BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU

ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

HOSPITAL

Submitted by:
GROUP 1

Submitted to:
Ar. Areanne C. Buhain
Instructor

2023
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

ABSTRACT

I. CONCEPT

1.1. Healing Architecture

Architectural psychology studies the interdependencies that play out here, including the
way colours are perceived, the impact of floor plans, and approaches to urban planning. The
current focus is on designing physical settings with health in mind – a concept known as
“healing architecture”.
The standards required of medical care are increasing. Previously, hospital architecture
was primarily designed with the functional aspects of patient care in mind. Nowadays,
however, holistic aspects of wellbeing are playing an ever greater role. The name for this
approach, which combines physical recovery with psychological recovery, is healing
architecture.
Today’s designs for healthcare spaces need to consider the way that people perceive these
kinds of spaces. This applies equally to patients, relatives and staff. If the overall atmosphere
is positive, this can speed up recovery and improve motivation levels among doctors and care
personnel. The atmosphere is affected by external stimuli such as light and noise, as well as
whether an individual room or an entire building feels cramped or spacious. These factors
have an intensified impact on us when we are in the sensitive stages of an illness. Unusual
rooms or spaces that are deemed to feel unpleasant are more likely to trigger a stress reaction
in children and older people. By contrast, pleasant and calm oases reduce stress levels and
promote healing.
Healing Architecture can ultimately benefit all stakeholders in the care sector. For
patients and their families, Healing Architecture means improved conditions for getting and
staying healthy. For staff in healthcare facilities, more efficient processes mean a safer,
stress-reducing working environment.
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

Healing Architecture also works for the operators of healthcare facilities, as well, because
of higher acceptance and satisfaction, both for staff and patients, and will become an even
greater advantage in view of the shortage of qualified nursing staff and the increasingly
competitive pressure between care facilities.
The purpose of the study conducted by Gazhaly, Badokhon, Alyamani, & Alnumani
(2022) is to look at the many variables that might lead to healing. It also focuses on the most
important design strategies for architects and other professionals. This research looks at
creating healing aspects, urban healing, and healing through biophilic design. The integration
of light and color, circulation and spatial organization, form and building system, building
envelope, and the use of therapeutic architecture in medical buildings are all described in the
healing components of architecture.
Circulation and open places will be addressed first, followed by outdoor spaces and
healing gardens. Simultaneously, healing via biophilic design will incorporate biophilic
impact rules, biophilic design techniques, design considerations, and biophilic vs biophobia
design culture. Overall, the primary goal of this research is to provide a set of design
guidelines. suggestions, by which designers might construct healing settings. The purpose of
this research is to look at the many variables that might lead to healing. It also focuses on the
most important design strategies for architects and other professionals. This research looks at
creating healing aspects, urban healing, and healing through biophilic design. Architecture's
healing components explain the incorporation of light.
Healing through architecture has been practiced by architects and artists throughout the
different eras of architecture history using different techniques. One of these techniques is
incorporating the natural environment in the building’s exterior and interior design, like the
carvings of plants and vegetation in the Rococo style and the fluid natural forms of art
nouveau. Studies have proved that having such natural elements in the facade design with
high levels of detailing are generally healing and more reassuring.
The research focuses on the methods of implementing the concept of healing architecture
in place design. It explores different building elements which can be designed to aid healing,
and further expands the scale into healing gardens and restorative urban design. All with the
aim to set a list of recommended strategies and approaches including new trends of biophilic
designs that can lead to healthy, and well-designed spaces that promote healing and stress
reduction.
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

I.a.1. Healing Elements of a Building

Figure 1 shows the architectural healing elements, including the fusion of light and color,
circulation and space organization, form and building system, building envelope, and finally
the application of healing architecture in medical buildings.
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

I.a.2. Healing Architecture: A Study On The Physical Aspects Of Healing

Environment In Hospital Design
In hospital buildings where most patients seek medical treatment and staff provides
continuous support, creating a healing environment is primarily important and relevant. Healing
suggests redressing ills and establishing a process that leads towards health. The freshly
developed phrase 'Healing Architecture' is intended to evoke a sense of healing of a continual
process; in building an atmosphere that is both physically and mentally healthy. However,
creating effective and psychologically sound healthcare facilities is a difficult endeavor. It is
anticipated to adhere to the Ministry of Health (MoH) has a number of criteria. These include the
need for medical specialists and both diagnostic and therapeutic equipment is available. Building
services are also an important component of this complexity. In the most designers appear to pay
less attention to the final goal in their endeavor to comply with expressly specified specifications
of establishing a healing atmosphere.
It has long been recognized that the natural environment is intimately tied to health and its
surroundings. Human health is influenced by environmental factors. There is, however,
insufficient evidence to show that the physical aspects of the built environment can have an
impact on human health. The connection between the natural environment and health is complex.
The Hippocratic treatise (Airs, Times, Waters, and Places, one of the early classics of medical
literature) explains this clearly geography). The book essentially argues that climatic and
geographical conditions have a significant impact on human health. It describes the most
prevalent illnesses that occur in specific areas, seasons, winds, and airs (Deuraseh, 2003). Most
physicians accept that illness emerges due to the action of the three factors: disposition (e.g.
genetic), stress (e.g. exhaustion) and agent (e.g. pathogen). Whether or not we trace the causes of
the illness materially, psychologically or spiritually, environment has a significant role in all
parts of the process (Day, 2002).
The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health as a ‘state of complete physical
mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ which means
that the environment is free from major health hazards, satisfies the basic needs of healthy living
and facilitates equitable social interaction (WHO, 1997). Most people spend more than 90% of
their lives within buildings (Evans & McCoy, 1998). Thus, in the case of hospital buildings,
architecture in its physical aspects should create a healing environment for patients, visitors and
staff psychologically, mentally and physically. These physical aspects of healing environment
serve for all users of the healthcare facility: staff, clinicians, administrators, patients and families.
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

Existing studies have shown that in a newer hospital environment better health outcomes can be
achieved when the physical aspects such as access to outside view, patients’ privacy, lighting and
other factors are appropriate. Nevertheless, negative experiences of the existing hospital
environment were recorded from the visitors by the Commission for Architecture and the Built
Environment (CABE) in the United Kingdom and from patients’ memories by Simini. Criticism
included terms such as depressing, confusing, dull, shabby, windowless, stressful, little natural
light, noisy, sleep deprivation, isolation, physical restraint, anxiety and want of information
(Simini, 1999; CABE, 2004). To a certain extent, in 1995, Chapman, president and CEO of
United Health Corporation in Columbus had made an analogy that “Hospital as prison”. He
described that both prisoners and patients are typically housed in buildings with “cold, hard
floors and surroundings, lacking in colour, warmth, and variety” (Weber 1995).

II. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

2.1. Healing Gardens

Healing Gardens are aimed to reduce stress and
encourage social activities. Different momentums
and settings are planned along the path to allow users
to experience certain levels of exposure to
participation. A composition of 2 main types of
settings; Enabling Gardens which allows for
interaction between society and Restorative Gardens
which is a mental restoration space.
Therapeutic Gardens, however, are used as a tool
for medical therapy. They are directly aimed towards
those in need of special medical treatments. With a
much more accessible entrance and easily navigable
path considered, Therapeutic Gardens have to be
much more carefully thought out with sensitive
details throughout the design process. These gardens
have proven to heal the mental state of long-term
patients and those with psychological symptoms and
Alzheimer’s disease.
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

As ‘Universal Design’ is another main priority,

all programs are connected with ‘All-ramp access,’
sloping up and down with equipped handrails and
no additional steps. These pathways allow seniors
and handicaps to stroll around safely. An
ambulance can also easily pass through during an
emergency. Seating are placed at every 30-50
meters distance along the paths, where the elderly
can take a rest from time to time. Rough surface
materials are used to reduce the risk of slippering,
along with adequate lighting for night time usage.
The Therapeutic Garden encourages users to
exercise their five senses – sight, hearing, taste,
smell, and touch to achieve holistic health, among
colorful and fragrant species. There are special
trails for physical therapy designed in 3 patterns – flat road, slope path, steps. All are
equipped with handrails, allowing
caretakers to walk together and encourage them to rebuild their strengths.
To create ‘engagement,’ space planning is designed to add a ‘chance of meeting,’ encouraging
cross activity interaction such as exercise area and enclaves of gathering spots along the creek.
Yet, there are also private seating niches and secluded outdoor tables among greenery, offering a
sense of ‘retreat.’ After all, an edible garden allows to ‘create’ some dining and workshop
together, leading to lifelong learning.
The garden is full of greenery, provides shade for users with a soft natural light to the
building. The garden acts as a therapeutic garden encouraging a sense of healing with relaxing
space, exercise space, and rehabilitation facilities with various floor textures for walking to help
patients in physical recovery along with thoughtfully universal design, providing ramps, railing,
resting area with sufficient light for elderly, patients, and also staffs as well.
The design of the arrival court consists of flowering plantations to create a good atmosphere
for first impressions. Entrances and car parks are planted with fragrant flowers and symbolic
plants. The back of the building lies fruits and herbs plotting, which allows for “Horticultural
Therapy”.
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

2.2. Daylight in Hospital Design

Creating an appropriate environment in the design of hospitals is different from building up
e.g. a garage workshop, where cars are sent for repairs before continuing their journey (Hosking
& Haggard 1999). A hospital environment however, where “repair” of the body (healing) is the
concern, requires the optimum level of comfort and care physically, socially and symbolically.
For this, the luminous environment plays an important role and an integral part of the hospital’s
healing environment.
Daylight is a crucial source of energy in our life. It has significant effects on human beings
both physiological and psychological. The effect of light on our circadian rhythm (i.e. biological
systems that repeat 24 hours) has been recognised for many years. Campbell et. al., (1988) as
quoted by La Grace suggests that light is the most important environmental input in controlling
bodily function after food (La Grace 2004). Several researchers agree that lighting has a
profound effect on human’s hormonal and metabolic balance (Fellman 1985, Wurtman et. al.
1985, Klein 1986, Reiter 1986, Reiter and Karasak 1986, Brainard 1994, as quoted by La Grace,
2004).
Most researchers believe that daylight has a significant effect on work productivity in an
office environment. A study of worker productivity level found that daylight may positively
affect the work performance in an interior of windowed office environment during winter
months (Figueiro et al., 2003). However, the quantitative relationship of daylight and
productivity has not been established. Another study indicates scientifically that lighting systems
(i.e. a combination of daylight and artificial light) appear to be important for both visual
performance and biological stimulation i.e. circadian rhythm (Begemann et al. 1997). It also
concludes that human alertness, work performance, sleep quality and degree of comfort and
well-being are adversely affected by inadequate light.
In a selected class of school environment, an interesting finding was made that a significant
proportion of children choose to sit near the windows. The qualitative and quantitative analyses
indicate that the reasons for choosing seats or working near windows are the view out, view
content, nature, space and comfort both visual and thermal. The main factor is however, the
amount of daylight (Stewart 1981). Another study by Kuller and Lindsten shows that in a
classroom the absence of daylight may influence children’s performance and eventually have an
impact on annual body growth and sick leave (Kuller & Lindsten 1992). These findings and
others provide a significant insight on how daylight influences human behaviour, health and
performance. These may help to improve daylight design, building fenestration and layout in a
school environment.
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

Most areas in hospitals require natural daylight. Moreover, daylight is generally recognised
as part of the healthy environment. In hospital design, daylight is utilised in many ways, such as
the use of large windows and skylights, clerestory windows and large atria. Much literature
describes how daylight has an effect on the well-being of human beings physically and
psychologically. In addition, access to natural light and fresh air are crucial factors affecting
patients and their recovery (CABE 2004b).
Healing by design (Horsburgh, 1995) realised that the visual connection to nature is an
important attribute of the healing environment. Interestingly, the window as physical connection
to nature has a significant role to play. Many researchers quote the scientific study by Ulrich
which has recorded the potential for nature to heal cholecystectomy (gall bladder surgery)
patients in a suburban US hospital by providing a view through a window (Ulrich, RS 1984). The
study carried out by Ulrich has spurred similar further tests, reviews, research and qualitative
findings by other disciplines involved with healing environments. Studies carried out by Lawson
(2002), Jones (2002a and b) and (CABE 2004), arrived at similar findings that appropriate
physical environment in the design of hospitals can provide health outcomes to patients, staff and
visitors physically, mentally and psychologically.
Most physicians accept the fact that appropriate balance of daylight and artificial light may
positively affect some illnesses in a ward environment. On this concern, there are growing
numbers of studies on the effect of light for Alzheimer’s patients (Campbell et al. 1988; Noell-
Waggoner 2002; La Grace 2004). These scientific observations and quantitative analyses agree
that lighting strategies (i.e. daylight and artificial light) have a positive impact on managing
behavioural disturbances of the Alzheimer’s type. Waggoner in his review entitled Light: An
Essential Intervention for Alzheimer’s disease, highlights issues to consider when determining
the quality of lighting such as glare, flickering-free lighting, uniformity in ambient lighting,
orientation of the light to the visual task, colour rendition and temperature, and balance between
electric and daylight (Noell-Waggoner 2002). These are important factors to consider in creating
a healing environment.
Conversely, psychiatrists generally agree that the absence of daylight (or shorter hours of
exposure to daylight) may cause several health disorders (Morriss 2001; Evans 2003; Bower
2005). These are sadness, fatigue, mood disorders and seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
Morriss clearly outlines that SAD: a psychiatric disorder with a clearly identifiable cause, the
change of seasons and lack of exposure to daylight (Morriss, 2001). The evidence of SAD is
presented in great detail from clinical, methodological and basic science perspectives by
Partonen et al. in their book entitled Seasonal Affective Disorder: Practice and Research. In
addition, Wirz-Justice et al. (1966) as quoted by McColl discovered that the level and amount of
illumination produces clinical improvement to SAD patients (McColl & Veitch, 2001); either by
one hour of daylight or half an hour of white light of 2800 lx.
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

Leslie outlines in general, the basic principles of day lighting design in order to achieve
comfortable ambient lighting (Leslie 2003). In hospital design in the United States, Ulrich has
made the recommendation through his study (The Role of Physical Environment in the Hospital
of 21st Century: A Once-in-a-lifetime Opportunity) that a hospital design with single bedded
wards should be implemented for all types of illnesses (Ulrich, R et al. 2004). The study claims
that this would reduce rooms transfer and associated medical errors, greatly lessen noise,
improve patient confidentiality and privacy as well as increase patients’ overall satisfaction with
health care. However, this recommendation seems almost impossible to be implemented
physically in some other parts of the world including Malaysia. Thus, the research should
respond positively, on how comfort and care can still be achieved in hospital design with 4 to 6
bed wards in the context of Malaysian public hospitals.
Based on the above review, daylight plays a significant role as one of the physical aspects in
creating a healing environment. It has a profound effect physiologically, mentally and
psychologically on the human being. On the other hand, experimental studies on the role of day
lighting design in the healing environment are few and far between. Many studies on the subject
of daylight focus on schools, offices and commercial buildings but few on hospitals.

2.3. Bike Lanes

Public Works and Highways Secretary Mark A. Villar has issued a policy prescribing the
standard design of bicycle lanes along national highways, in an effort to meet the needs and safe
access of bicyclists and other road users.
Through Department Order No. 88, series of 2020, Secretary Villar said that new national
road and bridge construction or future expansion of projects shall incorporate a bicycle facility
contingent on the prevailing road and traffic conditions, but will have no less than 2.44 meters of
bicycle path width.
“From now onwards, design of new national roads and bridges will have a minimum width of
2.44-meter bike lane feature for one (1) direction. The desirable width of three (3) meters is set
for a 2-directional separated bike lane, unless under constrained condition which will follow the
absolute minimum of 2.44 meters. This policy also covers road/bridge widening,
diversion/bypass roads among others,” said Secretary Villar who has long been advocating to
include bike lanes in DPWH projects.
“With bike-friendly infrastructure, we aim to promote road safety to all and encourage the
public to consider biking as a safe mode of transportation beneficial to their physical health, the
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

environment through reduced greenhouse gas emissions and noise pollution, to traffic, and to
public roads that render less wear and tear, said Secretary Villar.
According to Secretary Villar, future bicycle lane projects will be classified as Class 1 which
is a designated protected path that is completely separated from motor-vehicle roadway by an
open space with side walk; Class 2 which is a portion of a roadway designated for exclusive use
of bicycle and is separated from the motor-vehicle roadway through pavement marking or
physical separation; and Class 3 which is part of a roadway that has been officially designated
and marked as bicycle route but can also be used by motor vehicle due to limited carriageway
width.
Under the guidelines, class, width and directional criteria for the construction of new bike
lane will be established based on motor vehicle volume and operating speed, available road,
shoulder and sidewalk space, lane configuration, bicycle demand and other driveway and parking
conflict.
Class 3 Bicycle Lane or the shared roadway is recommended for roads operating with the
lowest speed and traffic volume; separated bike lane using pavement marking under Class 2 is
for low speed to low to moderate traffic volume; and separated bike lane using physical
separation under Class 2 or shared use path under Class 1 is for moderate to high speed and high
traffic volume.

2.4. Adaptable Rooms

Consumer expectations in the delivery of care are changing in health care institutions. The
future condition of healthcare should meet our complete range of requirements. Beyond the
hospital or clinic, health must be ingrained in how we live, work, and play. As hospitals around
the country deal with overpopulation, the adaptable patient room model is increasingly emerging
as a viable solution.
Adaptable rooms that would allow the rooms to be changed or adapted into a different room
for a different purpose. Researchers discovered considerable improvements in quality and
operational costs. According to studies, these adaptable rooms result in less wasted time and
resources waiting on transfers and more patient safety. Moreover, the patients were pleased with
their stays in the acuity adaptable patient rooms.
The facility's walls are the result of a forward-thinking approach to technology. Each
inpatient room has the wiring, lighting, and space to convert to an ICU room if necessary. While
the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of hospitals being prepared for surges in
patient volume, the ability for rooms to make the switch will also allow the hospital to make
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

changes to the types of care provided in different parts of the hospital as technologies and
services provided evolve in the future. Furthermore, stainless steel modular walls were built to be
adaptable to future technologies, enabling for the plug and play of the latest tools and machinery
for new treatment breakthroughs, with minimal installation downtime. Furthermore, third-party
testing revealed that the walls harbored less bacteria than traditional wall construction,
improving the benefits for patients receiving care in the room.
Not only would it benefit the patients, it would also benefit the overall organization of the
hospital. Additional renovations, modifications, and improvements frequently necessitate
potentially disruptive construction work in an operational structure. Furthermore, such work
necessitates capital funding, which is not always easy to come by, particularly in a publically
funded health system. The degree to which characteristics that promote flexibility and
adaptability should be used on health initiatives has not been decisively answered, and it is
unlikely that it will ever be.
However, as Olssen and Hansen (2010) point out when addressing approaches to flexibility
throughout the building stage of a project, any project is likely to have at least two perspectives
on flexibility. During the design and maybe even construction phases of a project, the client and
users will focus on organizational goals and requirements and expect maximum flexibility to
adjust and adapt the facility to new health care needs. They will also most likely recognize the
significance of long-term flexibility and adaptability measures that can help them avoid costly
building refurbishment or alteration during their stay. As a result, they may prefer adaptation
solutions that allow them to utilize the facility in new ways without requiring any building work
at all, typically by changing furniture or adding or removing equipment. As stated in the paper,
Pati et al (2008) made this claim when addressing their review of staff priorities in nursing units.
Given these competing demands, for flexibility to be included into facility design and then be
constructed into the finished facility, there must be a strong and unshakable organizational
commitment to flexibility initiatives, particularly when faced with other competing demands.

2.5. Integration between Light and Colors

According to the study of Ghazaly, et al., (2022) colors have an effect on human, it makes
him/her be active, optimistic, or it may make them be pessimistic, and sad. Therefore, the effect
of color and light together may make the person feel better.
Light is a main element in the healing environment concept. Some studies done by
Beaushmin and Hays in 1996, found that natural lighting have an ability to make the patient feel
better soon, and this may because of the vitamin from sunlight [7]. Therefore, the amount of the
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

sunlight that is getting inside any building to make it more alive, is letting the users feel better
and active, especially here in Saudi Arabia where the houses are designed to block some of these
light to avoid the heat gain that may cause by the sunlight. Also, the artificial type of the lighting
in the place makes the user awake and active.
However, the type and the colors of these artificial lighting may have some bad effects
depending on the color and the amount of this light. For example, the red or orange light is not
very useful in the normal type of rooms, like office, class room, and living room, because as the
red color gives the feeling of heat, so the light of it will be the same effect, for giving the person
the feeling of heat and danger. Therefore, Kruithof in 1941 found that people prefer a cool color
temperature when illumination is intense and a warmer color temperature when illumination is
low.
Besides, the objects and surfaces will be so clear when under exposure of warm lighting at
low intensity and under cool lighting at high intensity. The designer should know the function of
the place to know how much intensity that the place need and what color to make the place more
useful for people. However, the red lighting may have a good effect to improve the concept of
healing architecture in indirect way; some studies found that the red lighting is very effective and
good for the green plant to grow up in a good health and shape as well, because the chlorophyll
will absorb more light, to make the photosynthesis work better in the plant. Therefore, this will
reflect on the plant. Landscaper or the architect may use this method to increase the lifetime of
greenery and vegetation. Moreover, blue lighting is coming from sunlight and the artificial
lighting as well, but in different levels.
This may be useful to create the relaxing mood for the person. However, the amount of
lighting should be controlled to avoid harming the eye. Therefore, the amount of this lighting
should be less and it is better to be indirect lighting scheme
2.6. Circulation and Space Organization

2.6.1. Common Zones and Reposition It is important to avoid creating nets of paths in
complex buildings as they lead to confusion, stress, and time loss. On the other
hand, adapting a focal points or common zones system where wider areas located
in the place of several path intersections can serve as rest areas and reposition
where people can make sure of the right path to take. This would make their trip
through the building much easier, more comforting and less stressing, which in
turn enhance the healing effect of the environment.

2.6.2. Clear Paths - Path Hierarchy Healing can never happen in spaces with much
noise, crowd and disregard of privacy. Paths should be clearly directed and
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

defined as public, semi public or private without much intersection to secure the
privacy of staff and special users of the building, and enhance the comfort of both
visitors and staff crew. Paths should also be carefully designed to serve their
purpose efficiently, reducing time of walking from one place to the other with
direct connections and back routs to the functions they link.

2.6.3. The transition between outside and inside Integrating greenery and nature in the
building’s spaces is an important factor of creating a healing environment. The
transition between these spaces though can affect comfort negatively if designed
poorly. Shaded transitional spaces and semi enclosed spaces can ease this
transition and prevent the momentary discomfort caused by sudden change in
lighting intensity and climatic conditions. This approach is especially important in
open plans and buildings that encourage heavy use of the outdoors such as day
care buildings.

2.6.4. Room Zoning and Location Rooms are grouped and located based on its
functions. If these functions require natural light, the room is placed in a daylight
zone. In other words, spaces that need the most light are placed near the light
source, and spaces with similar needs are grouped together so their need can be
met with similar architectural solutions. This assures natural light penetration to
important spaces and makes it easier for the occupant to navigate the spaces
which in turn, enhance the healing effect.

III. MATERIALS

3.1. Aluminum Windows

Aluminum is a weather-resistant, dependable window material. Many homeowners choose
aluminum for their beachfront homes because aluminum is resistant to corrosion and with proper
care and maintenance, will not rust when exposed to salty air.
Aluminum is much stronger than many other window materials and thus can more easily
withstand exposure to high winds and flying debris. It’s also strong enough to bear the weight of
large windows, even when the frame is thin. If you’re considering aluminum for your home, here
are some pros and cons to consider.
3.1.1. Advantage/s
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

a. Durability – Aluminum windows are incredibly strong and able to withstand exposure to
harsh winds and driving rain.
b. Flexibility and customizations – Aluminum windows come in a variety of colors and can
be made into many shapes, including custom shapes.
c. Will not rust – Unlike many other types of metals, aluminum will not rust.

3.1.2. Disadvantage/s
Insulation. Aluminum isn’t as strong an insulator as other types of materials. However, there are
many things that can be done to ensure your aluminum windows will remain energy efficient. A
well-constructed, insulated and weather-stripped window frame will be energy efficient.
Choosing the right type of glass for your aluminum windows helps as well. Low-e window glass
can help your home maintain energy efficiency.

3.2. Vinyl Windows

Vinyl windows are one of the most popular window materials available. They are energy
efficient, durable, cost-effective and attractive. Vinyl comes in a range of colors and maintains
that color throughout the material. When shopping for vinyl windows, it’s important to keep in
mind the pros and cons that make this window material popular.
3.2.1. Advantage/s
a. Insulation – Vinyl is a good insulator compared to some other types of materials. When
paired with energy efficient, insulating glass, vinyl is a highly energy efficient material.
b. Affordability – Vinyl is an affordable window material that delivers a great value for the
price. Homeowners seeking a reasonably priced window material that offers as many
benefits as possible will like what they get from vinyl. At the same time, vinyl is a high
value product that can improve the value of your home.
c. Low maintenance – Vinyl windows need occasional cleaning but for homeowners
seeking a low-maintenance window material, vinyl is it.
d. Durable – Vinyl is long-lasting. It does not corrode or break down when exposed to salt
air, and it remains strong during a variety of storm conditions.

3.2.2. Disadvantage/s
a. Color modification – Vinyl does not have the ability to change colors easily. Many paints
do not adhere to vinyl material and therefore, may be limited to the finish color options
provided by the manufacturer choses initially for windows and doors.
 BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY-TNEU
ALANGILAN CAMPUS
College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

3.2.3. Other Factors to Consider When Purchasing Windows:

There are many factors that should be taken into consideration when trying to buy
windows for structures near coastal area
a. Impact protection – Beachfront windows are occasionally exposed to very strong winds
from tropical storms and hurricanes. Impact glass helps protect your windows from high
winds and flying debris. Consider windows that have impact glass for your upcoming
window purchase.
b. Energy Efficiency – Waterfront homes often have at least one side that sees a great deal
of exposure to direct sunlight throughout the day. Energy efficiency is important for
beachfront windows to protect the home from the damaging effects of UV rays and to
ensure that the environment inside the home is comfortable.
There have been many innovations in window design over the years, including low-E
coatings that can block UV rays while allowing visible light to pass through. In addition, window
insulation has improved by leaps and bounds in recent decades. Windows with insulating glass
have a barrier of air or gas between panes, which helps protect the home from temperature
extremes outside.
c. Architectural style – Home’s architectural style affects what kind of windows look best in
your home. Consider architectural style when trying to select windows for your home.
Some materials and styles are better than others for certain homes.
d. Views – If trying to decide what window size and shape is best for your home, consider
the views, including where the views are best and how large the window will need to be
in order to capture those views. Work with your window installer to ensure that your
windows afford the best views.

3.3. Impact Resistant Window

Impact resistant windows, also known as hurricane windows, are designed and made to
withstand high winds (up to 170 mph) and resist shattering when struck. They ae engineered with
laminated glass and held in place by layers of durable material that stays intact after impact,
protecting against extreme wind and flying debris. Even when the glass is damaged, impact
resistant windows remain secured in their frames.
In addition to protecting against property damage and bodily harm, impact resistant windows
boost home security, generate energy savings, eliminate the need for storm shutters and increase
the beauty and value of your home, among other benefits.
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3.3.1. Tempered Glass

Tempered glass is heat-treated, so when it cools the surface and edges of the glass
become compressed, making it three to five times stronger than annealed glass. This type of
glass is an impact-resistant, storm-safe option because of its added strength and because
when it does shatter, it breaks in a spider web pattern and into small pebbles without sharp
edges or shards, reducing the chance of injury from flinging glass or during clean-up.
3.3.2. Laminated / PVB Glass
Laminated glass is made by joining two or more panes of glass with a thin but
exceptionally strong layer or membrane of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) in between that is
designed to catch shattered glass.
When debris impacts the glass, the outer pane may crack or shatter, but the inner layer
holds the pieces together, and the barrier between the exterior and the interior of the building
isn’t penetrated. Standard glass windows typically are made out of traditional float glass that
breaks into large, sharp shards upon impact.
Some laminated windows are made with sentry glass plus (SGP) technology. SGP
involves interlayers that are five times stronger and significantly stiffer than the laminate
material used in PVB construction.

IV. Considerations
 Provide single-bed rooms in almost all situations. Adaptable-acuity single-bed rooms
should be widely adopted. Single rooms have been shown to lower hospital-induced
nosocomial infections, reduce room transfers and associated medical errors, greatly
lessen noise, improve patient confidentiality and privacy, facilitate social support by
families, improve staff communication with patients, and increase patients’ overall
satisfaction with health care. New hospitals should be much quieter to reduce stress
and improve sleep and other outcomes. Noise levels will be substantially lowered by
the following combination of environmental interventions: providing single-bed
rooms, installing high-performance sound-absorbing ceilings, and eliminating noise
sources (for example, using noiseless paging).
 Provide patients with stress-reducing views of nature and other positive distractions.
 Develop way-finding systems that allow users, and particularly outpatients and
visitors, to find their way efficiently and with little stress.
 Improve ventilation through the use of improved filters, attention to appropriate
pressurization, and special vigilance during construction.
 Improve lighting, especially access to natural lighting and full-spectrum lighting.
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4.1. Evaluating Model

Future hospitals are requiring new types of social spaces than those seen today. The
design inspiration for these rooms is not necessarily found in the healthcare environment
itself but may be found from other inspirational references to visualize the substance of the
parameters (functions, materials and textures, and details), defined in the figure below.

4.1.1. Automatic doors

To ensure that the concept of healing architecture is successfully implemented, different
components and functionalities focused on hospital hygiene, accessibility, and contactless
operation of windows and doors should be included. It might be to protect patients' recovery
processes, such as by consistent contactless, and hence germ-free, use of doors and windows.
Another example would be measures that promote healing, health, and well-being, such as the
supply of fresh air.
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Light and fresh air are also important considerations in building design. Thus, modern
architecture emphasizes the active use of these free forms of treatment, such as big window
fronts or fanlights. Natural ventilation is also an important consideration, necessitating the
complete integration of door and window solutions into building design. Whether in halls,
lounge areas, or operating rooms, automatic doors provide universal and contactless access,
resulting in a high degree of sanitation. When window drives are used in conjunction with a
building automation system, they create automatic ventilation while also ensuring a contactless
and pleasant ambient environment. Thus, automated doors and windows meet fire protection and
smoke and heat extraction solution requirements, while also promoting the healing architecture
idea.

4.1.2. Prayer Room/ Chapel

Wellness and the practice of holistic health, which have strong tenets about encouraging
spirituality or religious practice, have increased in understanding and validity. This increase in
understanding is evidenced by the relatively recent modern words “wellness” or “well-being”
brought into the English language in the 1950s (Zimmer, 2010).
The chapel, and the architectural environment it creates, could have a large impact on the
well-being of the patient and medical staff, having far-reaching effects. The noted
neuroscientist, Dr. Fred Gage, demonstrates the chapel’s positive impact by stating that the
environment not only affects our behavior but also affects the brain’s ability to grow, adapt and
change (Gage, 2003). Others join Gage, like John Zeisel, who states, that a well-planned
environment takes into consideration the mind of an individual and their desired behavior to
achieve a positive quality of life, spur creativity, and encourage growth (Zeisel, 2006). Karl
Johnson enhances the observation by including aesthetics and stating, “Good or beautiful spaces
go beyond aesthetics by actually honoring and benefitting the ones that use the space” (Johnson,
2013, pp. 11,12). The irony is that the small and often existing chapel space, with design
enhancements, could have a dramatic healing effect on the patient and offer a place of respite to
an often-overlooked and often-bewildered medical staff.
In conclusion, chapels could be the genesis and maintainer of the all-important health
influencer, wellbeing. The healthcare facility’s chapel’s identity should be understood as a
treatment center that has instrumental services provided to patients and medical staff, with
positive rippling effects on the community.

4.2. Easements
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4.2.1. As it is situated outside of private property limits, the easement is public land, i.e., public
domain that should be equally enjoyed by all members of the community. The easement
is not to be used for any form of building/structure that may go against its public
recreational character and as such, the following uses and others similar thereto are
absolutely prohibited:
a. Residential and like uses whether temporary or permanent;
b. Long-term or overnight vehicle parking, i.e., unless duly designated as day and/or night
pay parking zones;
c. As a depository of stalled, wrecked or abandoned vehicles, mechanical devices and the
like;
d. The conduct of specific commercial, institutional and/or industrial activities not
compatible with its stated character;
e. Unauthorized recreational or entertainment usage and the like which will only benefit
certain entities and which will ultimately result in inconvenience/ nuisance/safety
problems to the general public; nor
f. Any other form of private use, gain, enjoyment or profit at the expense of the motoring or
walking public.

4.2.2. Allowed or Encouraged Structures/Developments within Easements

a. If wider than 9.00 meters, the easement may include a roadway/carriageway component
on which vehicles can pass or on which the same may temporarily park, e.g., an
esplanade and the like. (Fig. VIII.G.1.)
b. Pedestrian access-ways and the like and to be located at/ above/below the easement may
also be developed for public use, e.g., a promenade and the like. (Fig. VIII.G.2.)

c. The allowed structures/developments include:

i. Hardscaped (paved) pedestrian access-ways such as walks, footpaths or arcades
(covered or roofed sidewalks without any habitable structures above or below it);
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temporary or movable hardscape elements such as gazebos, sheds, fountains and like
structures with large footprints must not encroach on the easement;
ii. Softscaped (paved) developments such as park strips, linear parks and the like as well
as small tree farms are encouraged for recreational, livelihood and soil
stabilization/protection purposes;

iii. Concrete steps leading down to the water or wooden boardwalks are allowed,
provided that all necessary safety precautions are taken, e.g., non-slip finishing for
surfaces, handrails and railings;
iv. Other forms of soil stabilization/protection including anti-erosion/scouring
measures/structures within the easement are allowed, e.g., rip-rapping, embankment
protection, etc., provided that no enclosed/semi-enclosed habitable structures are built
on, above or below such structures; and
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v. Permanent utility/service lines (power, water, telecommunications, gas, etc.) are

allowed within the easement provided that these are either below grade (underground)
or above grade (overhead).

d. Disallowed and Prohibited Structures/Developments Within Easements

i. No portion of the easement whether at grade (on the ground), below grade or above
grade may be leased or developed by the government or by private entities for
purposes inconsistent with its character and intended function. In particular, any form
of semi-permanent/permanent or semi-enclosed/enclosed residential, commercial,
industrial, institutional or government structure/use and like, structures/uses at any
portion of the public easement is prohibited;
ii. All semi-enclosed or enclosed, semi-permanent or permanent habitable building
projections (particularly arcade structures) or any other building projection or
structural element (eaves, roof, cantilevered beams, foundations and the like) located
above or below the easement are absolutely prohibited; and
iii. All forms of enclosures such as fences, perimeter walls and the like, intended to limit
the use of the easement for private enjoyment/benefit or to restrict full access to the
public easement are absolutely prohibited unless the same are erected for reason of
public safety.

4.3. View Corridors and/or Sight Lines

4.3.1. Preservation of View Corridors and/or Sight Lines
a. The carriageway/roadway portion of the RROW shall be free of structures, particularly
commercial signs that will impede the view corridor and sight lines within the RROW.
(See Fig. VIII.G.4)
b. To dignify very important public or historical/culture buildings/structures, all forms of
commercial signs intruding into RROW leading to or away from such
buildings/structures shall not be allowed. Specifically disallowed from such RROW are
commercial signs supported from any building projection (such as arcades).
c. View corridors or sight lines from buildings/structures on a higher or lower lot shall not
be entirely blocked by the intervening property to allow some sight lines to exist.
d. In case of allowed structures within the RROW for transportation, e.g., elevated ramps,
flyovers, tracks, stations, terminals and the like, the appropriate designs shall be adopted
to maximize light, ventilation and view.

4.4. STREETS/ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY (RROW)

4.4.1. General. No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access to public
space, yard or street/road on at least one (1) of its sides. All buildings shall face a public
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street, alley or a road, which has been duly approved by the proper authorities for
residential, institutional, commercial and industrial groups
4.4.2.
A

llowed or Encouraged Structures/Developments within the RROW

a. The RROW at all its physical levels may only be used for the following types of
structures/uses or others similar to them, to wit:
i. Transportation structures and like uses whether temporary or permanent, e.g., mass
transit alignments (particularly light and heavy rail) at grade, mass transit stations and
terminal facilities above grade (RROW air rights utilization) or below grade and the
like; these also include waiting sheds, traffic outposts and the like;
ii. Limited commercial structures/uses above grade (RROW air rights utilization) or
below grade provided that these are ancillary or supplementary/complementary to the
transportation structures/uses allowed in the previous paragraph, and the like;
commercial signages on the exterior of the commercial structure are disallowed and
prohibited;
iii. Improvements on the RROW and on all its components/elements found at all its
physical levels, e.g., sidewalks, arcades, roadway/carriageway, medians, planting
strips, street furniture, elevated or underground crossings or access-ways, non-
commercial traffic and directional signage and the like; and
iv. Public utility/service structures/uses (power, water, drainage, sewerage,
telecommunications, gas, etc.) at all physical levels of the RROW provided that these
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do not restrict nor impede the movement of people and vehicles and provided further
that the rights to utilize the RROW are properly secured and permitted.

4.4.3. Disallowed and Prohibited Structures/Developments at RROW

a. If situated outside of private property limits, the RROW is public land, i.e., public
domain, which should be equally enjoyed by all members of the community. The RROW
is not to be used for the following types of buildings/structures/ occupancies or others
similar to them:
i. Any form of semi-permanent/permanent or semi-enclosed/enclosed commercial
structure/use and like structures/uses;
ii. Any form of temporary, semi-permanent/permanent or semi-enclosed/ enclosed
residential structure/use and like structures/uses;
iii. Government structures/use unless the same are located below or above grade; in such
cases, the proposed structure must be properly planned/designed and constructed;
iv. Long-term or overnight vehicle parking, i.e., unless duly designated as day and/or
night pay-parking zones;
v. As a depository of stalled, wrecked or abandoned vehicles, mechanical devices and
the like;
vi. The conduct of other commercial/business/industrial activities incompatible with the
character of the RROW;
vii. Unauthorized recreational or entertainment usage and the like which will only benefit
certain entities and which will ultimately result in inconvenience/ nuisance/safety
problems to the general public; nor
viii. Any other form of private use, gain, enjoyment or profit at the expense of the
motoring or walking public.

V. INNOVATIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS

5.1. Green Roofs
Buildings construction is always moving together with economic development. By 2030, the
number of megacities with more than 10 million populations is estimated to be 43. The growth of
building sectors is directly reported to be related with an increase of the greenhouse gas by 3%
between 2000 and 2010, alongside with the increase of energy consumption caused by human
activities; where nearly 40 % of total global energy consumption is consuming by building
sector. Due to the vulnerability of living area, it will be essential to implementing mitigation
techniques across private and government sectors and countries, especially on sectors that
substantially be contingent on fossil fuel use. As building roof surfaces covers of 20–25% of the
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urban areas, they can effectively be used to lessen the surface and air temperature of the urban
areas. A green roof is a horizontal living system, which helps to mitigate several environmental
problems.
The terms “green roof, living roof, eco-roof, vegetated roof, and rooftop garden” were used
to define two types of green roof types extensive and intensive roof, with naturalistic or self-
established vegetation. Jim, define the term green roof to refer to the human-made establishment
product on the roof of a house, including erecting a structural framework with appropriate
mechanical strength. Another definition mentioned by (Yu et al., n.d) is a building roof which is
entirely or partially covered with vegetation and growth medium. It can be a sloped roof surface
or a flat designed to sustenance vegetation besides working as a fully functioning roof.
A green roof consist of many components such as plants, furnish substrate to source
nutrients, water system to help the root to grow, and a drainage layer to shed remaining water.
Generally, a green roof offers an appropriate environment to sustain vegetal growth. Table 1
illustrates the classification and comparison of three types of a green roof, which broadly
installed on building’s roof base on required functions and cost. The comparison varies on the
structure system, types of plants, prevalence, and the installation cost. It should note that the final
cost might vary among countries and green roof installer between these green roof types.

Table 1. Types of green roofs according to classification

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5.2.

Solar Panels
Solar energy is an increasingly popular source of clean and renewable energy, and it is being
implemented in various industries worldwide. One industry that can particularly benefit from the
use of solar energy is the healthcare industry. In this article, we will explore the benefits of solar
energy for the healthcare industry and how it is being implemented.
5.2.1. Benefits of solar energy for the healthcare industry:
a. Cost savings: The healthcare industry is one of the largest consumers of energy, and the
cost of electricity is a significant expense for hospitals and clinics. Solar energy can help
healthcare facilities reduce their energy bills and save money. By installing solar panels,
healthcare facilities can generate their own electricity and reduce their dependence on the
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grid. This can result in significant cost savings, which can be reinvested in patient care
and medical research.
b. Reliability: Power outages can be devastating for healthcare facilities, and they can result
in the loss of life-saving medical equipment and medications. By using solar energy,
healthcare facilities can ensure a reliable and uninterrupted power supply, even during
power outages. Solar energy systems can be designed to include battery storage, which
can provide backup power when the grid goes down.
c. Environmental sustainability: The healthcare industry has a responsibility to promote
public health and environmental sustainability. By using solar energy, healthcare
facilities can reduce their carbon footprint and promote environmental sustainability.
Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of energy, and it does not produce
greenhouse gases or other harmful pollutants.
d. Enhanced reputation: By implementing solar energy, healthcare facilities can enhance
their reputation and promote their commitment to environmental sustainability. This can
be attractive to patients, investors, and employees, and can help healthcare facilities
differentiate themselves from competitors.

5.2.2. Implementation of solar energy in the healthcare industry:

Solar Energy Solutions for the Healthcare Industry Solar energy is becoming an increasingly
popular choice for healthcare facilities as they look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint,
lower energy costs, and improve the reliability of their power supply.
Solar Panels on the Roof: One of the most common solar energy solutions for healthcare
facilities is to install solar panels on the roof. The size and design of the solar panel system can
be tailored to the energy needs of the facility. This allows healthcare facilities to generate their
own electricity and reduce their dependence on the grid. The excess electricity can be sold back
to the grid, which can further reduce energy costs.

5.2.3. The Role of Solar Energy In Modernizing Healthcare Infrastructure

The healthcare industry is an energy-intensive sector, with hospitals and healthcare facilities
consuming large amounts of energy to operate equipment, power lights, and maintain
temperature-controlled environments. The adoption of renewable energy, particularly solar
energy, can help modernize healthcare infrastructure by reducing energy costs, improving energy
efficiency, and increasing energy security. In this article, we will explore the role of solar energy
in modernizing healthcare infrastructure.
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a. Reducing Energy Costs: One of the most significant benefits of solar energy for healthcare
facilities is cost savings. Solar energy provides a reliable and cost-effective alternative to
traditional energy sources. Hospitals and healthcare facilities can use solar energy to generate
electricity on-site, reducing their reliance on the grid and lowering their energy bills. In many
cases, the cost savings can be significant, allowing healthcare facilities to redirect resources
towards other areas, such as patient care.
b. Improving Energy Efficiency: Another way that solar energy can modernize healthcare
infrastructure is by improving energy efficiency. Healthcare facilities consume a significant
amount of energy for heating and cooling, lighting, and running medical equipment. By
installing solar panels, healthcare facilities can generate their own electricity, reducing the
amount of energy they need to draw from the grid. This, in turn, can reduce the strain on the
grid and improve energy efficiency across the board.
c. Increasing Energy Security: Hospitals and healthcare facilities require a reliable and
uninterrupted power supply to maintain critical operations. Power outages can be disastrous,
resulting in the loss of life-saving medical equipment and medication. Solar energy systems
can provide a reliable and uninterrupted power supply, even during power outages. By
installing solar panels and battery storage systems, healthcare facilities can ensure that they
have access to a reliable power supply, even when the grid goes down.
d. Promoting Environmental Sustainability: The healthcare industry has a significant carbon
footprint, accounting for approximately 10% of global carbon emissions. By adopting solar
energy, healthcare facilities can reduce their environmental impact and promote
sustainability. Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source, producing zero
greenhouse gas emissions. This can help healthcare facilities meet sustainability goals and
reduce their carbon footprint.
e. Enhancing Reputation: Adopting solar energy can also enhance the reputation of healthcare
facilities. Consumers are increasingly conscious of the environmental impact of the products
and services they use, and healthcare facilities that adopt sustainable energy sources, such as
solar energy, can demonstrate their commitment to environmental sustainability. This can
enhance the reputation of healthcare facilities, attract new patients and staff, and improve the
overall perception of the healthcare industry.

5.2.4. Innovations In Solar Energy Technology For The Healthcare Sector

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Innovations in solar energy technology are continuously being developed to meet the
needs of the healthcare sector. One of the recent developments is the integration of solar energy
with battery storage systems. This allows healthcare facilities to store excess solar energy
generated during the day and use it during peak demand periods, such as at night or during power
outages. This technology can significantly increase energy security and reduce energy costs for
healthcare facilities.
Another innovation is the use of solar-powered water heaters in healthcare facilities. Hot
water is required for a range of healthcare applications, including sterilization and cleaning.
Solar-powered water heaters can provide a reliable and cost-effective solution for heating water,
reducing energy costs and promoting sustainability.
Finally, advances in solar panel technology have led to the development of more efficient
and durable solar panels. These panels are designed to withstand extreme weather conditions and
can generate more electricity per square foot of panel area. This technology can help healthcare
facilities maximize the amount of solar energy they can generate on-site, improving their energy
efficiency and reducing their reliance on traditional energy sources.
Overall, these innovations in solar energy technology can help healthcare facilities reduce
their energy costs, improve energy efficiency, increase energy security, promote sustainability,
and enhance their reputation. As the healthcare sector continues to face pressure to reduce costs
and improve sustainability, the adoption of solar energy is likely to become increasingly
common.
5.3. Smart Building Technology
A smart building is a contemporary construction that connects, analyzes, and optimizes its
performance using sophisticated technology. Smart buildings provide building owners with
actionable data that can help them enhance building efficiency. By collecting data from sensors,
IoT (Internet of Things) devices and services on the premises, smart building systems, also
known as intelligent building systems or IoT smart building systems, can apply the data to adjust
resources automatically in line with changing conditions. For example, smart building controls
can turn down lighting in bright, sunny conditions or increase air circulation in spaces as
occupancy increases.
The ability of smart building solutions to automatically respond to changes helps facility
managers use resources, space and energy more efficiently while maintaining optimum
conditions for building occupants.
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Smart buildings are designed to monitor, control, and optimize various aspects operations,
often leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). Key features of
smart buildings include:
5.3.1. Energy efficiency: Smart building design minimizes energy consumption through
strategies such as efficient HVAC systems, optimized lighting, and intelligent power
management. It uses sensors and data analysis to adjust energy usage based on occupancy
and external factors.

5.3.2. Automated systems: Smart building technology integrates various systems, such as
heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security, and access control, into a
centralized automation platform. This allows seamless and coordinated control of
systems to optimize performance and reduce waste.

5.3.3. Data analytics: Smart buildings collect data from sensors, meters, and other devices.
This data is analyzed to gain insights into building performance, occupant behavior, and
potential areas for improvement for better decision-making.

5.3.4. Connectivity and interoperability: Smart building technology includes interconnected

IoT devices and sensors that enable seamless communication and data exchange among
building systems and subsystems. This ensures that information flows efficiently to
improve overall building operations.

5.3.5. Occupant comfort and experience: Smart building design aims to enhance occupant
comfort and productivity. Systems can adapt to individual preferences, providing
personalized lighting, temperature, and other settings for a more pleasant living or
working environment.

5.3.6. Safety and security: Smart buildings incorporate advanced security measures, such as
biometric access control, surveillance systems, and fire detection systems. AI-based
algorithms can detect anomalies and potential threats, improving overall safety.

5.3.7. Maintenance optimization: Predictive maintenance is a key feature of smart buildings.

By monitoring equipment health and performance in real time, potential issues can be
detected early, reducing downtime and repair costs.
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5.3.8. Sustainability: Smart buildings promote eco-friendly practices by reducing energy

consumption, optimizing resource usage, and integrating renewable energy, reducing a
building's carbon footprint and overall environmental impact.
With technological developments, smart building design is always improving. Smart building
architecture will continue to offer novel solutions for sustainable, efficient, and comfortable
living and working environments as more devices become linked and AI capabilities develop.

5.4. Data Analytics Center

Data analytics involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of vast amounts of
healthcare data to drive actionable insights and informed decision-making. By harnessing the
power of data, hospitals can optimize resource allocation, improve patient care, and achieve
better outcomes.
5.4.1. Leveraging Real-time Clinical Data
One of the most important advantages of data analytics in hospitals is the capacity to use
real-time clinical data to improve patient care. Hospitals may obtain full patient information such
as medical history, test findings, and vital signs by integrating electronic health records (EHRs)
and other data sources. Real-time data analysis helps healthcare practitioners to discover
patterns, diagnose problems, and intervene in real time. Predictive analytics, for example, can
assist identify patients who are at high risk of problems, allowing preventative actions to be
performed. Healthcare workers may also use real-time data analysis to create treatment
programs, check drug adherence, and decrease medical mistakes.

5.4.2. Optimizing Operational Efficiency

Data analytics is critical for enhancing hospital operations and increasing efficiency.
Hospitals can detect bottlenecks and simplify procedures by evaluating data on patient flow, bed
occupancy rates, and staffing levels. Models of predictive analytics can foresee patient demand,
allowing for improved resource allocation and staffing decisions. Furthermore, data analytics
may aid with inventory management by tracking supplies, reducing waste, and maintaining
proper stock levels. Hospitals may cut wait times, increase throughput, and improve the overall
patient experience by identifying inefficiencies and simplifying procedures.
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5.4.3. Enhancing Quality and Patient Safety

Data analytics has the potential to significantly enhance hospital quality of care and
patient safety. Hospitals can identify areas for improvement and conduct focused interventions
by examining clinical results, patient satisfaction data, and adverse events. Real-time patient data
monitoring can generate alarms for possible concerns, allowing for prompt interventions and
preventive steps. Furthermore, data analytics can help hospitals uncover patterns in healthcare-
associated infections, prescription mistakes, and surgical problems, allowing them to apply
preemptive interventions to limit avoidable damage.

5.4.4. Driving Evidence-Based Decision-Making

Data analytics enables hospitals to make evidence-based decisions by analyzing large
volumes of clinical and operational data. By leveraging this data, hospitals can identify best
practices, and standardized protocols, and optimize care pathways. For instance, by analyzing
treatment outcomes and patient demographics, hospitals can identify effective interventions for
specific populations. Data analytics also facilitates benchmarking against industry standards,
promoting consistency and continuous quality improvement. Furthermore, data-driven decision-
making can support clinical research by identifying patterns, predicting treatment responses, and
contributing to the development of innovative therapies.

5.4.5. Facilitating Population Health Management

Data analytics plays a crucial role in population health management by providing insights
into the health needs of communities. By analyzing population-level data, hospitals can identify
prevalent health conditions, risk factors, and social determinants of health. This knowledge
enables hospitals to develop targeted interventions, preventive care programs, and community
outreach initiatives. Moreover, data analytics can support population health surveillance,
facilitating early detection of disease outbreaks and enabling effective public health responses.
Furthermore, the value of data analytics in improving hospital performance and efficiency
cannot be overstated. Hospitals can make educated decisions, improve patient care, and maintain
patient safety by harnessing real-time clinical data. Data analytics improves operational
efficiency, resulting in more efficient resource allocation and simplified operations. It promotes
consistent and high-quality care by enabling evidence-based decision-making. Furthermore, data
analytics improves population health management by allowing hospitals to meet community
health issues and enhance overall population health. As hospitals continue to adopt data
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analytics, they will be able to make substantial advances in healthcare delivery, leading to better
patient outcomes and experiences.

5.5. Bioinformatics Lab

Bioinformatics is the science of developing computer databases and algorithms for the
purpose of speeding up and enhancing biological research. It is also defined as the science and
technology of learning, managing and processing biological information. The field of
bioinformatics is becoming increasingly valuable as scientists find that large amounts of new
information are readily available. It has become an important component of many hospitals'
scientific centers' biomedical research programs, and the construction of bioinformatics facilities
within hospitals has become a regular practice globally. Bioinformaticians that work in these
facilities give computational biology support to medical practitioners and main investigators who
deal with patient data on a regular basis.
One of the more common benefits to combining computers with science is demonstrated by
several online databases. These sites contain large amounts of related data such as collections of
nucleotide sequences or amino acid sequences and make it possible for scientists to search for all
information available on a topic at once rather than spending weeks or months to search through
data located in different areas. For example, if a scientist in Germany believes he has sequenced
a gene but is unsure of its identity, he can access a nucleotide database and run his sequence
against the millions of sequences already identified by other scientists around the world.
Comparison between his sequence and other similar sequences of known function may provide
him with clues about the identity and function of his sequenced gene.
Besides demonstrating the power of Bioinformatics, this laboratory will help you visualize
the connection between a DNA sequence and the final protein product encoded by that sequence,
as well as all of the steps in between! Remember that each of the databases you will use are
interrelated in some way just as the steps from DNA to RNA to protein are related. For example,
the Entrez Nucleotide sequence database is only one small part of a much larger database
produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

5.6. Clinical Research Unit

The Clinical Research Division (CRD) is the division primarily in charge of patient care. It
is composed of 9 departments (Dermatology, Dietary, Epidemiology and Biostatisics, Health
Information Management, Medical, Nursing, Pharmacy, Diagnostic Imaging and Medical Social
Work) and the Clinical Research Unit. It provides multi-disciplinary medical care to patients
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with infectious and tropical diseases at the wards, the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the Emergency
Room (ER) and the various specialty out-patient clinics (Dermatology, Animal bite, HIV, TB-
DOTS, and General infectious disease).
The CRD's primary responsibility is research. In partnership with the many reference
laboratories and other institutions, epidemiologic studies, clinical trials, social science research,
case series, and other forms of research are carried out. Clinical research, in particular, is carried
out by skilled and experienced researchers who adhere to the standards of Good Clinical
Practice.
The division also provides training for health professionals through its fellowship program
for infectious diseases, dermatology residency training program, rotating residency training
program, affiliation program for nurses and pharmacists, and short courses on Intravenous
therapy (IVT), Good clinical Practice, Research methodology, protocol/manuscript writing, HIV
AIDS Core Team (HACT) training, animal bite training, basic life support/venipuncture for
radiologic technologist, and post graduate courses for infectious, tropical and dermatological
diseases.
The CRD staff are guided by the core values of discipline, integrity, compassion, excellence,
innovation and team work.
5.6.1. Medical Department
The Medical Department is a major department under the Clinical Research Division
involved in research, training, and service. The department is composed of Infectious Disease
Specialists, Medical Officers and Researchers holding permanent, part-time or visiting positions
in RITM. Majority of the staff belong to one or more of RITM’s research groups such as the
Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), Acquired Immune Disease Syndrome (AIDS), Rabies,
Tuberculosis (TB), Dengue, Schistosomiasis, Malaria, Hepatitis and the Medical Research
Group. Investigator-initiated research and clinical trials constitute a large component of the
department’s research undertaking. Fellows also conduct retrospective or prospective clinical
research under the supervision of the Medical Department consultants.
The RITM, through the Medical Department, provides training in Infectious and Tropical
Diseases to rotating residents and fellows coming from the different hospitals nationwide. In
May 2011, the Medical Department started a fellowship training program in Adult Infectious
Diseases fully accredited by the Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
The program has since produced 11 young and promising graduates now practicing in various
areas in the country. The other training programs offered by the department include a biennial
Post Graduate Course in Infectious and Tropical Diseases, HIV/AIDS Training Courses,
Snakebite Management Training and observership in Infectious and Tropical Diseases for
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foreign medical students or residents. The department also conducts regular Rabies and Animal
Bite Preventive and Management Trainings throughout the year in collaboration with the
National Rabies Prevention and Control Program.
The third component of the Medical Department’s activity is providing medical services to
patients with infectious and tropical disease from all areas within the Philippines. Medical
services are offered in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The out-patient department is
composed of general infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, TB Directly Observed Treatment Short
(DOTS) course clinic, and animal bite clinics. On the other hand, the in-patient department is
divided into pediatric and adult infectious disease services. The Medical Department is supported
by other departments in both the Clinical Research Division and the Laboratory Research
Division and the different committees of the Institution in the provision of these services.
5.6.2. Dermatology
The Dermatology Department is committed to offer a well-balanced training program for
residents and expects to produce strong-willed, resolute and devoted leaders among consultant
staff and residents. The department is tasked to deliver sound dermatological health care to
patients through training, service and research and to provide opportunities for academic and
professional advancement.
The department also has various patient support groups namely: Hansen ’s disease,
Psoriasis, Atopic Dermatitis and Bullous Disease clubs.

5.6.3. Nursing Department

The Nursing Department is the primary provider of patient care services in the different
areas: Ward, ICU, ER, Out Patient Department (OPD), and its specialty clinics. The department
ensures capabilities of staff in handling emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Aside
from patient care, the department conducts and facilitates post graduate training course in
infectious and tropical diseases, gives health teachings to patients and their companions,
participates in research activities, trains student nurses and works together with other
departments in order to provide dedicated and compassionate quality health services.

5.6.4. Diagnostic Imaging Department

The Diagnostic Imaging Department (DID) is one of the front line service providers of
the hospital. It is a diagnostic unit for x-rays and general ultrasound examinations.
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Comprehensive quality control and radiation protection program through the Department of
Health-Bureau of Health Devices and Technology is followed when providing patient service.
Radiologic examinations are performed by a registered Radiologic Technologist and
images are interpreted by a Radiologist. Ultrasound examinations performed and scanned by
trained Radiologic Technologist under the guidance of the Radiologist/Sonologist.
DID also conducts training on basic life support and venipuncture for radiologic
technologist.

5.6.5. Pharmacy Department

The Pharmacy Department works collaboratively with the Administrative, Medical and
Nursing staff, as well as allied health professionals to assure optimal patient-centered
pharmaceutical care and to implement effective and efficient pharmacy operations and
management in accordance with ethical, professional practices and legal requirements.
With dispensing as its main function, it specializes in ensuring the availability and
rational use of safe, good quality, and cost-effective drugs and medicines by establishing a
hospital formulary based on the Philippine National Formulary (PNF) in collaboration with the
Medical staff through the Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committee. The Department’s Clinical
Pharmacy Service utilizes the Unit Dose Drug Distribution System (UDDDS) in providing the
24-hour dose for In-patients. Pharmacists are responsible for coordinating with the Medical and
Nursing staff in the monitoring and reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) to the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA). Moreover, pharmacists play an active role in promoting optimum
standards for the appropriate use of drugs and medicines, particularly of antimicrobials, with the
implementation of the Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) program of the Department of Health
(DOH). Pharmacists’ participation in researches relevant to pharmacy practice and involvement
in the development and conduct of a Quality Assurance Program further strengthens the
Pharmacy Department’s effort towards achieving excellence in providing pharmaceutical care.

5.6.6. Health Information Management Department

The Health Information Management Department (HIMD) is responsible for facilitating
patient care through the use of data contained in the health record, either individually or
collectively. The general function of HIMD is to provide an organized system of measuring
quality patient care and to ensure that sufficient data is written in sequence of events to justify
the diagnosis, warrant the treatment and end results. The department is tasked to process,
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analyze, maintain and safe keep all health records created/maintained in the healthcare facility in
the course of treatment and its supervisors are mandated to implement facility wide coordination
and linkage. The department plays a key role in the generation of healthcare statistics for
evidence-based medical care and management practices.
The HIMD provides effective and efficient services to clients & ensures creation and
maintenance of quality health records. It strives to improve its accessibility, encourages greater
utilization of healthcare facility statistics & participates in research and studies which the
members of the medical & allied staff and other authorized researchers are engaged in.

5.6.7. Dietary Department

The Dietary Department is part of the basic support staff and personnel of the hospital.
The department is responsible for providing the best possible food service for patients, rotators,
fellows, dermatology residents, hospital staff and guests of the institute. Alongside with this
responsibility, the Dietary also maintains an active nutrition clinic not only for in-patients and
RITM employees, but also for walk-in patients and referrals for diet counselling. The
Department advocates and promotes good nutrition and healthy lifestyle through the regular
conduct of nutrition education classes and research.

5.6.8. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics

The Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (DEBS) is an institutional core
facility. The department is composed of technical staff with expertise in the fields of qualitative
and quantitative research, project management, data management, research ethics, epidemiology,
and biostatistics. It provides technical and management support to the institute’s researchers by:
a. Offering in-house training on data management and analysis, and other relevant training;
b. Managing the RITM library by keeping and providing updated journals to library users;
c. Supervising and monitoring data collection for clinical and community-based researches;
d. Providing support in the management and coordination of researches;
e. Serving as lecturers and mentors in the conduct of trainings on Good Clinical Practice,
Grant Proposal and Protocol Writing, and Scientific Manuscript Writing; and
f. Providing technical expertise in the development of research protocols, scientific
manuscripts and technical reports.

5.6.9. Medical Social Work Department

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College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design

The Medical Social Work Department (MSWD) provides comprehensive professional

social work services which are responsive to the psychosocial needs of the patients and their
families who are afflicted with infections. The staff of the department motivates the patients and
their families to participate in their problem-solving, and in the process, to come up with their
own specific health plan to combat the spread of infection, improve their lives and be a part of
the society towards nation building. The staff are also responsible for classifying and identifying
patients as mandated by Republic Act 747 (an Act to regulate fee in government hospitals and
charity clinics), and by the current rules and regulations under Administrative Order 31 series
July 2015 (Implementing Guidelines on Classification of Patients and on Availment of Medical
Social Service in Government Hospitals). The MSWD coordinates with funding sources such as
DSWD, PCSO, DOH, etc in providing patient assistance. The assessment and evaluation
programs are continual, comprehensive, and utilized in developing interventions and treatment
strategies.
5.6.10. Clinical Research Unit
The Clinical Research Unit (CRU), a special Unit under the CRD, is the primary research
unit of the division. It is tasked to develop guidelines and procedures for the proper
implementation and conduct of clinical research and to monitor their progress and outcome. It
provides technical support to researchers in terms of data management, statistical analysis, study
start up and is in charge of managing the clinical trial rooms. It also participates in the conduct of
research fora and trainings on research.

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