CALCULUS II

Module for Finals

[Link] INTEGRALS

Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful
things. But it is often used to find the area under the graph of a function like
this:

The area can be found by adding slices that approach zero in width:
And there are Rules of Integration that help us get the answer.

3.1. Definition of the Definite Integral

The definite integral is defined to be exactly the limit and summation that we looked at in the last
section to find the net area between a function and the x-axis. Also note that the notation for the definite
integral is very similar to the notation for an indefinite integral. The reason for this will be apparent
eventually.
There is also a little bit of terminology that we should get out of the way here. The number “a” that
is at the bottom of the integral sign is called the lower limit of the integral and the number “b” at the top of
the integral sign is called the upper limit of the integral. Also, despite the fact that a and b were given as
an interval the lower limit does not necessarily need to be smaller than the upper limit. Collectively we’ll
often call a and b the interval of integration.
2
Example. Using the definition of definite integral above, compute ∫ x 2 +1 dx
0

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CALCULUS II
Module for Finals

Properties of the definite integral.

Example 1. Use the properties of the definite integral to evaluate the following

Solution:
a.

b.

c.
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CALCULUS II
Module for Finals

Example 2. Evaluate the following;

Solution:
a.

b.

c.

d.

3.2. THE WALLIS’ FORMULA

π
2
( m−1 ) ( m−3 ) … ( 2∨1 ) . ( n−1 )( n−3 ) …(2∨1)
∫ sin m x cos n xdx= ( m+n )( m+n−2 ) …(2∨1)
.α (1)
0

Where: m and n are nonnegative numbers

π
α= if both m and n are even
2
α =1 if either one or both are odd

π
2
Example 1. Evaluate
∫ sin 4 x cos 2 xdx
0

π
Solution: m=4 and n=2 are both even. Hence α =
2

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CALCULUS II
Module for Finals
π
2
( 4−1 ) ( 4−3 ) . ( 2−1 )
∫ sin 4 x cos 2 xdx= ( 4+2 ) ( 4 +2−2 )(4+ 2−4 ) . π2
0
(3.1)(1) π
¿ .
6.4 .2 2
π
¿
32
Note:
π
2
( m−1 ) ( m−3 ) … ( 2∨1 ) . ( n−1 )( n−3 ) …(2∨1)
∫ sin m x cos n xdx= ( m+n )( m+n−2 ) …(2∨1)
.α
0

 For the numerator ( m−1 ) ( m−3 ) … ( 2∨1 ) . ( n−1 )( n−3 ) …(2∨1) , (2 or 1) means
that you are only going to stop subtracting odd numbers (1,3,5…)from m and n when the value
becomes 1 or 2..
Example: if your m =8, and n=5 , the numerator will be
( 8−1 )( 8−3 ) ( 8−5 ) ( 8−7 ) .(5−1)(5−3)
 For the denominator ( m+n ) ( m+n−2 ) … (2∨1), in here we subtract even numbers(2,4,6..)
from m+n until the difference will become 2 or 1.

π
2
( m−1 )( m−3 ) … (2∨1)
∫ sin m xdx = m ( m−2 ) …(2∨1)
.α (2)
0
π
Where: α = if m is even
2
α =1 if m is odd

π
2
( n−1 ) ( n−3 ) …(2∨1)
∫ cos n xdx= n ( n−2 ) …(2∨1)
.α (3)
0
π
Where: α = if n is even
2
α =1 if n is odd

π
2
Example 2.
∫ sin 5 xdx
0
Solution: Since m=5 is odd, then α =1, thus by equation (2)
π
2
4.2
∫ sin 5 xdx= 5.3 .1
.1
0
8
¿
15

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CALCULUS II
Module for Finals

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