LESSON 4 DIRECTLY

- Through advertising, brochure

TOURISM INTERMEDIARIES distribution, website, social media,
- Are firms or people who act as a client referrals and so on.
mediator on a link between parties
to a business deal, investment INDIRECTLY
decision, negotiation etc - Through a third party (indirectly) by
using tourism distribution channels
WHY USE INTERMDEDIARIES such as retail travel agents,
wholesalers and inbound tour
1. Intermediaries make information operators
and services widely available
cost-effectively. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL FUNCTIONS
2. They perform a variety of
value-added functions e.g, types of 1. INFORMATION
services, potential customers, - Gathering and distributing
packages. marketing research
3. Intermediaries are frequently paid intelligence information
on commission, but they may also about the marketing.
charge the customer a modest fee.
4. Exist where they perform a 2. PROMOTION
necessary role more costeffectively - Developing and spreading
than the supplier could perform the persuasive communications
same role. about an offer.
3. CONTACT
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF - Finding and communicating
INTERMEDIATION with prospective buyers.
4. MATCHING
PRODUCERS: - Shaping and fitting the offer
- Able to sell products in bulk to the buyer’s need,
- Reduce promotional costs including such activities as
manufacturing, grading,
CONSUMERS assembling and packaging.
- Avoid search and transaction cost 5. NEGOTIATION
- Gain from knowledge of the - Agreeing on price and other
specialists term of the offer so that
- Gain from lower prices ownership or possession
can be transferred.
DESTINATION 6. PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
- International Marketing networking - Transporting and storing
goods
TOURISM CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION 7. FINANCING
- Is an operating structure, system, - Acquiring and using funds
or linkage of various combinations to cover the costs of
of organizations through which a channel work.
producer of travel products
describes, sells, or confirms travel 8. RISK TAKING
arrangements to the buyer.

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 - Assuming financial risks documenting complaints in an
such as the inability to sell efficient and diplomatic manner.
inventory at full margin. - Planning and advertising different
TOUR OPERATOR promotions.
- Will organize package tour - Making alternative arrangements
together and offer them for sale to for customers who have had their
the public either through the trips interrupted by unforeseen
medium of a brochure, leaflet or issues.
advertisement, or using ICT to - Evaluating customers’ holidays
display its offering. and issuing appropriate feedback
forms
INCLUSIVE TOUR - Every now and then, tour operators
- Transportation travel abroad for research
- Accomodation purposes
- Meals - Making presentations to travel
- Entertainment groups
- Attractions - Creating and putting up displays at
- Sightseeing Activities trade shows

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TOUR TYPES OF TOUR OPERATOR

OPERATOR
MASS MARKET TOUR OPERATOR
- Providing general and specific - Deals with any type of holiday and
advice about different travel they are able to put together
destinations. packages that suit the customers.
- Drawing up complicated travel A mass market tour operator also
itineraries and ensuring that all the supplies their customers with
needs of the customers are met. accommodation, transfers,
✓Making arrangements for transport and extra services.
transport, accommodation, tours,
and activities. DOMESTIC TOUR OPERATOR
- Contacting airlines, hotels, and - Those who assemble, combine
ground transport companies such tourist components into inclusive
as coach operators to make tours and sell it to the domestic
suitable arrangements. travelers. In general, these tour
- Advising the customer about travel operators provide travel services
issues including required within the tourist’s native country.
documentation and financial
matters, such as appropriate SPECIALIZED OPERATORS
exchange rates. - These type of tour operators are a
- Using the computer database to lot more flexible for the customer.
research information about hotel This is because these tour
accommodation fares and hotel operators are able to cater and
ratings. specialize to what the tourists
- Dealing with payments interest are for example, someone
- Performing general administration wants to go on a cycling holiday,
tasks Dealing with and they can tell the operator what they
want in their holiday and the

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 operators can do their best to get it 8. EVALUATION
for their customers - Collection of payments due
from the clients, preferably
prior to the arrival and the
TOUR OPERATION CYCLE payment due to all
suppliers.
1. PLANNING
- The process of determining TRAVEL AGENTS AND RETAILING
objectives to be achieved
2. CONTRACTING 1. INTANGIBLE
- Negotiating and collating - Product is conveyed thru
from a set of identified brochures or thru the
supplier rates that are internet
below those published.
3. COSTING 2. PERISHABLE
- Determining the costs of - Sold for the period its
the various components, available
activities or services
included in the tour 3. DYNAMIC
package, depending on the - Forever in a state of flux;
travelers availing the prices can rise or fall
package.
4. QUOTATIONS AND TARIFFS 4. HETEROGENOUS
- Prepared based on a - Not a standardied product
required number of
participants and in 5. INSEPERABLE
accordance with the - Consumed as an over- all
specific activities, experience
inclusions and
requirements of the client. TRAVEL AGENT
5. RESERVATION - Is a private retailer that provides
- Placing advanced requests travel related services to the public
for available space or on behalf of suppliers such as
services at sometime in the hotels, flights, car hire or package
future and obtaining holidays.
confirmation of these.
6. FIELD OPERATION - TASKS:
- Actual delivery of services, ● Making reservations
and all activities of the ● Planning itineraries
travelers from he moment ● Calculating fares and
of arrival to the time of charges
departure. ● Producing tickets
7. ACCOUNTING ● Advising Clients
- Collection of payments due ● Maintaining accurate
from the clients, preferably records on reservations
prior to the arrival and the ● Acts as intermediaries
payment due to all where customer complaints
suppliers occur.

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LESSON 5 - Are small, family-style environment
with simple and limited operations
ACCOMODATION where guests may share facilities
- Is a group of rooms, or building and/or meals with their host.
which someone may live or stay
and is important to any tourists SELF- CATERING ACCOMMODATION
who want to travel to another - Are combination of
destination or on a trip, as you are accommodation with additional
always going to need a place to recreational areas and the facility
stay such as hotels, caravan parks, to prepare food on a personal
camp sites etc basis.
- According to Medlik and Ingram
(2000) “ Hotels play an important CAMPUS ACCOMMODATIONS
role in most countries in providing - Its facility use includes both within
facilities for the transaction of and outside tourism sector and is
businesses, for meetings and often used in a semi-permanent
conferences, for recreation and basis by students.
entertainment… In many areas
hotels are important attractions for TIME SHARE
visitors who bring to them - Are accommodation facilities that
spending power and who tend to have limited private ownership or
spend at a higher rate than when they are period- constrained
they do when they are at home.” usually limited to 1-2 weeks a year.

THE ACCOMMODATION PRODUCT YOUTH ACCOMMODATIONS

COMPRISES OF - Young people tends to utilize
1. LOCATION accommodation at the low cost
2. FACILITIES end of the market bed and
3. SERVICES breakfasts.
4. IMAGE
5. PRICE CAMPING & CARAVAN SITES
- Travellers bring their own
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF accommodation to the destination
ACCOMMODATION in the form of tents, caravans or
trailers.
HOTELS
- Hotels provides greatest total CRUISE LINERS AND FERRIES
employment in global terms, they - Long-distance passenger liners
account for the highest level of provide accommodation facilities
receipts and are traditionally designed as a necessary facility
viewed as an accommodation that and ancillary to the prime purpose
also provides F&B services to of transport
short-stay guests on a paying
basis. TRAINS AND AIRCRAFT
- Modernized version of trains
GUEST HOUSES, INNS, FARM provide hotel comforts to the
HOUSES, BED & BREAKFAST maximum permitted by space
bed-like comfort for long-haul

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 travelers on aircrafts for first-class
payee Similar provision but not a MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL
lower scale for business class. ACCOMMODATION
- IS REGARDED AS ONE OF THE
VISITING RELATIVES AND/ OR TWO CORE ACTIVITIES THAT
FRIENDS LEND THE HOSPITALITY
- Utilize facilities within the homes of INDUSTRY ITS
their family or friends. DISTINCTIVENESS AS A
SECTOR, THE OTHER BEING
STRUCTURE OF ACCOMMPDATION FOOD AND BEVERAGE
SECTOR MANAGEMENT.

COMMERCIAL SECTOR FRONT OFFICE MANAGEMENT

- Operate on the principle of open - Comprising reservations, night
public access, public can move audit and, in high-end
freely throughout these facilities establishments, the bell captain’s
without deterrent of highly visible office and the concierge
security barriers
HOUSEKEEPING MANAGEMENT
THE DISTINCTIVE NATURE OF - Including the cleaning of all public
ACCOMMODATION and private spaces, although often
an establishment’s kitchens are
1. The first area is the concept that excluded from the sphere of
hospitality and accommodation responsibility of the housekeeping
compromise both tangible and department and are the sole
intangible factors – responsibility of the head or
executive head chef.
O Tangible aspects would include:
physical surroundings, equipment ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE
needed, décor, location, and f&b.
O Intangible: atmosphere present REVENUE MANAGEMENT
in an establishment and most - Which may be a function of front
importantly, the service that the office or, alternately, of a separate
guest experiences sales and marketing department

2. Concerns the inseparability of the SAFETY AND SECURITY

production and consumption of MANAGEMENT
good and services in this sector.
The goods and services consumed QUALITY ISSUES AND GRADING IN
has no lasting value. THE ACCOMOATION SECTOR
3. The fact that is immediately - Hotels strive to seek some kind of
perishable. Means it cannot be standardization to ensure
stored and if it is not sold for any consistent and comparable service
given night, the opportunity of sale quality, and one of the
will be lost forever. requirements is for them to have a
reliable system which grades and
certifies the hotel's quality,
including its facilities and services

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 as meeting a certain international LEVELS OF SERVICE
level
WORLD CLASS SERVICE
CLASSIFICATIONS - These are also called luxury / Five
- The assignments of hotels to a Start hotels, they target top
categorical rating according to type business executives, entertainment
or property, facilities and amenities celebrities, high- ranking political
offered. figures, and wealthy clientele as
their primary markets.
GRADING
- Quality Dimension, quality MID-RANGE SERVICE
perceived to be an add- on which - Hotels offering mid-range or
does not impact upon the star otherwise 3 to 4-star hotels service
rating of an establishment appeal the largest segment of the
travelling public.

TYPES OF HOTELS OR BUDGET/ LIMITED SERVICE

CLASSIFICATION OF HOTWLA BY - These hotels provide clean,
THEIR TYPE comfortable, safe, inexpensive
rooms and meet the basic need of
1. BY SIZE OR NUMBER OF guests.
ROOMS
2. TARGET MARKETS OWNERSHIP AND AFFILIATIONS
3. LEVELS OF SERVICE
4. OWNERSHIP AND AFFILIATIONS INDEPENDENY/ SINGLE OWNERSHIP
HOTELS
SIZE - They do not have identifiable
- Number of rooms ownership
● Under 200 rooms
● 200 to 399 rooms CHAIN HOTELS
● 400 to 700 rooms - Hotels which are part of a hotel
● More than 700 rooms chain and these kinds of ownership
● The above categories usually imposes certain minimum
enable hotels of similar size standards, rules, policies and
to compare operating procedures to restrict affiliate
procedures and statistical activities.
results.
HOTEL RATING SYSTEM
TARGET MARKETS
- Hotel targets many markets and HOTEL RATINGS
can be classified according to the - Are often used to classify hotels
markets they attempt to attract according to their quality. From the
their guests. The common type of initial purpose of informing
markets includes business, airport, travelers on basic facilities that can
suites, residential, resort, be expected, the objectives of
timeshare, casino, convention and hotel rating have expanded into a
conference hotels. focus on the hotel experience as a
whole. Today the terms 'grading' ,

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 'rating' , and 'classification' are BENEFITS TO HOTELS
used to generally refer to the same - It allows for the design and target
concept, that is to categorize of training activities
hotels. - It demonstrates commitment to
quality
ONE-STAR - It’s an important marketing tool in
- rating often means a property has both local and international
no frills and only offers basic economies
accommodations. - Independent assessment of
offered services
TWO-STAR - Key business differentiator as the
- two-star properties are typically quality of service offered is a
more affordable than hotels that determinant of consumer choice
have a higher rating — they are
also usually quite comfortable. BENEFITS TO TOURISM INDUSTRY
- Allows for standard to be put in
THREE-STAR place
- Three-star hotels ordinarily have - Assists travel agents to understand
some unique amenities and the product and match supply and
provide quality demand
FOUR-STAR - It encourages competition amongst
- Four-star hotels are often noted for establishments
their upscale quality and - It leads to overall improved service
extraordinary comfort. and reliability within the industry
- It allows for monitoring of hotel
FIVE-STAR inventory and accommodation
- provides flawless guest services in standards
a state-of-the-art facility such as
premium dining options and
personalized services to its guests.
- In the United States, a five-star
rating system is often used by
independent organizations like
AAA to rate a hotel. One star is the
lowest rating, and five stars is the
highest score

BENEFITS TO TOURIST
- It provides assurance to both the
local and the international tourists
that an establishment has been
assessed and approved by an
independent third party
- It gives a reliable indication of
expected services and offerings
- It helps consumers to find hotels of
a standard they require
LESSON 6

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 - Outdoor activities, including winter
DESTINATION sports in mountain areas
- Destinations are often seen by the - Farming landscape of fields, crops
tourist as the outwardly facing and animals
element of a tourism service or
product, being a place where their TOURIST TOWNS AND CITIES
consumption occurs. - Siignificant historic or cultural
- Destination is the principal attractions
motivating factor behind the - Important for business travelers
consumer's decision and
expectations. VIRGINIA CITY, MONTANA
- A taste of life in a 1860s gold rush
2 CLASSIFICATION OF DESTINATION town

1. URBAN DESTINATION PUT-IN-BAY, OHIO

2. RURAL DESTINATION - Visitors travel by ferry to reach
Put-in-Bay, Ohio, which is located
URBAN DESTINATION on South Bass Island in Lake Erie.
- A type of tourism activity which
takes place in an urban space with HANA, HAWAII
its inherent attributes characterized - Visit the Hana Cultural Center and
by non-agricultural based economy Museum to bone up on Hawaiian
such as administration, history
manufacturing, trade and services
and by being nodal points of DESTINATION COMPETITIVENESS
transport. - Refers to the ability of the brand to
successfully occupy a niche in the
RURAL DESTINATION market in the long term.
- A stretch of inland or coastal - Ability to complete effectively and
countryside, including small towns profitability in the marketplace
and villages. - Ability to manage its natural and
- For agriculture, forestry, man-made resources
aquaculture, fisheries - Be aware of both demand and
supply
TYPES OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS
1. COASTAL AREAS DESTINATION MANAGEMENT
2. COUNTRYSIDE AREAS - defines a process that involves
3. TOURIST TOWNS AND CITIES coordinated actions aimed to
control the economic,
COASTAL AREAS socio-cultural and environmental
- Relaxing on the beaches and other dimensions of a specitic tourism
activities connected with the sea territory
- Coastal areas are often cooler than
places inland

COUNTRYSIDE AREAS DESTINATION MARKETING

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 - Is a form of marketing, in which a
destination is promoted to potential BLEISURE TRAVEL
visitors, in order to increase the - People traveling for work or
number of people that travel to that business include some leisure time
location at their destination

DESTINATION MANAGEMENT AUTOMATION

ORGANIZATION ( DMO ) - Digitalization technology
- An organization whose primary
function is to attract visitors for the MOBILE BOOKINGS
purpose of enhancing the local - Booking online
economy through purchase of
room nights, food and beverage, PERSONALIZATION
retail items, transportation or visitor - Behaviors, personal preferences,
services and past choices

WHO ARE THE CLIENTS? TRANSFORMATIVE TRAVEL

1. Tour Programs - Make a difference in both the lives
2. Foreign Independent Tours (FITs) of others and oneself
3. Cruise/River Boats and Barge Ship
excursions SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
4. Association meetings - Save the planet and preserve it for
5. Incentive Programs future generations
6. Meeting Planning
7. Theme Parties/Event production EXPERIENCE TOURISM
8. Religious programs - Once-in-a-lifetime
9. The Film industry/rock stars - Emotional connection
10. Government Agencies
(NGOs)/Embassies SOLO TRAVEL
- Wonderful and self- rewarding
ROLES OF DESTINATION experience
MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS
WELLNESS TRAVEL
1. Strategy and planning/policy; - Achieving, promoting, or
2. Representation of interest maintaining the best health and
3. Product development; sense of wellbeing and balance in
4. Marketing life
5. Skills/training
6. Infrastructure development
7. Collection and management of
information and research;
8. Sustainability;
9. Business support and advice;
10. Coherence, communication and
the management of quality
11. The creation of a strong unified
voice for the local industry
DESTINATION TRENDS LESSON 7

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ATTRACTION
- Attractions are the places, people,
events, and things that make up
the objects of the tourist gaze and
attract tourists to destinations.

4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ATTRACTIONS IN THE TRAVEL AND
TOURISM INDUSTRY

PURPOSE BUILT
- Attractions that have been built
purposely to attract tourists into
that area

NATURAL ATTRACTIONS
- Attraction that has been created by
nature

EVENTS AS ATTRACTION
- Attraction that has been created by
nature

HERITAGE ATTRACTION
- Attractions that are old and have
been in place for many years

MAN- MADE
- Man made attractions are the
tourist attractions which are made
by man or human activity.

NATURAL TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

- Natural Tourist Attractions are
tourist attractions which were
already naturally formed or/are
part of the nature

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