ATOMIC ENERGY CENTRAL
SCHOOL KAKRAPAR
SESSION 2023-24
PHYSICS Project
On
To study the various factors on which
Internal Resistance of cell depends.
2023-2024
Certificate
This is to Certify that Jyotirmoy
borahKishan Lad of class XII-A, ROLL
NO. 7 of Atomic Energy Central School
Kakrapar has successfully completed the
required Project Work on the topic "To study
the various factors on which Internal
Resistance of cell depends" during Academic
Session 2023-2024 towards partial fulfilment
of the credit for Physics Practical, under my
supervision.
_______________ _____________
Teacher-in-charge External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I, KISHAN LAD, XII-A, submitting this copy of
physics project in the given time period of
academic year 2023-2024.
This project work has completed with Jyotirmoy
borah.
I would like to thank my Physics Teacher GOVIND
SHARMA Sir & mrs. daxa patel ma’am who
constantly guided & helped me in performing this
investigatory project.
Then I would like to thank my parents & friends
who helped me with their valuable suggestions
and guidance has been helped in various phase of
the project.
INTRODUCTION
AIM: To study the various factors on which the Internal resistance
and EMF of cell depends
What is a cell?
A cell is a single electrical energy source that uses chemical
reactions to produce a current.
An electrical cell is an ‘electrical power supply’.
It converts stored chemical energy into electrical potential energy.
The cell comprises two electrodes and an electrolyte. Electrodes are
made of materials that participate in chemical reactions with the
electrolyte.
WHAT IS EMF OF CELL?
• The electromotive force of a cell or EMF of a cell is the
maximum potential difference between two electrodes
of a cell.
• It can also be defined as the net voltage between the
oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
• The EMF of a cell is mainly used to determine whether
an electrochemical cell is galvanic or not.
WHAT IS INTERNAL RESISTANCE
OF A CELL?
• Internal resistance refers to the opposition to the flow
of current offered by the cells and batteries themselves
resulting in the generation of heat.
• Internal resistance is measured in Ohms.
• The relationship between internal resistance (r) and
emf (e) of cell s given by.
e = I (r + R)
• Where, e = EMF i.e electromotive force (Volts), I =
current (A), R = Load resistance, and r is the internal
resistance of cell measured in ohms.
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
To study the various factors on which Internal Resistance of a
cell depends.
APPARATUS:
A potentiometer, a battery (or a battery eliminator), two one
way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, an
ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare,
connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY:
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
Is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r=(E-V)/I
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper
and make tight connections according to the circuit
diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the EMF of the battery and make sure that EMF of
the battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained.
TO STUDY VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH
DISTANCE OF SEPERATION
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat
resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plugin key K2, adjust the rheostat so
that a null point is obtained on the last wire of
potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a
setsquare and measure the balancing length (l1) between
the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the same
time, take out a small resistance (1-5 ohm) from the shunt
resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the
null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P. Record
these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait for some
time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set
of observations.
TO STUDY VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH AREA
OF ELECTRODES
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the are of
electrode in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
15. Obtain three such observation by repeating steps 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
TO STUDY VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH
CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTE
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS:
TABLE FOR EFFECT OF SEPERATION BETWEEN ELECTRODES
TABLE FOR EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
RESULT & INFERENCES:
The EMF of the cell is constant and is constant and is
equal to E=0.98 V.
The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to
the separation between the electrodes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the area of electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the temperature of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when
the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2
should all be connected to the terminal at the zero of
the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross
section and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
FLOWCHART CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCERT CLASS 12
WIKIPEDIA
CLASS NOTES
GOOGLE
THANK YOU
