Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
Hydraulics
Prof. Mohammad Saud Afzal
Department of Civil Engineering
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
• The flow in a channel is termed GRADUALLY VARIED, if the
flow depth changes gradually over a large length of the
channel.
The cross- sectional shape, size and bed
slope are constant
• Assumptions
The channel is prismatic.
The flow in the channel is steady and
and non-uniform.
The channel bed- slope is small.
The pressure distribution at any section is hydrostatic.
The resistance to flow at any depth is given by the
corresponding uniform flow equation. Example: Manning’s equation
Remember: In the uniform flow equations, energy
slope 𝑺𝒇 is used in place of bed slope 𝑺𝟎 . When
Manning’s formula is used we get
𝒏 𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑺𝒇 = 𝟒
𝑹 ൗ𝟑
Differential Equation of GVF
• The total energy H of a GVF can be
expressed as:
𝜶𝑽𝟐
𝑯=𝒛+𝒚+
𝟐𝒈 Adapted from Subramanya, K. (1986). Flow in Open
Channels. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
• Assuming 𝜶 = 𝟏, we get
𝑽𝟐
𝑯=𝒛+𝒚 +
𝟐𝒈
• Differentiating both the sides of the
above equation w.r.t x
𝒅𝑯 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚 𝒅 𝑽𝟐
= + + (Eq. 1)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒈
Represents the water surface
slope w.r.t the channel bed
Represents energy slope
Represents bottom slope
𝒅𝑯
= −𝑺𝒇 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒙 = −𝑺𝟎
𝒅𝒙
• Further,
𝒅 𝑽𝟐 𝒅 𝑸𝟐 𝒅𝒚
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒈 𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒈𝑨𝟐 𝒅𝒙
or
𝒅 𝑽𝟐 −𝑸𝟐 𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒚
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒈 𝒈𝑨𝟑 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝑨
= 𝑻, where T is the top-
𝒅𝒚
width of the channel
• So we can rewrite Eq. 1 as
𝒅𝒚 𝑸𝟐 𝑻 𝒅𝒚
−𝑺𝒇 = −𝑺𝟎 + −
𝒅𝒙 𝒈𝑨𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝑸𝟐 𝑻
or NOTE: = 𝑭𝒓 𝟐 , where 𝑭𝒓 is Froude Number
𝒈𝑨𝟑
𝒅𝒚 𝑺𝟎 −𝑺𝒇
= 𝑸𝟐 𝑻 Differential Equation of GVF
𝒅𝒙 𝟏− 𝟑
𝒈𝑨
Classification of Flow Profiles
• If 𝑸, 𝒏 and 𝑺𝟎 are fixed, then the normal depth 𝒚𝟎 and the
critical depth 𝒚𝒄 are fixed.
Depth obtained from uniform flow
equations
• Three possible relationships that may exist between 𝒚𝟎 and 𝒚𝒄
are:
𝒚 𝟎 > 𝒚𝒄
𝒚 𝟎 < 𝒚𝒄
𝒚 𝟎 = 𝒚𝒄
• Further, 𝒚𝟎 does not exist when:
The channel bed is horizontal. 𝑺𝟎 = 𝟎
The channel has an adverse slope. 𝑺𝟎 < 𝟎
• Based on these, the channels are classified into 5
categories as:
1. Mild Slope (M) - 𝒚𝟎 > 𝒚𝒄 Subcritical flow at normal depth
2. Steep Slope (S) - 𝒚𝟎 < 𝒚𝒄 Supercritical flow at normal depth
3. Critical Slope (C) - 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚𝒄 Critical flow at normal depth
4. Horizontal Bed (H) - 𝑺𝟎 = 𝟎 Cannot sustain
uniform flow
5. Adverse Slope (A) - 𝑺𝟎 < 𝟎
• Lines representing the critical depth (CDL) and the normal
depth (NDL), when drawn in the longitudinal section, divide the
flow space into the following 3 regions:
Region 1 – Space above the topmost line.
Region 2 – Space between the top line and the next lower
line.
Region 3 – Space between the second line
and the bed.
Adapted from Subramanya, K. (1986). Flow in Open Channels. Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
Adapted from Subramanya, K. (1986). Flow in Open Channels.
Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
Mild Slope
Adapted from Subramanya, K. (1986). Flow in
Open Channels. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd.
Steep Slope
Adapted from Subramanya, K. (1986). Flow in
Open Channels. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd.
Critical Slope
Adapted from Subramanya, K. (1986). Flow in
Open Channels. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd.
Horizontal Bed
Adapted from Subramanya, K. (1986). Flow in
Open Channels. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd.
Adverse Slope
Adapted from Subramanya, K. (1986). Flow in
Open Channels. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd.
Problem- 1
• Find the rate of change of depth of water in a rectangular
channel 10 m wide and 1.5 m deep, when the water is
flowing with a velocity of 1 m/s. The flow of water through
the channel of bed slope 1 in 4000, is regulated in such a way
that energy line is having a slope of 0.00004.
Solution: 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎 𝑽 = 𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
𝑺𝟎 = 𝟏/𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑺𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒
𝑨 = 𝒃 × 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟐 𝑻 = 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝟏
𝒅𝒚 𝑺𝟎 −𝑺𝒇 𝒅𝒚 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
− 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝒅𝒚
= 𝑸𝟐 𝑻
= 𝟏𝟓𝟐 ×𝟏𝟎
= 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝒅𝒙 𝟏− 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 𝟏−
𝒅𝒙
𝒈𝑨 𝟗.𝟖𝟏×𝟏𝟓𝟑
Problem- 2
• A rectangular channel with a bottom width of 4 m and a bottom slope of 0.0008 has a
discharge of 1.5 m3/s. In a gradually varied flow in this channel, the depth at a certain
location is found to be 0.30 m. Assuming Manning’s n = 0.016, determine the type of
GVF profile.
Solution: 𝒃=𝟒𝒎 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎 𝐐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑺𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔
𝟏/𝟑 𝟏/𝟑
𝑸 𝟏.𝟓 𝒎𝟑 𝒒𝟐 𝟎.𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟐
Now, = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓 /𝒎 𝒚𝒄 = =
𝒃 𝟒 𝒔 𝒈 𝟗.𝟖𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝒎
𝟏 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏 𝟒𝒚𝟎 𝟐/𝟑
Now, 𝑸 = 𝑨𝑹𝟐/𝟑 𝑺𝟎 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟒 × 𝒚𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖)𝟏/𝟑
𝒏 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔 𝟒+𝟐𝒚𝟎
𝟐/𝟑
𝟒 𝒚𝟎 𝒚𝟎
𝟏. 𝟓 = × 𝟒𝟐/𝟑 × (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖)𝟏/𝟐
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔 (𝟒+𝟐𝒚𝟎 )𝟐/𝟑
𝟐/𝟑
𝒚𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟐
(𝟒+𝟐𝒚𝟎 )𝟐/𝟑
From trial and error
𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟔 𝒎
𝒚𝟎 > 𝒚𝒄 (Mild slope)
Also 𝒚 𝟎 > 𝒚 > 𝒚𝒄
𝑴𝟐
Class Question
A wide rectangular channel has a Manning’s coefficient of 0.018. For a discharge
𝒎𝟑
intensity of𝟏. 𝟓 /𝒎, identify the possible types of gradually varied flow profiles
𝒔
produced in the following break in the grade of the channel.
𝑺𝟎𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝟎𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔
𝒎𝟑
Solution: Discharge intensity q = 1.5 /𝒎
𝒔
𝟏/𝟑 𝟏/𝟑
Critical depth 𝒚𝒄 = 𝒒𝟐 Τ𝒈 = 𝟐
𝟏. 𝟓 Τ𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟐 𝒎
Normal depth 𝒚𝟎 ∶ For a wide rectangular channel 𝑹 = 𝒚𝟎
𝟑/𝟓 𝟑/𝟓
𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐 𝒏𝒒 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 × 𝟏. 𝟓
𝒒 = 𝒚𝟎 𝒚𝟎 𝒔𝟎 𝒚𝟎 = 𝒚𝟎 =
𝒏 𝑺𝟎 𝑺𝟎
Slope 𝒚𝟎
0.0004 1.197
0.016 0.396
𝒚𝒄 (𝒎) 𝒚𝟎𝟏 (𝐦) 𝒚𝟎𝟐 (𝒎)
0.612 1.197 0.396
Type of grade change : Mild to Steep
The resulting water surface profiles are:
𝑴𝟐 curve on Mild Slope and 𝑺𝟐 curve on steep slope
Rapidly varied flow
Hydraulic Jump due to change in bottom elevation
Rapidly varied flow
RVF due to transition
Hydraulic Jump
• For Rapidly varied flow (RVF) dy/dx ~1
• Flow depth changes occur over a relatively short distance. One such
example is hydraulic jump
• These changes in depth can be regarded as discontinuity in free
surface elevation (dy/dx ∞)
• Hydraulic jump results when there is a conflict between upstream and
downstream influences that control particular section of channel
Hydraulic Jump
• E.g. Sluice gate requires supercritical flow at
upstream portion of channel whereas
obstruction require the flow to be subcritical
• Hydraulic jump provides the mechanism to make
Sluice Gate
the transition between the two type of flows
Hydraulic Jump
• One of the most simple hydraulic jump occurs in a horizontal,
rectangular channel as below
Hydraulic Jump Geometry
Hydraulic Jump Assumptions
• The flow within jump is complex but it is reasonable to assume that flow at
sections 1 and 2 are nearly uniform, steady and 1D
• Neglect any wall shear stress τw, within relatively short segment between the
sections
• Pressure force at either section is hydrostatic
Hydraulic Jump Derivation
• x-component of momentum equation for control volume is
written as
F1 F2 Q(V2 V1 ) V1 y1b(V2 V1 )
Where
y 21b y1
F1 pc1 A1 pc1
2 2
y 2 2b y2
F2 pc 2 A2 pc 2
2 2
b is the channel width
Hydraulic Jump Derivation
• Momentum equation can be written as
y 21 y 2 2 V1 y1
(V2 V1 ) Eq. 19
2 2 g
• Conservation of mass ( continuity ) gives
y1bV1 y2bV2 Q Eq. 20
• Energy conservation gives
V12 V22 Eq. 21
y1 y2 hL
2g 2g
hL is the head loss
Hydraulic Jump Derivation
• Head loss is due to violent turbulent mixing and dissipation that occur during
the jump.
• One obvious solution is y1=y2 and hL=0 NO JUMP
• Another solution : Combine Eq 19 and 20 to eliminate V2
y 21 y 2 2 V1 y1 V1 y1 V12 y1
( V1 ) ( y1 y2 ) Eq. 21b
2 2 g y2 gy2
Hydraulic Jump Derivation
y2 2 y2
( ) ( ) 2 Fr1 0
2
Eq. 21c
y1 y1
Where Fr1 is upstream Froude number
Question : Obtain Eq. 21c from Eq. 21b
•Using quadratic formula we get
y2 1
(1 (1 8 Fr12 )
y1 2
Hydraulic Jump Derivation
• Solution with minus sign is neglected ??, Thus
y2 1
(1 (1 8 Fr12 ) Eq. 22
y1 2
• We can also obtain 𝒉𝑳 / 𝒚𝟏 by using Eq. 21
• The result is
hL y2 Fr12 y1 2 Eq. 23
1 [1 ( ) ]
y1 y1 2 y2
Hydraulic Jump Derivation
Question : Plot of Eq. 22 and corresponding Eq. 23
Hydraulic Jump Derivation
• hL cannot be negative since it violates the law of thermodynamics
• This means that y2/y1 cannot be less than 1 and Froude number upstream Fr1 is
always greater than 1 for hydraulic jump to take place.
• A flow must be supercritical to produce discontinuity called a hydraulic
jump.
Examples of hydraulic jump
Jump caused by a change in channel slope
Examples of hydraulic jump
Submerged hydraulic jumps that can occur just downstream
of a sluice gate
Class Question
In a flow through rectangular channel for a certain discharge the Froude number
corresponding to the two alternative depths are F1 and F2 . Show that
2 F22
F2 F1
23
2 F12
Solution:
Let y1 and y 2 be the alternative depths.
The specific energy E 2 E1
V12 V22
y1 y2
2g 2g
V12 V22
y1 1 y 2 1
2 gy1 2 gy 2
Since V2
F 2 Froude number y1 1 F22 2 2 F22
gy
y 2 1 F1 2 2 F12
2
Also Q2 Q2
F 2
1
2
and F 2
2
2
B g y13 B g y 23
Where Q = discharge in the channel and B = width of the channel, Hence
23 23
y3
F 2
y1 F 2
y1 F 2
2 F22
1
2
or 2
2
y3
2 F 1
2
y2 F 1
2
y2 F 1
2
2 F12
Class Question
• Water on the horizontal apron of the 30 m wide spillway shown in Fig. has a depth of
0.20 m and a velocity of 5.5 m/s. Determine the depth, after the jump, the Froude
numbers before and after the jump.
Class Question
Conditions across the jump are determined by the upstream Froude
number Fr1
V1 5.5
Fr1 3.92
gy1 9.8 * 0.2
Upstream flow is super critical, and therefore it is
possible to generate hydraulic jump
Class Question
We obtain depth ratio across the jump as
y2 1 1
(1 (1 8 Fr1 ) (1 (1 8 * 3.92 2 ) 5.07
2
y1 2 2
y2 5.07 * 0.2 1.01 m
Class Question
We obtain V𝟐 by equating the flow rate
( y1V1 ) 0.2 * 5.5
V2 1.08 m/s
y2 1.01
V2 1.08
Fr2 0.343 Subcritical Flow
gy2 9.8 *1.01
Class Question
Head loss is obtained as
V12 V22
hL ( y1 ) ( y2 )
2g 2g
hL 0.671 m
Class Question
1) Prove that energy loss in a hydraulic jump occurring in a rectangular channel is
( y2 y1 ) 3
hL Eq. 24
4 y1 y2
The loss of mechanical energy that takes place in a hydraulic jump is calculated
by the application of energy equation (Bernoulli’s equation). If loss of total
head in the pump is 𝒉𝑳 , then we can write by Bernoulli’s equation neglecting
the slope of the channel.
𝒚𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐𝟏 Τ𝟐𝒈 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐𝟐 Τ𝟐𝒈 + 𝒉𝑳
𝒉𝑳 = 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐𝟏 Τ𝟐𝒈 − 𝑽𝟐𝟐 Τ𝟐𝒈
𝒒𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒉𝑳 = 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒒 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
𝒒 𝑽𝟏
From Eq 21.c we are putting 𝑽𝟏 = (𝑭𝒓𝟏 = )
𝒚𝟏 𝒈𝒚𝟏
𝟐
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒒𝟐 𝟐𝒒
= 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − =𝟎
𝟒 𝟐𝒈 𝒈
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒉𝑳 = 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐− 𝟐
𝟒 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
Which Finally gives
(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟑
𝒉𝑳 =
𝟒𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
Class Question
If, in a hydraulic jump occurring in a rectangular channel, the Froude number before
the jump is 10.0 and the energy loss is 3.20 m. Estimate (i) the sequent depths (ii)
the discharge intensity and (iii) the Froude number after the jump.
Solution:
F1 10 .0 and E L 3.20 m
The sequent depth ratio
y1 2
1 1 8F12 1 1 8 10.0 13.651
y2 1 1
2
2
y2
y1
3
Energy loss EL
4 y1 y 2
E L y 2 y1 1 3.20 13.651 1
3 3
37.08
y1 4 y 2 y1 y1 4 13.651
3.20
(i) y1 =depth before the jump = 0.0863 m
37.08
y 2 =depth after the jump =13.651×0.0863= 1.178 m
V1 V1
(ii) F1 10.0 V1 9.201 m / s
gy1 9.81 0.0863
Discharge intensity q V y
1 1 9.201 0.0863 0.7941 m 3
/s/m
V2 q 0.7941
(iii) Froude number after the jump F2 0.1983
gy2 y 2 gy2 1.178 9.81 1.178
Class Question
A rectangular channel has a width of 1.8 m and carries a discharge of 1.8 at a depth of
0.2 m. Calculate (a) the specific energy, (b) depth alternate to the existing depth and
(c) Froude numbers at the alternate depths.
Solution:
Let y1 0.20 m Existing depth
Area A1 By1 1.8 0.20 0.36 m 2
1.80
Velocity V1 Q A1 5.0 m 2 / s
0.36
E1 y1
V12
0.20
5.0
2
1.4742 m
(a) Specific energy 2g 2 9.81
(b) Let y 2 =depth alternate to y1
2 1.8
2
Then E2 E1 y2
V 2
1.4742 y2 1.4742, as V1 A1 V2 A2
2g 2 9.81 1.82 y 22
By trial and error, y 2 1.45
(c) Froude number for a rectangular channel is F V gy
5 .0
For y1 0.2m, F1 3.57
9.81 0.2
For 𝑄 1.80
𝑦 = 1.45𝑚, 𝑉 =
2 2 = = 0.69 𝑚/𝑠
𝐵𝑦2 1.80 × 1.45
0.69
F2 0.1829
9.81 1.45
Class Question
In hydraulic jump occurring in a rectangular horizontal channel, the discharge per unit
width is 2.5 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔/m and the depth before the jump is 0.25 m. Estimate (i) the
sequent depth and (ii) the energy loss
Solution:
V2
q 2.5 m 3 / s / m and y1 0.25 m Y2
q 2.5 Y1
V1 10.0 m / s V1
y1 0.25
V1 10.0
Initial Froude number F1 6.386
gy1 9.81 0.25
(i) The sequent depth ratio y 2 y1 is given by y2 1
1 1 8F12
y1 2
1 1 8 6.386
y2 1 2
0.25 2
y 2 2.136 m Sequent depth
(ii) The energy loss E L is given by
y 2 y1 3 2.136 0.2503
EL 3.141 m
4 y1 y 2 4 2.136 0.250
Class Question
A hydraulic jump occur in a horizontal triangular channel. If the sequent depths in
this channel are 0.60 m and 1.20 m respectively, estimate (i) the flow rate, (ii)
Froude number at the beginning and end of the jump and (iii) energy loss in the
jump.
Solution:
(i) Consider a triangular channel of side slope
m=1
m horizontal: 1 vertical in fig (in the present y
case m=1)
P=pressure force= A y my m y 3 3
2 y
3 Q 2 Q 2
M=Momentum flux =
A my 2
For a hydraulic jump in horizontal, frictionless channel P1 M 1 P2 M 2
m y13 Q2 m y 23 Q2
2
3 my 1 3 m y 22
Q2 1 1
m y12
gm 3
y 2 y1
3
y 22 3
On simplifying Q 2
m 2
y13 3 1 2 y14
where
y2
g
3 2 1 y12
y1
y2
In the present problem m=1, 1.2 0.6 2.0
y1
Q 2 1 0.6 2 3 1 2 2
5
0.24192 Q 1.541 m 3 / s
g 3 2 1
2
Q
II. For triangular channel F as such
A gAT
21.541
2
6.222
2
2 2 2 F
9.81 1 0.6
Q T Q 2 my 2Q 1
F2 3 2 5
5
2 6
gA gm y gm y F1 2.494
Froude number at the end of the jump:
Since 2Q 2 52
F1 y 2
52
F
2 1.20
gm 2 y 5
, 5.657
F2 y1 0.60
F2 2.494 5.657 0.441
III. Energy loss V12 V22
E L E1 E 2 y1 y 2
2g 2g
A1 1 0.6 0.36 m
2 2
V1 1.541 0.36 4.281m / s
A2 1 1.2 1.44 m 2
2
V2 1.54 1.44 1.070 m / s
E L 0.6
4.281
2
1.2
1.070
2
1.534 1.258 0.276 m
2 9.81 2 9.81
Class Question
Water flows in a wide channel at q =10 𝒎𝟑 /(s.m) and 𝒚𝟏 = 1.25 m. If the flow
undergoes a hydraulic jump, compute (a) 𝒚𝟐 , (b) 𝑽𝟐 , (c) 𝑭𝒓𝟐 , (d) 𝒉𝒇 , (e) the percentage
dissipation, (f) the power dissipated per unit width, and (g) the temperature rise due
to dissipation if 𝑪𝒑 4200 J/(kg. K).
Solution: 𝒒 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝟑 /(s.m)
𝑽𝟏 = = = 𝟖. 𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝒚𝟏 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎
The upstream Froude number is therefore
𝑽𝟏 𝟖. 𝟎
𝑭𝒓𝟏 = 𝟏/𝟐
= 𝟏/𝟐
= 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟓
𝒈𝒚𝟏 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏(𝟏. 𝟐𝟓)
𝟐𝒚𝟐
This is a weak jump. The depth 𝒚𝟐 is obtained from = −𝟏 + (𝟏 + 𝟖𝑭𝒓𝟐𝟏 )𝟏/𝟐
𝒚𝟏
𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
= −𝟏 + (𝟏 + 𝟖(𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟓) ) = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟒
𝒚𝟏
𝟏
𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚𝟏 𝟓. 𝟓𝟒 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎
𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝒚𝟏 𝟖. 𝟎(𝟏. 𝟐𝟓)
The downstream velocity is 𝑽𝟐 = = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
𝒚𝟐 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔
𝑽𝟐 𝟐. 𝟖𝟗
The downstream Froude number is 𝑭𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏/𝟐
= 𝟏/𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟔
𝒈𝒚𝟐 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏(𝟑. 𝟒𝟔)
(𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 − 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓)𝟑
As expected, 𝑭𝒓𝟐 is subcritical, the dissipation loss is 𝒉𝒇 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎
𝟒(𝟑. 𝟒𝟔)(𝟏. 𝟐𝟓)
The percentage dissipation relates 𝒉𝒇 to upstream energy:
𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝟖𝟐
𝑬𝟏 = 𝒚 𝟏 + = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 + = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟏
𝟐𝒈 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝒉𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝟎.𝟔𝟐𝟓)
Hence percentage loss = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = = 𝟏𝟒 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑬𝟏 𝟒.𝟓𝟏
The power dissipated per unit width is
𝑵 𝒎𝟑
Power= 𝝆𝒈𝒒𝒉𝒇 = 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟑 𝒌𝑾/𝒎
𝒎 𝒔.𝒎
Finally, the mass flow rate is 𝒎ሶ = 𝝆𝒒 (1000 kg/𝒎𝟑 )[10 𝒎𝟑 /(s.m)] 10,000 kg/(s m), and the
temperature rise from the steady flow energy equation is
ሶ 𝒑 ∆𝑻
Power dissipated = 𝒎𝒄
𝑾 𝑱
𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 10,000 kg/(s m) 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎 . 𝑲 ∆𝑻
𝒎 𝒌𝒈
from which ∆𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝑲
The dissipation is large, but the temperature rise is negligible
