Problem Identification and Solution

Dr. Dibakar Bashistha

Candidates are required to analyze the problems and provide suggestions to solve the problem on different
issues related to Economy, Monetary, Management and Banking Sector.

Defining the problem/

gathering information
Define the Problem
What prevents you from reaching your goal?
You may need to state the problem in broad terms since the exact
problem may not be obvious.
▪ you may lack information to define it
▪ you can confuse symptoms with underlying causes
▪ Prepare a statement of the problem and find someone you
trust to review it and to talk it over. If the problem is a job situation, review it with your supervisor or
the appropriate committee or resource.
Consider these questions:
▪ What is the problem?
▪ Is it my problem?
▪ Can I solve it? Is it worth solving?
▪ Is this the real problem, or merely a symptom of a larger one?
▪ If this is an old problem, what's wrong with the previous solution?
▪ Does it need an immediate solution, or can it wait?
▪ Is it likely to go away by itself?
▪ Can I risk ignoring it?
▪ Does the problem have ethical dimensions?
▪ What conditions must the solution satisfy?
▪ Will the solution affect something that must remain unchanged?

Problem Identification

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating
options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified
here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem
statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1.
These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and
objectives. Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of
problem assessment and prioritization.

When identifying problems, the following should be taken into account:

• Problems prevent the goals and objectives identified in the previous step from being achieved. This should
include the full range of objectives identified in the previous step – including objectives for different levels
of planning and markets.
• Problem identification should consider not only ‘problems’ or ‘challenges’, but also constraints on
opportunities that are preventing the goals and objectives from being achieved.
• Identification should be based on empirical observations, such as data and information obtained from
surveys, demand modeling, interviews and studies from a wide range of sources.
• Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the
transport system and its components

Format of problem solving

• Topic
• Background
• Main problems
• Causes of problems
• Effect of problems
• Existing policy
• Recommendation for solving problems
• Action plan for implementation of suggestions (Remedial measures)
• Conclusion

For Example:

Problems

Due to the economic liberalization policy of Nepal, the access in the operation of private
sector bank and financial institution has extremely increased. In comparison to the increased
number of BIFs, access to finance has not increased to the extent. Only about 40% of the
population has financial access. BFIs and their branches are concentrated in capital city and
other well privileged areas. Monetary policy has encouraged extending their branches in the
rural and backwards areas. Even though, due to the lack of effective implementation of the
policy, informal economy has deep root in the economy. With reference to this situation,
mention the major problems therein, reasons behind the problems and also recommend
measures to solve the problems with implementation plan.
(As of 2079/2080, 49% of men and 46% of women in Nepal have an active savings account, indicating a significant gender gap
in financial inclusion. 61% of adults in Nepal have access to formal financial services, with 40% formally banked and 21%
using other formal products. 21% of adults use only informal financial services)

1. Topic: The problem of financial inclusion in Nepal: Reasons and solution

2. Background:
1. The number of BIFs increased many fold but concentrated in privileged areas.
2. Only 40% population has financial access.
3. Provision of financial inclusion in monetary policy has not implemented effectively.
3. Identification of problem: This problem is related to the financial inclusion in Nepal which is created
because of the following factors.
1. BFIs reluctance to extend their branches in rural areas.
2. Weak implementation of monetary policy.
4. Causes or Reasons for the above-mentioned problems:
1. BFIs reluctance to extend their branches in rural areas:
a. Lack of sufficient business opportunities in rural areas.
b. Lack of infrastructure like road access, power and communication facilities.
c. Lack of encouragement and motivation from the government.
2. Weak implementation of monetary policy:
a. Weak capacity of Central bank to implement the monetary policy.
b. Weak provision of penalty for noncompliance of Central banks instructions.
5. Current policy/ Instructions rules regulation:
1. Instruction regarding opening at least one branch in each VDC.
2. Permission will be granted to open branch in urban area only after opening certain number of
branches in rural areas.
3. No permission is needed to reestablish the closed branches.
6. Solution of the problems: Following solutions are recommended for the above-mentioned reasons of the
problem.
1. BFIs reluctance to extend their branches in rural areas:
a. Identification and exploration of potential banking business sectors in rural areas by
government of Nepal and Nepal Rastra bank.
b. Necessary assistance to potential areas by government of Nepal.
c. Building necessary infrastructure like road, power and telecommunication facilities by
government of Nepal.
d. Providing compensation for loss to BFIs for some years of operation.
2. Weak implementation of monetary policy:
a. Capacity enhancement of Nepal Rastra Bank especially in the area of supervision and monitoring.
b. Policy review regarding the penalty of noncompliance of instruction by BFIs.
7. Action plan for the implementation of recommended solutions:

S. Activities Responsibility Time period Remarks

No.
1. Identification and exploration of Government of Nepal and Nepal 1 year
potential banking business Rastra bank.
sectors in rural areas.
2. Necessary assistance to Government of Nepal 6 months
potential areas.
3. Building necessary Government of Nepal. 5 Years.
infrastructure like road, power
and telecommunication
facilities.
4. Providing compensation for loss Nepal Rastra Bank 1 year.
to BFIs for some years of
operation
5. Capacity enhancement of Nepal Government of Nepal and Nepal 2 years.
Rastra Bank especially in the Rastra bank.
area of supervision and
monitoring.

6. Policy reviews regarding the Nepal Rastra Bank. 6 months.

penalty of noncompliance of
instruction by BFIs.

8. Conclusion: By the implementation of above recommended solutions of the mentioned problems

regarding financial inclusion in Nepal, the financial inclusion position of country can be improved.

;d:of ;dfwfg
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a}ssf] gfkmfdf pNn]Vo a[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . ahf/df shf{sf] dfu lg/Gt/ a[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . u|fxs /fli6|o jfl0fHo
a}s;+u sf/f]jf/ ug{ rfxG5g . t/ shf{ :jLs[lt k|s[of cToGt nfdf] tyf emGhl6nf] 5 /x]sf] pgLx?sf] u'gf;f] /x]sf] 5 .
o; ;DjGwdf shf{ ljefux?sf] egfO{ eg] leGg 5 . ljut jif{x?sf] t'ngfdf shf{ cToGt w]/} a9]sf], shf{ Joj:yfkg ug{
kof{Kt hgzlQm g/x]sf] cflb . o; kl/k|]Ifdf /f= jf= a}ssf] ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox? k|:t't ug'{xf]; .
@)@$.)$.!( df shf{ lgIf]k cg'kft *)=&# /x]sf] .
zLif{sM /fli6|o jfl0fHo a}ssf] shf{ Joj:yfkgM ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
k[i7e'ld
!= ahf/df shf{sf] dfu j9]tfklg /f= jf= a}ssf] shf{ pNn]Vo ?kdf a9g g;s]sf] .
@= shf{ :jLs[lt k|s[of cToGt nfdf] / emGeml6nf] /x]sf] .
#= shf{sf] t'ngfdf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj /x]sf] .
;d:ofsf] klxrfgM
pNn]lvt ;d:of shf{ Joj:yfkg;+u ;DjlGwt 5 . h; cGtu{t lgDg lnlvt d'Vo ;d:of /x]sf 5g .
!= shf{ pNn]Vo ?kdf a9\g g;Sg' .
@= shf{ :jLs[ltdf k|s[ofut ;d:of .
#= shf{ ;DjlGw hgzlQmsf] cefj .

;d:ofsf sf/0fx?M
-s_ shf{ pNn]Vo ?kdf a9g g;Sg'M
!= shf{ k|f]8S6 x?df ljljlws/0fsf] cefj
@= shf{sf] dfs]{l6+u k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg' .
#= shf{sf] Aofhb/ pRr x'g' .
$= u|fxs d}qL hgzlQmsf] cefj .
%= gof shf{sf] If]q klxrfg ug{ g;Sg'
-v_ shf{ :jLs[ltdf k|s[ofut ;d:of /xg'M
!= shf{ lgb]{lzsfdf ;do ;fk]If kl/dfh{g x'g g;Sg' .
@= shf{ :jLs[lt clVtof/L ljleGg txdf /xg' / tNnf] txsf lgsfonfO{ l;ldt clVtof/L /xg' .
#= kl/kq tyf lgb]{zg k|i6 gx'g' .
-u_ shf{ ;DjlGw hgzlQmsf] cefjM
!= kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;DjlGwt ljifosf 1ftfnfO{ k|fyldstf glbOg' jf 1ftfnfO{ ;DjlGwt ljefu jf kmf6df kb:yfkg gug'{ .
@= pTk|]/0ffsf] cefj .
#= j[lQ ljsf;df cj/f]w .
;d:ofsf ;dfwfgx?M
-s_ shf{ a[l4 ug]{ pkfox?M
!= u|fxssf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ ljleGg shf{ k|f]8S6 agfO{ nfu' ug]{ .
@= shf{sf] dfs]{l6+unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg 7P nfO{ Wofg lbO{ Marketing Mix tof/ ug]{ .
#= shf{sf] Aofhb/ ;do ;fk]If agfpg ;do ;dodf l/Eo" ug]{ .
$= shf{df sfd ug]{ hgzlQmnfO{ Customer Care ;DjlGw tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .
-v_ shf{ :jLs[ltdf /x]sf k|s[ofut ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfox?M
!= shf{ lgb]{lzsfdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{ .
@= shf{ :jLs[lt clVtof/L ljs]Gb|Lt ug]{ tyf ;+:yfut ;'zfzgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ .
#= ciki6 kl/kq, lgb]{zgnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L :ki6 agfpg] .
-u_ shf{ ;+u ;DjlGwt hgzlQm cefj tyf pTk|]/0ff ;DjlGw ;d:ofsf ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfox?M
!= kbk"lt{ ubf{ s]xL k\lt;t ;DjlGwt If]qdf !fg tyf cg'ej ePsf JolQmsf nflu sf]6f lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
@= gof egf{ ul/Psf tyf k'/fgf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;d]t shf{ ;DjlGw k\efjsf/L tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .
#=shf{;+u ;DjlGwt ljefu jf OsfO{df kb:yfkgf ubf{ lghsf] hf]lvd axg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ;d]t d"No+fsg ug]{ .
$= shf{df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ df}lb|s / u}/ df}lb|s pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ .
%= shf{df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ lasf;df /x]sf cj/f]w sd ug]{ .
lgisif{ M /fli6|o jfl0fHo a}ssf] shf{ Joj:yfkgdf dfly pNn]lvt sf/0fx?jf6 ;[lht ;d:ofx?nfO{ k|:t't ePsf
;dfwfgsf pkfox? nfu' u/L ;dfwfg ul/Pdf a}ssf] shf{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsfl/ jgfpg ;lsg] 5 .
;d:of–;dfwfgsf] t];|f] pbfx/0f
k|Zg
g]kfnLx¿ ;|f]t;fwg k|r'/ d'n'sdf hlGdP/ klg ul/a eP/ hLjgofkg ul//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . cem klg g]kfn clt Go"g
ljsl;t b]zsf] ;"rLdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljutdf ul/aL lgjf/0f – s]lGb«t ljsf; k|of;x¿sf afah'b o; If]qdf pNn]Vo
k|ult x'g ;s]s]f b]lvFb}g . o; kl/k|]Iodf ul/aLsf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ub}{ ;f] ;d:of x6fpg ljutdf lnOPsf gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdx¿, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj / ;f]sf] sfo{fGjog ug]{ of]hgf vfsf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
!= k[i7e"ld. dbashistha@[Link]
PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ;F3f/df cfOk'Ubf klg g]kfn Pp6f clt sd ljsl;t / ul/a d'n'ssf] laNnf leg{ ljjz 5 . vf; u/L
ljut cfwf ztfAbLb]lv ;'? ePsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of;;Fu} ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu y'k|} kxn / k|oTgx¿ ul/+b} cfPsf]
klg xf] . kmn:j¿k ;g\ !((^.(& sf] klxnf] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fn] $@ k|ltzt g]kfnL hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf]
b]vfPsf]df ;g\ @))#.$ sf] bf];|f] NLSS -Nepal life style survey ;j]{If0fn] ul/aL sl/j #@ k|ltzt em/]sf] / ;g\
@)!) df ul/Psf] t];|f] NLSS n] ul/aL sl/j !# k|ltztdf ;Lldt ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L rf}wf} of]hgfdf ul/jLsf]
/]vfd'lg /x]sf hg;+VofnfO{ !& k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 eg] cf=j= @)&@.)&# df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf]
hg;+Vof @!=& k|ltzt pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tYof+s ljefusf cg';f/ xfn cfly{s jif{ @)*).)*! Dff @)=@& k|ltzt
ul/jLsf] /]vf d'lg 5g . tYofÍdf pNn]Vo ¿kdf 36] klg hgtfsf] 3/cfFugdf ul/aLsf] 8/nfUbf] 5fofF plQSs} eofjx
b]lvG5 . cfo ul/aLsf ;fy} dfgjLo ul/aL, ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0f / wgL / ul/a aLrsf] c;dfgtf klg plQs} hNbf]aNbf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Í, cS;kmf]8{ ljZjljBfno nufotn] ljleGg ;"rsx¿sf cfwf/df u/]sf] ul/aLsf]
dfkgn] klg g]kfndf ul/aLsf] cj:yfdf vf;} ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;/L ljutdf ul/Psf tdfd gLltut,
;+:yfut, sfo{qmdut k|oTgx¿ / d'n'sdf /x]sf] k|r'/ dfgjLo÷k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwg / ;Defjgf eP/ klg xfdL ul/aLdf
hLpg ljjz 5f}+ . t;y{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] s]Gb|Lo Ph]G8f agfP/ bx|f] k|lta4tf
/ 7f]; gLlt tyf sfo{qmd;lxt efjL lbgdf cl3 a9\g' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 .
@= d"n ;d:ofsf] klxrfg
ljutsf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of;x¿ jfl~5t ¿kdf ;kmn x'g g;s]sfn] cBflk w]/} g]kfnL hgtf ul/aLdf hLpg ljjz
x'g'k/]sf] .
#= ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿
ul/aL Pp6f ax'cfoflds ljifo xf] . ul/aLsf] k|s[lt, :j¿k, 3gTj / sf/0fx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of;x¿ ;kmn x'g g;Sg' / cBflk cfd hgtf ul/aLsf] bf?0f 5fofd'lg hLpg afWo x'g'sf sf/0fx¿
lgDgfg';f/ b]lvG5g\–
• ul/aLsf] :ki6 / Jofjxfl/s kl/efiff ug{ / jf:tljs ul/anfO{ lrGg g;Sg' o; ;Gbe{df klxnf] / Hofb}
;+j]bgzLn ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ / cGo ljsf; ;fem]bf/ (ADB, WB, UNDP cflb)
x¿aLr ul/aLsf] ;+Vof, dfkg / ;"rsx¿aLr g} ;fd~h:o 5}g . tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] sfuhL ul/aL / hgtfsf]
3/cfFugdf d8fl//x]sf] ul/aLaLr tfnd]n b]lvGg .
• ljutb]lv g} ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ljsf;sf] jf:tljs ¿kdf d"n Ph]G8f agfpg
g;lsPsf] . ;fy} /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs k|lta4tfsf] ;Vt cefj /x]sf]
• ul/aLsf jf:tljs sf/0fx¿nfO{ j:t'ut ¿kdf ;"Id klxrfg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ul/aLsf sf/0fx¿nfO{ g} /fd|/L
gv'6\ofO{ xr'jf / nx}nx}sf e/df ul/Psf ljutsf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of;x¿ …6fpsfsf] cf}iflw gfO6fdfÚ h:tf]
k|ltkmnljxLg ag]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ul/aLsf ;Defljt sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;S5g\–

s= ljZjJofkLs/0f
ljZjJofkLs/0fn] :jb]zL k/Dk/fut / sltko cGo pBf]ux¿ ;Í6df k/]sf sf/0f w]/}sf] k];f / /f]huf/L ;Í6df
k/]sf sf/0f klg ul/aL / c;dfgtf a9]sf] x'g ;S5 .
v= /fHosf] gLlt tyf lqmofsnfk
cy{tGqsf] ;+/rgfut sdhf]/L, ljutdf ul/Psf] hflt, efiff, If]qut lje]b, ;'zf;gsf] cefj, e|i6frf/,
lgD5/f] ljt/0f tyf k'glj{t/0f gLlt cflbsf sf/0f klg sltko dfG5] ul/a ag]sf 5g\ .
u= ahf/ ;+oGq
v'nf / pbf/ cy{tGq cjnDag ul/P;Fu} ;DklQ, ;fwg / cj;/sf] c;dfg ljt/0f, pQ/f]Q/ d"Noj[l4sf sf/0f
klg dfG5]sf] 3fF6L ul/aLn] c7\ofO/x]sf] 5 .
3= ;fdflhs÷;fd'bflos sf/0f
;fdflhs ;+/rgf, lje]b, ;fdGtL ;+:sf/, e"ldxLg ls;fg cflb sf/0fn] klg ul/aLnfO{ dnhn ul//x]sf] 5 .
Tolt dfq} xf]Og, sltko hflt÷;d'bfosf] Psfk;df c;xefuL, c;Ël7t Jojxf/, pBdzLntf / kl/>dsf] sdL,
 ef]het]/, bfOhf] cflbdf ul/g] vr{, 7uL vfg] k|j[lQnfO{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ k|j[lQsf sf/0f klg tL ;d'bfo–ljz]if
ul/aLsf] b'Zrqmdf /ul8g ljjz 5g\ .
ª= kfl/jfl/s JolQmut sf/0f
sltko JolQm cfˆg} kfl/jfl/s÷JolQmut sf/0f klg ul/aLsf] vf8ndf efl;g k'u]sf 5g\ . sfd gug]{, cN5L
ug]{, hfF8/S;L–h'jftf;sf] nt ePsf, w]/} ;Gtfg ePsf ckfË÷dGbj'l4, ljwjf c¿ s;}sf sf/0f ge} cfˆg}
sf/0f ul/aLsf b'Zrqmdf k5{g\ .
r= cfsl:ds sf/0f
af9L, klx/f], o'4, e"sDkh:tf cfsl:ds sf/0f klg s]xL JolQm÷kl/jf/x¿ ul/a x'G5g\ .
o;/L s'g} ju{÷;d'bfo, JolQm s'g sf/0fn] ul/a ePsf] xf] ;f]sf] oyfy{ lgbfg u/L sf/0f cg's"nsf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿ nfg g;lsPsf sf/0f xfd|f ljutsf k|of; ck]Iffs[t lgikmn ePsf 5g\ .
• :yfg, ;do / kl/l:yltcg'¿k plrt sfo{qmd to u/L kof{Kt tof/L, bx|f] k|lta4tf / Odfgbf/ sfo{fGjog ug{
g;lsPsf] .
• ;/sf/L, u};;, ljsf; ;fem]bf/, lghL If]q, ;d'bfo cflbaf6 ;~rflnt ul/aL lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;dGjofTds
9Ëaf6 nfg g;lsPsf] .
• ul/aL lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmx¿ lgdf{0f tyf sfo{fGjog ubf{ ;DalGwt ul/ax¿nfO{ ;fy{s ;xefuL u/fpg / ul/anfO{
g} kl/rfng ug{ g;lsPsf] .
• ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] ax'kIfLo -;/sf/, ;DalGwt ;d'bfo, gfu/Ls ;dfh cflb_ af6
cy{k"0f{ cg'udg x'g g;s]sf] .
$= ;d:ofsf k|efjx¿
tdfd k|of;sf afah'b ul/aLnfO{ pNn]Vo ¿kdf 36fpg g;Sgfn] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdlhs cflb If]qdf y'k|} gsf/fTds
k|efj k/]sf] 5 . d'n's b'lgofF;fd' levf/L b]zsf ¿kdf lrlgg'k/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, åGb / ljjfbsf] h8 klg
ul/aL g} ag]sf] 5 . cfly{s If]qdf y'k|} ljs[lt / lj>[Întf a9]sf 5g\ . s}of+} hgtf sxfnLnfUbf] cefj / kL8fdf lhpg
ljjz 5g\ . ;dfhdf cfzf, ljsf;, ;d[l4, Pstf / ;fd"lxstfeGbf lg/fzf, e|i6frf/, c;'/Iff, czflGt / ljjfbn] 6fpsf]
p7fpg yfn]sf] 5 . af:tjdf ul/aLs} sf/0f xfdL yk ul/a, yk czfGt, yk lk5l8Psf / yk ?U0f÷eUg l5GgleGg aGb}
uPsf 5f}+ .
%= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lglDt ljBdfg gLlt tyf sfo{qmd
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos If]qaf6 ljleGg k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf
5g\ . xfn o;sf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 –
• g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kftLs
;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd'ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
• vf; u/L cf7f} cfjlws of]hgfb]lv ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy ;d]l6Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ul/aL lgjf/0fsf]
/0fgLltkq (PRSP) sf ¿kdf cfPsf] b;f}+ of]hgfn] ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ Ps dfq p2]Zosf ¿kdf lnPsf] lyof]
. pQm of]hgfn] cfo ul/aL, dfgjLo ul/aL, ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0f Go"gLs/0fsf nflu nlIft sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{, ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{nufotsf /0fgLlt pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] .
• !% of]hgfn] klg /f]huf/L l;h{gfdfkm{t ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ ljifonfO{ pRr dxTj lbPsf] 5 .
• ljleGg If]qut gLltx¿ h:t} s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u cflbn] klg ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy ;d]6]sf 5g\ .
• ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] 5gf]6 / k|fyldsLs/0f ubf{ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf k'¥ofpg] of]ubfgnfO{ klg ;'rssf ¿kdf
lnOG5 .
• /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf sfo{qmd, gLlt / k|efjx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ k4lt cjnDag
u/]sf] 5 .
• ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu, lgsfox¿, :yfgLo lgsfox¿, ljsf; ;fem]bf/, :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
u};;x¿, lghL If]q / ;d'bfox¿af6 klg ul/aL lgjf/0f–nlIft ljleGg sfo{qmx¿ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
• ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if (PAF) dfkm{t b'u{d lhNnfx¿df ljleGg ul/aL lgjf/0fpGd'v :j/f]huf/d"ns
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf 5g\ .
• dfgjLo ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL If]qdf k|fyldstf;fy nufgL ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}
;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sfnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf cf/If0f, ;sf/fTds lje]b,
;zQmLs/0fnufotsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
o;/L ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu y'k|} gLltut, ;+:yfut / sfo{qmdut Joj:yfx¿ eP tfklg ltgLx¿aLr kof{Kt
;dGjosf] cefj, k|lta4tfsf] sdL / lkmtnf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ePsfn] pko'{Qm Joj:yfx¿ ck]Iffs[t ¿kdf
;fy{s aGg ;s]s]f kfOGg .
^= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfjx¿
• ul/aLsf] :ki6 / Jofjxfl/s kl/efiff ug]{ . j:t'ut ;"rs / dfkb08sf cfwf/df ul/ax¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ .
 • ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ /fhgLlts tj/af6 /fhgLlt ug]{ ljifosf ¿kdf dfq glnO{ cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f /
ljsf;sf] s]Gb|Lo Ph]G8f agfpg] .
• ul/aL lgjf/0fsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ nf]slk|o gf/f / Cosmetic ¿kdf dfq gcfO{ 7f]; tof/L / Jofjxfl/s
sfo{qmdx¿;lxt Odfgbf/ / k"0f{ k|lta4tf ;fy cfpg'kg]{ .
• ul/aL sf/0fx¿sf] :ki6 klxrfg u/L s'g ju{ tyf ;d'bfo s]–slt sf/0fn] ul/a ePsf] xf] ;f]cg's'n ul/aL
lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ l8hfOg u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ . h:t} /fHosf] sdLsdhf]/Lsf sf/0fn ul/a ePsf] eP
To;nfO{ ;RRofpg] . t/ JolQmut pbf;L, s'nt cflbsf sf/0f ul/a ePsf] eP ToxLcg'¿k ;fdflhs hfu/0fsf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
• ul/aL, lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmd klxrfg, tof/L, l8hfOg, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ubf{ ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] ;fy{s /
;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
• :yfgLo dfgjLo, ef}lts, k|fs[lts cflb ;|f]t ;fwg / ;Lk, Ifdtf / ;dfYo{sf] kl/rfng ug]{ .
• Ifdtf ljsf;, :j/f]huf/ / r]tgf clej[l4df hf]8 lbg] .
• ;/sf/L, :yfgLo lgsfo, u};;÷cu};;, lghL If]qsf ;d'bfoaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds
9Ëaf6 n}hfg] .
• sfo{qqmd to ubf{ / sfo{fGjog ubf{ cfo, dfgjLo, ;fdflhs cflb ul/aLsf ;a} kf6fnfO{ oyf]lrt ¿kdf
;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L n}hfg] .
• ;'zf;g clej[l4, ;]jf k|jfxdf s'zntf clej[l4 ug]{nufotsf s'/fdf hf]8 lbg] .
• ul/aL lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmsf] output, outcome cflbdf lgoldt, Jojl:yt / ax'kIfLo cg'udg ug]{ bx|f]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
• h'g /fHo cfkm} ul/a 5 p;n] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ rfx]/ klg ;Qm}g . To;}n] ;du| d'n's / hgtfsf] cfly{s
;fdflhs :t/ psf:g Jofks cf}Bf]uLs/0f, Jofkf/ / ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] .
• ef}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs k"FhL lgdf{0fdf nufgL ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
• wgL / ul/aaLrsf] a9\bf] lje]b sd ug{ k|efjsf/L / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f, k'glj{t/0f gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .
• tTsfnsf nflu /f;g s8{sf] Joj:yf u/L ljkGg hgtfnfO{ /fxt, vfBfGg, k]6«f]lnod cflb pknAw u/fpg] .

&= ;'emfj sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf

dfly k|:t't ul/Psf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ lgDg sfo{ of]hgfadf]lhd k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 –
-gd'gf dfq_
qm= ;'emfj lqmofsnfk÷ultljlw lhDd]jf/ ;xof]uL ;do;Ldf cfly{s ;|f]t cg'udg cg'udg s}lkmot
;+= lgsfo lgsfo ug]{ ;'rs
lgsfo
!= ul/aLsf] :ki6 ul/aL dfkgsf /fli6«o ADB, WB @ jif{leq cy{ k|=d= ;'rs /
kl/efiff u/L j:t'ut ;'rs / of]hgf nufotsf dGqfno / tyf dfkb08
ul/asf] oyfy{ dfkb08 agfpg] cfof]u ljsf; ljsf; d+=k= ag]sf] x'g]
klxrfg ug]{ ;fem]bf/x¿ ;fem] b f/x¿ sf]
sfof{no

@= ul/aL lgjf/0fsf ul/jL lgjf/0fsf ul/aL ljsf; lg/Gt/ cy{ /f= ul/aLsf]
nflu 7f]; nflu sfo{qmd lgjf/0f ;fem]bf/x¿, dGqfno, of]=cf= /]vfd'lg
tof/Lsf ;fy th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ sf]if, u};;, lghL ljsf; /x]sf]
Jofjxf/Ls ljleGg If]q, ;d'bfo ;fem]bf/x¿, hg;+Vof
sfo{qmdx¿ nfu" ljifout cflb k|fb]lzs / 36]sf] x'g]
ug]{ dGqfnox¿ :yfgLo
tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿,
lgsfox¿ u};; cflb
#= ul/aL lgjf/0fsf ul/a hgtfnfO{ ul/aL hgr]tgfd'ns lg/Gt/ – /f= ul/jL
sfo{qmdsf] hfu?s agfO{ lgjf/0f u};;, of]=cf= lgjf/0fsf
tof/L, sfo{fGjog ;lqmo ;xefuL sf]if, :s'nx¿ cflb sfo{qmdsf]
/ cg'udgdf agfpg] . ljleGg tof/L,
;DalGwt ul/asf] ljifout sfo{fGjog
;xeflutf dGqfnox¿ /
a9fpg] tyf cg'udgdf
k|fb]lzs / ul/asf]
:yfgLo ;+nUgtf
;/sf/x? ;+Vof
a9]sf] x'g]

*= lgisif{
ul/aL g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k]lrnf] / uDeL/ ;d:of xf] . /fhgLlts, cfly{s, dfgjLo, efjgfTds cflb b[li6n] of] ;d:ofnfO{
hlt;Sbf] l56f] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu :jfefljs ¿kdf /fHon] 7f]; gLlt tyf sfo{ .

The End

;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{xf]; .

Xfn jfl0fHo a}sx?df lgIf]]k j9\b} uP klg kl5Nnf] b'O jif{df shf{ lj:tf/ ;':t x'+bf t/ntf Joj:yfkgdf ;s; k/]sf] 5 .
rfn' cf=j=@)*).)*! Dff s'n lgIf]k &=@% k|ltztn] j9\bf ;f]lx cjlwdf shf{sf] j[l4 b/ %=)& k|ltzt 5 . j}sx?df
clws t/ntf ePdf g]kfn /fi6| j}sdf # k|ltzt jf sddf /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . s]lx j}ssf] shf{ lgIf]k cg'kft &) k|lt;t
;Dd cfpbf Jofhvr{ pRr b/n] j9]sf] 5 Psftkm{ eg] csf]{ tkm{ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg klg j9]sf] sf/0f cfDbfgL j9\g
;s]sf] 5}g t;y{ gfkmf k|efljt ePsf] 5 . shf{df lng] / lgIf]kdf lbg] :k|]8b/ klg $ k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . dh{/df
uPsf j}sx?sf] v'b Jofh cfDbfgL v'lDrPsf] 5 . j}lsu If]qdf j9\b} uPsf] k|ljlw / zfvf ;+Vofsf] lj:tf/n] ;+rfng vr{
;d]t pRr ePsf] 5 . gfkmf 36] ;+u} j}sx?sf] k|ltkmn b/ ;d]t Psn c+sdf em/]sf] 5 . @) jfl0fHo j}ssf] cf}ift
k|ltkmn *=%$ k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 t;y{ clwsf+z j}sx?n] nfef+z lbg ;s]sf 5}gg . o; kl/k|]Iodf afl0fHo j}sx?sf]
;d:ofsf] klxrfg ul/ cfufdL Ps jif{sf] sfo{ tflnsf ;lxt ;dfwfgsf pkfox? k|:t't ug'{xf]; .