CERTIFICATE IT 1S TO CERTIFY THAT AYUSH KUMAR OF CLASS XII-A HAS PERFORMED THIS PROJECT-"STUDY OF CANCER" UNDER MY SUPERVISION. DR. J.S.RA BIOLOGY TEACHER JNV,FOROZABAD MINGACKNOWLEDGEMENT As a student of Class XiIl, | did this project as a part of my studies entitled “Study of Cancer”. | owe a deep sense of gratitude to my biology teacher DR. J.S. RAJPUT, whose valuable advice, guidance helped me in doing this project from conception to completion. At the same time, | cannot forget to express my gratitude to our school Vice Principal MRS DIVYA SAXENA tor extending his generous, patronage and constant encouragement. Finally | am thankful to my parents for helping me economically, and my friantls for being a helping hand at every step-of this project.Lymphoma- Non Hodke skin Melanoma Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Prostate Cancer Thyroid Cancer Uterine Cancer + Brain Cancer 3, Signs and Symptoms It produces no symptoms at the beginning of cancer, the actual symptoms starts when there is a mass growth or Ulcerates, Peaple may become anxious or depressed post-diagnosis, The risk of suicide in people with cancer is approximately double. Mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus resulting in cough or Pneumonia; Esophageal Cancercan cause narrowing of the Esophaqus, making it difficult or painful to swallow; and Colorectal Cancer may lead to narrowing or blockages in the Bowel, affecting bowel habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may produce observable lumps. Ulceration can cause bleeding that, if it occurs in the lung, will lead to coughing up blood, in the bowels{| MMUNOTHERAPYEstimated Percentage of Cancer Cases Caused by Identifiable and/or Potentially Preventable Factors 9, Treatment of Cancer: ASURGERY a SURGERY aCONTENTS WHAT IS CANCER ACTUALLY? COMMON TYPES OF CANCER SIGN AND SYMPTOMS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL CELLAND | — CANCER CELL HOW DOES CANCER CELLS ACTIVATE? PREVENTION STEPS DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER TREATMENT OF CANCER BIBLIOGRAPHY aystupy OF CANCERSTUDY OF CANCER 1, What is Cancer actually? Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth with a potential to invade to other parts of the body. In contrast benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely. [Cancer cets stealing energy from ‘rormal neath cell, Cancer develops when the cel's genetic ‘material gets damage or mutated, 2, Common types of Cancer 4 + Bladder Cancer Breast Cancer Colorectal Cancer Kidney Cancer Lung CancerGlutathione plays a major role in the antioxidant activities of the body. Evidence shows that this molecule alone has the ability to influence cancer risk in a directly correlative manner. This means that by increasing your body's supply of glutathione, you are drastically improving its ability to control free radicals before they damage cells. There are several ways in which you can increase your supply of glutathione. 8 Ways to Boost Glutathione Lsnkahonviurcens 2 ini Teter 3. Glutothion 4 crucioustul vegetables ty Fond ith Ceaser Songements Get YoerSunonting ‘nd ‘wna ei EXPERIENCE LIFE 7, Development of CancerFour Basic Stages of Cancer Cancer has. the other rts of the body casee dlage femtsipeosm — -D Genwi Cancer cette $10 be inte surrounding arees isreate— weronconie stam Cc 8, Main Causes of Cancer: {2 Tobacco use is the cause of about 33% of cancer deaths. @ Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, excessive drinking of alcohol. {4 Nearly 20% of cancer cause Is due to hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus. {4 Approximately 5-10% of cancer is due to inherited genetic defect from person’s parents.to anemia or rectal bleeding, in the bladder to blood in the urine and in the uterus to vaginal bleeding. These are some local symptoms which can show up the growth of cancer cells. Ulcerates: Sore on the skin or a mu- cous membrane accompanied by disintegration of tissue. Results in complete loss of epidermis. 4, Difference between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells NORMAL CELLS CANCER CELLS CELL REPRODUCTION Cell reproduction is needed to | These cells may have gene replenish the cell population mutations or chromosome that ages or becomes mutations that affect the damaged or destroyed. reproductive properties the Normal cells reproduce cells. They don’t experience properly. biological aging and maintain their ability to replicate and “grow.‘Maturation: immature - Doesnt mature ‘Communication: Doesnt communicate Visttey: Inst to immune cols ‘Blood Supply: Tumor angiogenesis ‘Oxygen: Doesntike or require oxygen Glucose: Loves craves glucose ‘Enargy Emciency: Very low 5%) ‘Amount of ATP: 2 units of ATP Call Environment: Acidic Nutrient Preterence: Glucose Death: Mortality (Apoptosis) Maturation: mature (Cell differentiation) ‘Communication: communicates Visibility: visible to immune cells, with (D ‘ood Supply: Anglogenesls during repalr ‘Oxygen: Requites oxygen Glucose: Requites some glucose Energy Efficiency: Very high (95%) “Amount of ATP: 38 units of ATP CellEnvironment: Alkaline ‘Nutrient Preference: Ft, Ketone, Glucose | 5, How Does Cancer cells activate? It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged DNA. Because DNA is encoded with the instructions for cell behavior, damaged DNA can alter cell processes including those that regulate growth and division. This is supported by the fact that tissues which have a high cell-division rate, such as bone and lymph, are the most common sites for cancer. Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as switch that can be turned on or off depending on cell needs. Free radicals have the ability to break DNA strands which can result in some genes being permanently switched on, such is the case with cancerous cell growth. Although it is often taught that the DNA mutations thatTHANK YOu!lead to cancer happen at random, research suggests there are epigenetic triggers that may increase prevalence of DNA damage: Col) Freeradical = Damaged eer Breer Pah pases 6, Prevention Steps: DNA is vital for cell function and the body has mechanisms by which it protects DNA from being damaged. One of the most important mechanisms is the one responsible for the production of antioxidants. A major step in the prevention of DNA damage, and therefore cancer, would be to optimize antioxidant activity. Research has suggested that this can be achieved through the adoption of a diet that incorporates antioxidant rich foods or extracts.