FACTORS FOR UNIT CONVERSIONS
Quantity Equivalent Values
Mass 1 kg ⳱ 1000 g ⳱ 0.001 metric ton ⳱ 2.20462 lbm ⳱ 35.27392 oz
1 lbm ⳱ 16 oz ⳱ 5 ⫻ 10⫺4 ton ⳱ 453.593 g ⳱ 0.453593 kg
Length 1 m ⳱ 100 cm ⳱ 1000 mm ⳱ 106 microns (m) ⳱ 1010 angstroms (Å)
⳱ 39.37 in. ⳱ 3.2808 ft ⳱ 1.0936 yd ⳱ 0.0006214 mile
1 ft ⳱ 12 in. ⳱ 1冫 3 yd ⳱ 0.3048 m ⳱ 30.48 cm
Volume 1 m3 ⳱ 1000 L ⳱ 106 cm3 ⳱ 106 mL
⳱ 35.3145 ft3 ⳱ 220.83 imperial gallons ⳱ 264.17 gal
⳱ 1056.68 qt
1 ft3 ⳱ 1728 in.3 ⳱ 7.4805 gal ⳱ 0.028317 m3 ⳱ 28.317 L
⳱ 28,317 cm3
Force 1 N ⳱ 1 kg⭈m/s2 ⳱ 105 dynes ⳱ 105 g⭈cm/s2 ⳱ 0.22481 lbf
1 lbf ⳱ 32.174 lbm ⭈ft/s2 ⳱ 4.4482 N ⳱ 4.4482 ⫻ 105 dynes
Pressure 1 atm ⳱ 1.01325 ⫻ 105 N/m2 (Pa) ⳱ 101.325 kPa ⳱ 1.01325 bar
⳱ 1.01325 ⫻ 106 dynes/cm2
⳱ 760 mm Hg at 0⬚C (torr) ⳱ 10.333 m H2 O at 4⬚C
⳱ 14.696 lbf /in.2 (psi) ⳱ 33.9 ft H2 O at 4⬚C
⳱ 29.921 in. Hg at 0⬚C
Energy 1 J ⳱ 1 N⭈m ⳱ 107 ergs ⳱ 107 dyne⭈cm
⳱ 2.778 ⫻ 10⫺7 kW⭈h ⳱ 0.23901 cal
⳱ 0.7376 ft-lbf ⳱ 9.486 ⫻ 10⫺4 Btu
Power 1 W ⳱ 1 J/s ⳱ 0.23901 cal/s ⳱ 0.7376 ft⭈lbf /s ⳱ 9.486 ⫻ 10⫺4 Btu/s
⳱ 1.341 ⫻ 10⫺3 hp
冢 冣
2.20462 lbm
Example: The factor to convert grams to lbm is .
1000 g
662 APPENDIX A. Conversion Factors and Values of the Gas Constant
Table A.1: Conversion Factors
Quantity Conversion
Length 1 m = 100 cm
= 3.28084 (ft)= 39.3701 (in)
Mass 1 kg = 103 g
= 2.20462(lbm)
Force 1 N = 1 kg·m·s−2
= 105 (dyne)
= 0.224809(lbf)
Pressure 1 bar = 105kg·m−1·s−2 = 105N·m−2
= 105Pa = 102kPa
6 −2
= 10 (dyne)·cm
= 0.986923 (atm)
= 14.5038 (psia)
= 750.061 (torr)
Volume 1 m3 = 106cm3 = 103liters
= 35.3147 (ft)3
= 264.172 (gal)
Density 1 g·cm−3= 103kg·m−3
= 62.4278 (lb m)(ft)−3
Energy 1 J = 1 kg·m2 ·s−2 = 1 N·m
= 1 m3 ·Pa = 10−5 m3 ·bar = 10 cm3·bar
= 9.86923 cm3·(atm)
= 107(dyne)·cm = 10 7 (erg)
= 0.239006 (cal)
= 5.12197 × 10−3 (ft)3(psia) = 0.737562 (ft)(lb f)
= 9.47831 × 10−4 (Btu) = 2.77778 × 10−7kW·h
Power 1 kW = 103W = 103kg·m2 ·s−3 = 103J·s−1
= 239.006 (cal)·s −1
= 737.562 (ft)(l
b f)·s −1
= 0.947831 (Btu)·s−1
= 1.34102 (hp)
Table A.2: Values of the Universal Gas Constant
R = 8.314J·mol−1 ·K−1
= 8.314 m3 ·Pa·mol−1
·K−1
= 83.14cm3·bar·mol−1·K−1= 8314 cm3·kPa·mol−1·K−1
= 82.06cm3 ·(atm)·mol−1 ·K−1
= 62,356cm3 ·(torr)·mol−1 ·K−1
−1 −1 −1 −1
= 1.987(cal)·mol ·K = 1.986(Btu)(lb mole) (R)
= 0.7302(ft) ( atm)(lb mol) (R) = 10.73 (ft) ( psia)(lb mol) (R)
3 −1 −1 3 −1 −1
= 1545(ft)(lbf)(lb mol)−1
(R)−1
TABLE F.1 FORMULAS FOR UNIT CONVERSIONS*
Name, Symbol, Dimensions Conversion Formula
Length L L 1 m 3.281 ft 1.094 yd 39.37 in km ⁄ 1000 106 m
1 ft 0.3048 m 12 in mile ⁄ 5280 km ⁄ 3281
1 mm m ⁄ 1000 in ⁄ 25.4 39.37 mil 1000 m 107 Å
Speed V L⁄T 1 m ⁄ s 3.600 km ⁄ hr 3.281 ft ⁄ s 2.237 mph 1.944 knots
1 ft ⁄ s 0.3048 m ⁄ s 0.6818 mph 1.097 km ⁄ hr 0.5925 knots
Mass m M 1 kg 2.205 lbm 1000 g slug ⁄ 14.59 (metric ton or tonne or Mg) ⁄ 1000
1 lbm lbf·s2 ⁄ (32.17ft) kg ⁄ 2.205 slug ⁄ 32.17 453.6 g
16 oz 7000 grains short ton ⁄ 2000 metric ton (tonne) ⁄ 2205
Density M ⁄ L3 1000 kg ⁄ m3 62.43 lbm ⁄ ft3 1.940 slug ⁄ ft3 8.345 lbm ⁄ gal (US)
Force F ML ⁄ T 2 1 lbf 4.448 N 32.17 lbm·ft ⁄ s2
1 N kg·m ⁄ s2 0.2248 lbf 105 dyne
Pressure P M ⁄ LT 2 1 Pa N ⁄ m2 kg ⁄ m ⴢ s2 10–5 bar 1.450 × 10– 4 lbf ⁄ in2 inch H2O ⁄ 249.1
1 Pa 0.007501 torr 10.00 dyne ⁄ cm2
1 atm 101.3 kPa 2116 psf 1.013 bar 14.70 lbf ⁄ in2 33.90 ft of water
1 atm 29.92 in of mercury 10.33 m of water 760 mm of mercury 760 torr
1 psi atm ⁄ 14.70 6.895 kPa 27.68 in H2O 51.71 torr
Volume V L3 1 m3 35.31 ft3 1000 L 264.2 U.S. gal
1 ft3 0.02832 m3 28.32 L 7.481 U.S. gal acre-ft ⁄ 43,560
1 U.S. gal 231 in3 barrel (petroleum) ⁄ 42 4 U.S. quarts 8 U.S. pints
3.785 L 0.003785 m3
Volume Flow Q L3 ⁄ T 1 m3 ⁄ s 35.31 ft3 ⁄ s 2119 cfm 264.2 gal (US) ⁄ s 15850 gal (US)/m
Rate
1 cfs 1 ft3 ⁄ s 28.32 L ⁄ s 7.481 gal (US) ⁄ s 448.8 gal (US) ⁄ m
(Discharge)
Mass Flow m· M⁄T 1 kg ⁄ s 2.205 lbm ⁄ s 0.06852 slug ⁄ s
Rate
Energy and E, W ML2 ⁄ T 2 1 J kg·m2 ⁄ s2 N·m W·s volt·coulomb 0.7376 ft·lbf
Work 1 J 9.478 × 10– 4 Btu 0.2388 cal 107 erg kWh ⁄ 3.600 × 106
Power · ·
P, E, W ML2 ⁄ T 3 1 W J ⁄ s N·m ⁄ s kg·m2 ⁄ s3 1.341 × 10–3 hp
0.7376 ft · lbf ⁄ s 1.0 volt-ampere 0.2388 cal ⁄ s 9.478 × 10– 4 Btu ⁄ s
1 hp 0.7457 kW 550 ft·lbf ⁄ s 33,000 ft·lbf ⁄ min 2544 Btu ⁄ h
Angular Speed T –1 1.0 rad ⁄ s 9.549 rpm 0.1591 rev ⁄ s
Viscosity μ M ⁄ LT 1 Pa·s kg ⁄ m·s N·s ⁄ m2 10 poise 0.02089 lbf·s ⁄ ft2 0.6720 lbm ⁄ ft·s
Kinematic L ⁄T
2
1 m2 ⁄ s 10.76 ft2 ⁄ s 106 cSt
Viscosity
Temperature T Θ K °C + 273.15 °R ⁄ 1.8
°C (°F – 32) ⁄ 1.8
°R °F + 459.67 1.8 K
°F 1.8°C + 32
* A useful online reference is [Link]
TABLE F.3 USEFUL CONSTANTS
Name of Constant Value
Acceleration of gravity g 9.81 m ⁄ s2 32.2 ft ⁄ s2
Universal gas constant Ru 8.314 kJ ⁄ kmol ⴢ K 1545 ft ⴢ lbf ⁄ lbmol ⴢ °R
Standard atmospheric pressure patm 1.0 atm 101.3 kPa 14.70 psi 2116 psf 33.90 ft of water
patm 10.33 m of water 760 mm of Hg 29.92 in of Hg 760 torr 1.013 bar
TABLE F.4 PROPERTIES OF AIR [T 20oC (68 oF), p 1 atm]
Property SI Units Traditional Units
Specific gas constant Rair 287.0 J ⁄ kg ⴢ K Rair 1716 ft ⴢ lbf ⁄ slug ⴢ °R
Density 1.20 kg ⁄ m 3
0.0752 lbm ⁄ ft3 0.00234 slug ⁄ ft3
Specific weight 11.8 N ⁄ m3 0.0752 lbf ⁄ ft3
Viscosity 1.81 × 10–5 N ⴢ s ⁄ m2 3.81 × 10–7 lbf ⴢ s ⁄ ft2
Kinematic viscosity 1.51 × 10–5 m2 ⁄ s 1.63 × 10– 4 ft2 ⁄ s
Specific heat ratio k cp ⁄ cv 1.40 k cp ⁄ cv 1.40
Specific heat cp 1004 J ⁄ kg ⴢ K cp 0.241 Btu ⁄ lbm ⴢ °R
Speed of sound c 343 m ⁄ s c 1130 ft ⁄ s
TABLE F.5 PROPERTIES OF WATER [T 15oC (59 oF), p 1 atm]
Property SI Units Traditional Units
Density 999 kg ⁄ m3 62.4 lbm ⁄ ft3 1.94 slug ⁄ ft3
Specific weight 9800 N ⁄ m3 62.4 lbf ⁄ ft3
Viscosity 1.14 × 10–3 N ⴢ s ⁄ m2 2.38 × 10–5 lbf ⴢ s ⁄ ft2
Kinematic viscosity 1.14 × 10–6 m2 ⁄ s 1.23 × 10–5 ft2 ⁄ s
Surface tension 0.073 N ⁄ m 0.0050 lbf ⁄ ft
(water-air)
Bulk modulus of elasticity E 2.14 × 109 Pa Ev 3.10 × 105 psi
v
TABLE F.6 PROPERTIES OF WATER [T 4oC (39 oF), p 1 atm]
Property SI Units Traditional Units
Density 1000 kg ⁄ m3 62.4 lbm ⁄ ft3 1.94 slug ⁄ ft3
Specific weight 9810 N ⁄ m3 62.4 lbf ⁄ ft3
