DIVINE E.
COQUIA
235-12542M
Bachelor of Science in Office Administration
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT NO.1
CHAPTER 1-Mathematics in our World
[Link] is Mathematics
[Link] mathematics
-Mathematics is the study of relationships among numbers, quantities
and shapes. It includes arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, geometry,
statistics and calculus. Mathematics nurtures human characteristics
like power of creativity, reasoning, critical thinking, spatial thinking ang
others. It provides the opportunity to solve both simple and complex
problems in many real-world contexts using a variety of strategies.
Mathematics is a universal way to make sense of the world and to
communicate understanding of concepts and rules using the
mathematical symbols, signs, proofs, language and conventions.
[Link] can help?
- Mathematics being a science of patterns helps students to utilize,
recognize and generalize patterns that exists in numbers, in shapes,
and in the world around them. Students with such skills are
better problems solvers and have a better sense and appreciation
of nature and the world. Hence, they should have opportunities to
analyze, synthesize and create a variety of patterns and use pattern-
based thinking to understand and represent mathematical and other
real-world [Link] explorations present unlimited
opportunities for problem solving, verifying generalizations and
building mathematical and scientific competence
[Link] in our daily life
• Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in our
world.
• Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and
phenomena in the world.
• Mathematics helps control nature and occurrences in the world
for our own ends.
• Mathematics has numerous applications in the world making it
indispensable.
[Link] of mathematics
- Some of the most common applications of mathematical expertise in
the modern world are in business, finance, and engineering. In
business, mathematical expertise can be used to calculate financial
ratios and statements, to analyse data, and to make predict future
financial trends.
2. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
- Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural
world and can also be seen in the universe.
Nature patterns which are not just to be admired, they are vital clues
to the rules that govern natural processes.
1. Patterns can be observed even in stars which move in circles
across the sky each day.
2. The weather season cycle each year. All snowflakes contains
sixfold symmetry which no two are exactly the same.
3. Patterns can be seen in fish patterns like spotted trunkfish,
spotted puffer, blue spotted stingray, spotted moral eel, coral grouper,
redlion fish, yellow boxfish and angel fish. These animals and fish
stripes and spots attest to mathematical regularities in biological
growth and form.
4. Zebras, tigers, cats and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes;
leopards and hyenas are covered in pattern of spots and giraffes are
covered in pattern of blotches.
5. Natural patterns like the intricate waves across the oceans; sand
dunes on deserts; formation of typhoon; water drop with ripple and
others. These serves as clues to the rules that govern the flow of
water, sand and air.
6. Other patterns in nature can also be seen in the ball of mackerel,
the v-formation of geese in the sky and the tornado formation of
starlings.
TYPES OF PATTERNS
1. SYMMETRY – a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling.)
a.) Bilateral Symmetry: a symmetry in which the left and right sides of
the organism can be divided into approximately mirror image of each
other along the midline. Symmetry exists in living things such as in
insects, animals, plants, flowers and others. Animals have mainly
bilateral or vertical symmetry, even leaves of plants and some flowers
such as orchids.
b.) Radial Symmetry ( or rotational symmetry ): a symmetry around
a fixed point known as the center and it can be classified as either cyclic
or dihedral. Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as to
flowers and some group of animals. A five-fold symmetry is found in
the echinoderms, the group in which includes starfish (dihedral-D5
symmetry), sea urchins and sea lilies. Radial symmetry suits organism
like sea anemones whose adults do not move and jellyfish(dihedral-D4
symmetry). Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of
flowers.
[Link] – a curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the
same statistical character as the whole. A fractal is a never-ending
pattern found in nature. The exact same shape is replicated in a process
called “self similarity.” The pattern repeats itself over and over again at
different scales. For example, a tree grows by repetitive branching. This
same kind of branching can be seen in lightning bolts and the veins in
your body. Examine a single fern or an aerial view of an entire river
system and you’ll see fractal patterns.
[Link] - A logarithmic spiral or growth spiral is a self-similar spiral
curve which often appears in nature. It was first describe by Rene
Descartes and was later investigated by Jacob Bernoulli. A spiral is a
curved pattern that focuses on a center point and a series of circular
shapes that revolve around it. Examples of spirals are pine cones,
pineapples, hurricanes. The reason for why plants use a spiral form is
because they are constantly trying to grow but stay secure.
[Link] FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
-Leonardo Pisano Bogollo lived between 1170 and 1250 in Italy. His
nickname, Fibonacci roughly means Son of Bonacci. (Fibonacci
Sequence, 2016) Aside from being famous for the Fibonacci
Sequence, he also helped spread Hindu Arabic numerals
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9) through Europe in place of Roman Numerals (I,
II, III, IV, V, etc). Fibonacci Day is November 23, as it has the digits “ 1,
1, 2, 3” which is part of the sequence which he developed. This
famous Fibonacci Sequence has fascinated mathematicians, artists,
designers and scientists for centuries. Also recognized as the
Golden Ratio, the Fibonacci sequence goes like this: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13
21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181 6765 10946 17711
28657 46368 75025 121393 196418 317811 … The ratio of any two
successive Fibonacci numbers is very close to the Golden Ratio,
referred to and represented as phi (Φ) which is approximately equal to
1.618034… The bigger the pair of Fibonacci numbers considered, the
closer is the approximation.
In geometry, a golden spiral is a logarithmic spiral whose growth
factor is Φ, the Golden Ratio. That is, a golden spiral gets wider (or
farther from its origin) by a factor of Φ for every quarter turn it makes.
(Golden Spiral, 2017)
Examples of Fibonacci flowers are: three-petal lily and iris; five
petal wild rose, larkspur, buttercup and columbine; eight-petal
delphiniums; thirteen-petal ragwort, corn, marigold and cineraria; 21-
petal aster, chicory and black-eyed susan; 34-petal pytethrum and
plantain and others.
[Link] Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities
-Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in the world.
The geometry of most patterns in nature can be associated either
directly or indirectly to mathematical numbers. The limit and extent to
which natural patterns adhere to mathematical series and numbers
are amazing. Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature
and phenomena in the world. It helps control nature and occurrences
in the world for the good of mankind. Mathematics has become
indispensable because of its numerous applications.
