
Cumulative
Marks Number of students Marks
frequency
0-10 5 Less than 10 5
10-20 3 Less than 20 5+3=8
20-30 4 Less than 30 8 + 4 = 12
30-40 3 Less than 40 12 + 3 = 15
More-than type cumulative frequency table
Marks Number of students Cumulative
Marks
frequency
0-10 5 More than or equal to 0 5
10-20 3 More than or equal to 10 15 - 5 = 10
20-30 4 More than or equal to 20 10 - 3 = 7
30-40 3 More than or equal to 30 7-4=3
Graphical Representation
of Cumulative Frequency
Distribution
Less than Ogive More than Ogive
To draw the graph of less than ogive, take To draw the graph of more than ogive,
the upper limits of the class interval and take the lower limits of the class interval
mark the respective less than frequency. on the x-axis and mark the respective
Then, join the dots by a smooth curve. more than frequency. Then, join the dots
by a smooth curve.
Let's say class interval 70 – 80, the
frequencies included in this interval are
from 70 ≤ f < 80 ,
which means the frequencies
corresponding to 80
do not belong to this class interval.
Median of Grouped Data
Algebraic Method Graphical Method
$
& '(
Median= " + %
×ℎ
(
l = Lower limit of median class
n = Number of observations
f = Frequency of median class
cf = Cumulative frequency of preceding class
h = Class size
Median can be obtained by either the less than type or more than type ogive.
The given methodology is applicable for both, i.e., less than or more than
ogive.
1. Find the middle point of total
number of cumulative frequency
of the given dataset and mark it
as N on the y-axis.
2. From N, draw a line parallel to X
axis to intersect the ogive at point
A.
3. Drop a perpendicular from A on
X axis. This value will represent
the median.
Mode of Grouped Data
)* + ),
Mode = ' + ×/
-)* + ), +)-
l = lower class limit of the modal class
h = class interval size
f1 = frequency of the modal class
f0 = frequency of the preceding class
f2 = frequency of the succeeding class
Empirical Formula
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
Mind Map
Direct Mean
Method Step Deviation
Method
Graphical Representation
of Cumulative Frequency
Mean
Assumed Mean
Method Statistics Median
Geometric Method
Algebraic Method
Mode
Empirical Formula
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
