Contents

Rhetoric ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Adjuncts of manner................................................................................................................................. 1
Points ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Repetition............................................................................................................................................ 2
Transition for ‘seeing/given’................................................................................................................ 2
Agreement .......................................................................................................................................... 2
People who put forward an argument ................................................................................................ 2
Tips ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Progression.............................................................................................................................................. 2
Emphasis ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Possibility/tentative ............................................................................................................................ 2
Number ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Relation ................................................................................................................................................... 3
It .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Much ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
As to ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Consequence........................................................................................................................................... 4
Contrast ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Transition............................................................................................................................................. 4
Case ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Grammar ................................................................................................................................................. 5

Rhetoric

Adjuncts of manner
Degree

To a certain degree

To a certain extent

More or less
Points
Repetition
Rhetoric is the counterpoint to dialectic. Both alike are concerned with such things as come, more or
less, within the general ken of all men and belong to no definite science. Accordingly all men use,
more or less,

Transition for ‘seeing/given’

Agreement
Ordinary people do this either at random or through practice and from acquired habit. Both ways
being possible, the subject can plainly be handled systematically, for it is possible to enquire the
reason why some speakers succeed through practice and others spontaneously; and every one will
agree that such an enquiry is the function of art.

People who put forward an argument

The proponents/advocates/adherents

You must decide for yourself all such points

Tips
Make use – employ – use

This is sound law and custom

As to whether a thing is important or unimportant, just or unjust,

You must decide for yourself as such things as the lawgiver has not defined for you

Now, it is of great moment/importance/significance that

Progression
Conferring and receiving benefits belong to the class of pleasant things; to receive a benefit is to get
what one desires; to confer a benefit implies both possess sion and superiority, both of which are
things we try to attain. It is because beneficent things are pleasant that people find it pleasant to put
their neighbours straight again and to supply what they lack.

Emphasis
There is no need, therefore, to prove anything except that the facts are what the supporter of a
measure maintains they are. In forensic oratory this is not enough; to conciliate the listener is what
pays here. Hence in many places, as we have said already, irrelevant speaking is forbidden.

Possibility/tentative
Possible to enquire the reason why

Use verb – to enquire/to investigate – to explore

As to whether a thing is important or not,

Most of all: The weightiest reason of all

First, to find one man, or few men, who are sensible persons and capable of legislating and
administering justice is easier than to find a large number.

To have your judgement obscured by considerations of personal pleasure

It is not particular, but prospective and general

Number
To find one man, or few men… is easier to find a large number.

Of all = most

The weightiest reason of all is that

Relation
It has nothing to do with

It has everything to do with

He has nothing to do but

It is or is not so

It is not so with

Although the same principles apply to oratory as to forensics, and although the former is nobler,

The former is nobler and fitter for a free citizen

It
The jury find it their duty to

It is other people’s affairs that are to be decided

It is no pleasure to

Much
To be so much influenced by – to allow oneself to be so much influenced by

As to
But questions as to whether something has happened or has not happened, will be or not be, is or is
not, must of necessity be left to the judge, since the lawgiver cannot foresee them.

About the orator’s way of thinking we have nothing to say

Concerning the
Consequence
Hence it comes that

Consequently,

The reason for this is in political oratory there is less inducement to talk about nonessentials.

Hence in many places, as we have said/seen already, irrelevant speaking is forbidden in the law-
courts.

Judges intent on their own satisfaction

The only thing it deals with is how to put Emphasis

Contrast
The weightiest reason of all is that all the decision of the lawgiver is not particular, but prospective
and general, whereas the members of the assembly and the jury find it their duty to decide on
definite cases brought before them.

They will often have allowed themselves to be so influenced by feelings of friendship and hatred or
self-interest that they lose any clear vision of the truth and have their judgement obscured by
considerations of personal pleasure or pain.

In general, then, the judge should, we say, be allowed to decide as few things as possible.

Political oratory is less given to unscrupulous practices than forensic, because it treats wider issues.

Transition
Now, the framers of the current treatises on rhetoric have constructed but a small portion of that art.
The modes of persuasion are the only true constituents of the art: everything else is merely
accessory.

To say/state

Verbs: say, mention, state, approach, discuss, broach

Again, since learning and wondering are pleasant, it follows that such things as acts of imitation
must be pleasant – for instance, painting, sculpture, and every product of skilful imitation; this latter,
even if the product imitated is not itself pleasant; for it is not the object itself which here gives
delight; the spectator draws inferences (This is so-and-aso) and thus learns something fresh.

These writers, however, say nothing about about…, which are…, but deal mainly with essentials

Case
For instance

In this case

In the case of

In case of
Here

There

Grammar
The arousing of preiudice, pity, and similar emotions has nothing to do with – Gerund noun

To refuse to take one’s instructions from – use infinitives

There have been many comparisons

Far through

To pay a compliment

To think it fit to

To think fit to

I envy not their bliss

Fight over

Very nearly

Very possibly

To fend entirely for oneself

To set out on a solitary life

To be out in the cold

To make up for what you lack in size, in daring

To get them into trouble

Straightaway he puts his super senses through their paces

Their habitat is almost barren

To travel vast distance

To do our best to find

To have two big advantages

Lucky for her

To run off into the night

To make a sound

To reach your adult size

Hard to study

Thanks to a handful of

The elusive sand cat

Seldom seen

Known to charge humans without a warning

Last surviving

Their range kept shrinking

It was thought to attack livestock

Their coats blend in with vegetation

Born defenseless

To make oneself appear larger

Known to be aggressive

To eat the same as – do the same

Their diet is determined by their geography

A bite to the back

Estimates as low as 50

When it comes to mating

This could have devastating cats

To fight off disease

There have been lots of efforts and many initiatives taking place right now

Or anywhere really

To overload already packed animal shelters

Keep them home

With each passing generation

To secure the future bloodline

Quite a character

He is not at all dangerous

If it all goes well

Distinctive of that native animal

Quite an actress