THE ANGLE

The part of the plane delimited by two rays that start from the same
point called the vertex is called an angle. Each ray is called the side
of the angle.

The angle of a photograph is the inclination with respect to the

ground of an imaginary line that is generated when photographing a
subject.

ANGLE CHARACTERISTICS

Photographic angles are characterized by their use to generate

visual effects such as perspectives, deformations or simply show
another way of seeing common objects.

The angles depend on the position of the camera with respect to the
object or landscape photographed.

1. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONCEPTS

2. ANGLES is the part of the plane included between two semilines

that has the same point of origin or vertex, they are usually
measured in units such as: -The radian - The sexagesimal degree: it
is the central angle subtended by an arc whose length is equal to
1/360 of the circumference. As a unit of the sexagesimal angle
measurement system, it is defined based on the fact that a right
angle has 90° - Centesimal degree

3. There are basically two ways to define an angle in the plane: 1.-
geometric shape: the amplitude between two lines of any type that
meet at a common point called a vertex is called an angle. 2.-
trigonometric shape: it is the amplitude of rotation or twist that
describes a rectilinear segment around one of its ends taken as a
vertex from an initial position to a final position.

4. Depending on their position they are called: Interior angle: or

internal angle of a polygon, it is the one formed by adjacent sides,
internally. Exterior angle: or external angle of a polygon, it is the one
formed by one side and the extension of the adjacent one.
5. SIZE OF THE ANGLE The amplitude of the rotation that allows
one side of an angle to be brought until it coincides with the other
side is called “size of the angle Measurement of the angle

6. DEGREE is a unit used to measure the size of angles. Imagine

that the angle of a complete turn is divided into 360 parts. The size
of one of these parts is “one degree” and is written 1°.

FUNCTION OF ANGLES

When the camera is positioned in relation to the subject it can affect

how the viewer perceives the subject. A point of view is the apparent
distance and angle from which the camera views and records the
subject

Simplification of a complex fraction is understood as its

transformation into a simple fraction, reduced in terms to its simplest
terms, that is equivalent to it. Two methods can be used.

One: It consists of transforming the numerator and denominator into

simple fractions (if necessary) and then proceeding as in dividing
fractions.

Other: Which is generally simpler, consists of obtaining a simple

fraction by multiplying the original numerator and denominator by
the lowest common denominator of all fractions.

IMPORTANCE

The choice of one type of angle or another directly influences the

viewer's subjective perception of an image. Therefore, its
importance lies in using one or the other, producing a different effect
and must be done consciously. It should be noted that the use of the
angles listed above is not limited to the examples and situations
mentioned there, remember that once we know the rules of
photography, then we can start creativity assuming that the best rule
is the one that He says there are no rules.

ANGLE TYPES

Normal
This photographic angle is the one in which the camera is at the
level of the object to be captured, it is the most used because the
photographs obtained give a natural appearance and a feeling of
stability, since it is the way in which the human eye perceive all
things.

If you are going to portray an animal or a child, it is necessary to

crouch down to be at their level and achieve this type of angle.

Chopped

To achieve this angle, the shot must be taken from a plane higher
than the subject, that is, it is taken from top to bottom. When used in
landscapes, it blurs the background and in the case of portrait
photographs it causes a feeling of inferiority and vulnerability.

It is used to photograph children, animals or small objects.

Low angle

This is the opposite angle from the previous one, therefore the
camera points from the bottom up. With these angles the objects
visually become larger, which gives them a dominant position and
greater importance.

It is generally used for architectural and portrait photography.

Nadir

For this angle the camera is placed below the subject, perpendicular
to the ground and a more exaggerated effect is achieved than with
the dive angle and the focus point of the photograph will be in the
center of the scene.

It is not very common, but it is widely used to take photographs of

very tall buildings, where the geometry they generate adds
significant depth to the photograph.

Zenithal
At this angle the camera is positioned perpendicular to the ground. It
is used as a creative resource because it provides a particular view
of what is observed.

It can be used for portrait photography. However, professional

photographers recommend being careful when taking this shot, as
they can distort the person's body.

Dutch

Here the angle of the camera does not have much weight, what
matters is the inclination it has because its main objective is to
generate instability in the photographs. When combined with slanted
lines in the image this can create visual balance.

THE ANGLE SHOTS

It is one whose focal length is shorter than that of the normal

objective, resulting in a viewing angle greater than that of human
vision. It is used for panoramic views, such as landscapes, for
photojournalism and other creative projects.

The viewing angles of this type of lens range between 60 and 180°.
Focal lengths for 35mm cameras vary between 18 and 35mm. In the
case of wide-angle lenses with a fixed focal length, the luminosity is
usually high, reaching up to f1.4 (see aperture and f-number).

CHARACTERISTICS

With objectives of this type you achieve:

Exaggerate the perspective of objects, causing a distortion of lines

that is even more pronounced when the photographer approaches
the subject. This quality is commonly exploited in architectural
photography, to reveal the grandeur of human constructions by
taking a close-up wide angle shot.

A greater depth of field in photography, which is why it is usually

used in landscape photography, in which it is usually important to
portray a large number of elements at close range.

Cover a larger portion of the scene from a shorter distance (thanks

to its greater angle of view), which makes it easier for the
photographer to capture photographs of large objects from short
distances. This is very common in interior photography.

PHOTOGRAPHY SHOTS

The point of view refers to the position of the camera with respect to
what is going to be photographed, and logically, it is in direct relation
to the level of our vision. It is also called shooting angle or
angulation, due to the angle that the camera adopts with respect to
the subject.

CHARACTERISTICS

 Smart Composition. ...

 It provokes a reaction. ...
 It offers more than one layer of experience. ...
 It has its context in photography. ...
 It contains an idea. ...
 They do not imitate.

DETECTION OF FAULTS IN PHOTOGRAPHIC TAKING

In the camera's automatic and semi-automatic modes, you can

tell your camera to overexpose or underexpose as many stops as
you want. Sometimes, in certain situations, your camera's light
meter or exposure meter does not measure correctly, or you do
not achieve the effect you want. In these cases, if manual mode
is not the solution for whatever reason, you can resort to
compensating the exposure (normally accessed in cameras
through the "+/-" option, when in doubt, resort to the manual
mode. your camera.

APPLIED POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

Forensic photography plays an extremely important role within a

criminal investigation. This discipline is responsible for capturing
all the details of the crime scene, including those that escape the
human eye at first glance, and perfectly portrays places, objects
and people, which is vital for the investigation.
Forensic photography is, without a doubt, irrefutable evidence
and a totally objective testimony of the facts.

Photography applied to research must meet two vital

requirements: sharpness and accuracy. This type of photography
does not seek to create striking or beautiful photographs but
basically aims to seek the reality of the image itself, it is simply a
photographic technique applied to criminal investigation.

POLICE PHOTOGRAPH AT THE SITE OF THE EVENT

Forensic photography uses a series of techniques such as color

since it faithfully reproduces all the elements that make up the
crime scene and helps identify the objects.

It is commonly known as “the science of small details” since it

rigorously captures each and every one of the elements. In this
discipline, the use of traditional cameras is very important, trying
to avoid digital technology as much as possible, since it is much
easier to manipulate.

The forensic photographer is the first to arrive at the crime scene

to capture each and every element in an image before anything is
touched or moved.

The images must be taken using the following planes:

It must be taken into account that forensic photography must start

from the general to the particular, that is, the first shots will be
panoramic and general shots which will help identify the location
and appearance of the place as soon as you arrive at the crime
scene. crime and also medium shots to show the position of the
subject. This last shot requires a large amount of detail to relate
the elements to the subject.

The rest of the shots will be close-ups and very close-ups. These
plans show particularities and details that will later be
investigated.

Photographs related and meaningful to each other must be taken

in order to help the course of the investigation and all those
elements that are considered relevant will be photographed. Each
 photograph must be accompanied by the date, place and person
who took the image, type of camera, distance from the camera to
the subject, film used and angle and lens of the camera.

The negatives must always be kept.

Forensic photography is undoubtedly a discipline that seeks

maximum objectivity and truthfulness. It is a realist photograph
and a visual story that perfectly complements the narration of the
events, both spoken and written.

TYPES, SIZES AND CHARACTERISTICS´

Types of forensic photography

Here comes the good. Depending on the type of classification we

are doing, we will have different types of forensic photography,
logically.

The first types of forensic photography that we are going to see

are designed according to their purpose.

scientific forensic photography

Many times, scientists cannot be at the scene, or the person who

is at the scene is not the only one who will participate in solving
the case. To solve this problem we have scientific forensic
photography, which is responsible for collecting objective data so
that all scientists participating in the case can analyze the data
from the scene and start from the same objective information.

In this type of photography, two main things are required: that the
image has a correct exposure and that it is perfectly sharp or
focused. That is to say, it's not just about pressing the shutter
button and that's it, you have to know how to use a camera and
master many photographic techniques.

On the other hand, it is very important that the white balance is

correct to avoid alterations to real colors. From my point of view,
this type of photography is relatively similar to product
photography, although even less artistic. That is, everything must
be as objective as possible to be able to draw scientific
conclusions.

judicial forensic photography

In this case, the photographs serve to provide evidence in a trial.

Obviously, this evidence must be supported by scientists who
analyze the scientific photographs provided by forensic
photographers. That is, all types of forensic photography are
related to each other.

I also have to add that in the past, photographic evidence in a

trial was almost absolutely irrefutable, but now it is no longer so
reliable due to the extreme advancement of photographic
retouching and photomontages. Yes, they serve, therefore, as an
extra that supports the set of tests.

Forensic preliminary photograph

In this case, reference is made to all those photographs of the

crime scene taken before it was modified. It is extremely
important, since they have to put the rest of the photographs
taken into context. Of course, they are photographs from different
distances, so that the whole scene can be seen.

It is very important for forensic experts that these photographs be

taken as soon as possible, since the scene will not have been
manipulated yet and the photos will be more objective as to what
the crime scene refers to.

intrusion photographs

Intrusion photographs are those that begin to be taken from

outside the crime scene to give it a context and, progressively,
each photograph must be closer to the scene than the previous
one.

With this we manage to contextualize the crime scene within the

area in which it is located and, progressively, we focus more on
the scene, leaving the external environment as something
secondary.
 Photographs of the scene

These are the photographs that make up the general shots,

helping us to contextualize, once again, the crime.

We are all used to typical photos of details, but without photos

with general plans, the details are practically useless.

Zenith/aerial photographs

This type of forensic photography gives a general image of the

crime scene. From above you can see all the components of the
scene at the same time.

It's great and adds a lot of value, since it is a general perspective

that is done (if possible) from the center of the scene.

Of course, it will not always be possible, since indoors (for

example) you cannot fly a drone, nor climb a ladder or balcony to
take this type of photography. But, of course, when it can be done
it adds a lot of value.

Photographs with metric witnesses

Once the evidence has been established, it is left in place with a

metric core and a number plate (usually).

The metric witness is a type of rule that puts the object in context to
give it specific physical measurements.

All this must fit with what the witnesses provide and the rest of the
information obtained at the scene.

SIZE

Panoramic shots: These are global shots (width of the horizontal

zone and reduction of the vertical) from a long distance, which
are used in order to show the general appearance of the place
and the EMP AND/OR EF as they are in their final position.

General shot (Long distance): photographic shot to show how

the position of a subject or object in relation to another, is used in
order to locate and relate EMP AND/OR EF or a group of them at
the scene or scene.

Medium shot (medium distance): These are photographic shots

that allow you to see a reasonable amount of details of the
subject as well as reveal the environment where it is located, they
are used in order to relate furniture, objects, instruments and
bodies, changing position or photo shooting angle; The focal
length in this type of photographs offers a result of much greater
resolution and sharpness.

Very close-up: (close-ups – larger): These are close-up

photographic shots that point out the particularities of a subject or
object.

Mooring point: It is called the fact of referencing a photographic

plane to a stable fixed point that can be artificial, natural or geo-
referenced. In order to demonstrate the existence of a fact in the
photographically referenced place.

Perspective: It is a presentation of three-dimensional reality,

resulting from the convergence of lines that go into the depth of
space and the continuous decrease in size from the foreground to
the background. A proper photographic perspective produces the
same impression of position and relative size of visible objects as
those produced by real objects when viewed from a particular
point.

CHARACTERISTICS

During the investigation of the incident

In front of the photographer, who had arrived at the scene of the

accident, the penalty of three main tasks:

 to ensure maximum compliance with visual photography

printing of all its characteristics;
 make possible the detection of objects, terrain, etc. of
features and missing pieces a quick reading inspection;
 save a general overview of the scene of the incident and its
circumstances so that it is easy to recall from memory.
The study of the phenomenon

In research activities, photo and video can be useful for the study of
samples taken from the scene of the event, as well as when
planning experiments.

Research is carried out by the specialist photo in the laboratory and

in the expedition pilot course, with the application of specialized
techniques and methods. The selection of certain means and
methods depends on the research phase of the objects and
objectives of the research tasks, such as:

 the current input of the experiment.

 the identification of small parts of an object, invisible to the
naked eye;
 identification outside the normal range of vision of pieces with
little contrast with the background;
 the identification of parts, invisible under normal lighting
conditions.

SOCKET ELEMENTS

You have to take photos of different subjects in forensic

photography, since you have to try not to miss any details.

 Photography of people : in case there is a victim, photos

must be taken with general shots, half shots, close-ups,
very close-ups or detailed shots of the areas where there
are specific characteristics that can be considered scientific
evidence. If you can take photos from different angles,
perfect.
 Photography of objects: all possible objects must be
photographed and, logically, those that are considered to
be part of the crime scene, even more so, taking different
shots of them.
 Footprints, footprints and marks: obviously, all this must
be recorded as well. Anything that may give clues to the
crime must be recorded visually.
  Full Scene: I've talked about this at several points before.
A general point of view contextualizes the entire scene.

DETAILS

Importance. An expert forensic expert will know which photos are

"necessary" in each scene. It is a methodological work that requires
a high degree of observation and forensic, ballistic and scientific
knowledge. It must be taken into account that the images must
document the complete story of what happened, so the smallest
detail can be an important piece.

 Images that report the scene of the events. These are

general plans that locate us, with them we will know if we are
inside, outside, if a natural or artificial landscape surrounds us,
so they must show significant elements that serve as an
unequivocal reference to the place where we are. we find.
 Images of intrusion. This is the name given to those images
that progressively bring us into the scene. Short-shot
photographs are being taken that will allow us to move forward
without us being there. These images must have “transition
points” that allow us to move from one image to the next.

TYPES OF POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

GENERAL

Its objective is the graphic documentation of the conditions in which

the investigation site is located and the evidence located there.

A clear progression must be established that goes from general

views, medium views, close-ups, close-ups and large close-ups, as
required by the case. Each clue is photographed using a metric
witness and indicating its cardinal location.

PARTICULAR

They are made for location purposes and show the general
appearance of the place as it was found. It is advisable to take at
least four shots at different angles.

IN DETAIL
They are photographic shots at a very short distance where the
subject or object to be photographed fills almost the entire
viewfinder or screen; They are used to show details and general
characteristics of the object to be fixed. In this type of photographs,
a metric witness is used.