CHAPTER 9-2

Introduction to Statistics

ORGANIZING AND
GRAPHING DATA
 RAW DATA
Raw data:
Data recorded in the sequence in which they are collected and
before they are processed or ranked are called raw data.
Table 2.1 Ages of 50 Students

Table 2.2 Status of 50 Students

ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING DATA
 Frequency Distributions
 Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions
 Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data
 Frequency Distributions

Definition
A frequency distribution of a qualitative variable lists all
categories and the number of elements that belong to each of the
categories.

Table 2.3: Types of employment students intend to engage in

 Example 2-1
A sample of 30 persons who often consume donuts were asked
what variety of donuts was their favorite. The responses from
these 30 persons were as follows:
glazed filled other plain glazed other
frosted filled filled glazed other frosted
glazed plain other glazed glazed filled
frosted plain other other frosted filled
filled other frosted glazed glazed filled

Construct a frequency distribution table for these data.

Example 2-1: Solution
Table 2.4 Frequency Distribution of Favorite Donut Variety
 Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions
Relative Frequency of a Category
Frequency of that category
Re lative frequency of a category =
Sum of all frequencies
Percentage
Percentage = (Relative frequency)  100%
Example 2-2
Determine the relative frequency and percentage for the data in
Table 2.4.
Table 2.5: Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions of Favorite Donut Variety
 Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data

A graph made of bars whose heights represent the frequencies of

respective categories is called a bar graph.

Figure 2.1: Bar graph for the frequency distribution of Table 2.4
 Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data
A circle divided into portions that represent the relative
frequencies or percentages of a population or a sample belonging
to different categories is called a pie chart.

Table 2.6: Calculating Angle Sizes for the Pie Chart

Figure 2.2 Pie chart for the percentage distribution of Table 2.5.
ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING QUANTITATIVE
 Frequency Distributions
 Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables
 Relative and Percentage Distributions
 Graphing Grouped Data
Table 2.7 Weekly Earnings of 100 Employees of a Company
 Frequency Distributions
Definitions
▪ A frequency distribution for quantitative data lists all the classes
and the number of values that belong to each class. Data
presented in the form of a frequency distribution are called
grouped data.
▪ The class boundary is given by the midpoint of the upper limit
of one class and the lower limit of the next class.
▪ Finding Class Width
Class width = Upper boundary – Lower boundary
▪ Calculating Class Midpoint or Mark
Lower limit + Upper limit
Class midpoint or mark =
2
▪ Calculation of Class Width
Largest value - Smallest value
Approximate class width =
Number of classes
Table 2.8 Class Boundaries, Class Widths, and Class
Midpoints for Table 2.7
 Example 2-3
The following data give the total number of laptops sold by a
store on each of 30 days. Construct a frequency distribution table.

8 25 11 15 29 22 10 5 17 21

22 13 26 16 18 12 9 26 20 16

23 14 19 23 20 16 27 16 21 14

The minimum value is 5, and the maximum value is 29. Suppose we decide
to group these data using 5 classes of equal width. Then,
29 − 5
Approximate width of each class = = 4.8
5

Now we round this approximate width to a convenient number, say 5. The

lower limit of the first class can be taken as 5 or any number less than 5.
Suppose we take 5 as the lower limit of the first class. Then our classes
will be
5 – 9, 10 – 14, 15 – 19, 20 – 24, and 25 – 29
Table 2.9: Frequency Distribution for the Data on Laptops
Sold
Laptops Sold

Calculate the relative frequencies and percentages for Table 2.9.

Example 2-4: Solution
Table 2.10 Relative Frequency and Percentage
Distributions for Table 2.9

Laptops Sold
 Graphing Grouped Data

Definition
A histogram is a graph in which classes are marked on the
horizontal axis. The frequencies, relative frequencies, or
percentages are marked on the vertical axis and are represented
by the heights of the bars.
In a histogram, the bars are drawn adjacent to each other.

Laptops sold Laptops sold

 Example 2-6
The administration in a large city wanted to know the distribution
of vehicles owned by households in that city. A sample of 40
randomly selected households from this city produced the
following data on the number of vehicles owned:

5 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 1
1 3 3 0 2 5 1 2 3 4
2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
4 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 3

Construct a frequency distribution table for these data using

single-valued classes.
Example 2-6: Solution
Table 2.13 Frequency Distribution of Vehicles Owned
The observations assume only
six distinct values: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 5. Each of these six values
is used as a class in the
frequency distribution.