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Cantilan, Campus
Cantilan, Surigao Del Sur
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CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY BARANGAY POLICE IN MAINTAINING
PEACE AND ORDER IN BARANGAY PARANG, CANTILAN, SURIGAO DEL
SUR
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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
A community is a formed society of individuals with shared
commonalities and differences with their values, beliefs, culture, traditions,
and other such characteristics. Being a part of a community fosters
connection and communication, fosters relationship-building, creates a sort of
social system, and offers basic necessities for daily life.
Mainly, every individual wishes to live in a neighborhood in
which they may establish their own home and raise a family in the
future. When people choose a place to live, they consider a variety of factors,
including the ideal community's ability to achieve specific conditions
that fit their lifestyle. Nowadays, individuals prefer to settle in areas where
they can achieve a peaceful life. Living in harmony with their neighbors,
having a quiet surrounding, and having a child friendly environment all
provide benefits not only for the residents but for the entire community
(Mondal, 2018).
It was stated that a community is a group of individuals within a
specific geographic area who exhibit some degree of mutual identification,
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interdependence, or activity organization. (Stanford et. al 1989). Whereas in
the context of Philippines, usually, a community of individuals and families
resides in a place or area that is called “Barangay” as the smallest political
subdivision. Thus, this makes up each municipality or city. It is a
government unit composed of “Punong Barangay”, or chief executive is
elected, as are the “Sangguniang Barangay members”, commonly known as
Kagawads, and the Sangguniang Kabataan Chairman. The Lupong
Tagapamayapa members, barangay Tanods, barangay Secretary, and
barangay Treasurer serve as the appointment officers.
Standards must be followed in order to attain the desired conditions,
but safety and security which are now priorities since they lie under the
purview of peace and order must come first. Because there isn't always a
community that is perfectly suited to harmony, peace, and unity, issues and
problems occasionally develop that are bad for the neighborhood. This
includes all potential crimes, including violent ones, as well as disturbances,
disagreements with neighbors, misunderstandings, and risk resulting from
threats.
Enhancing police presence is essential for crime reduction, and it has
always been the foundation of neighborhood protection. The development of a
peacekeeping strategy tailored to the unique circumstances of the Philippines
should prioritize following this path. Essentially, the concept encourages
Philippine National Police (PNP) personnel to proactively combat various
types of criminal activities within their respective jurisdictions, including
insurgency, by fostering active citizen engagement and community
empowerment. The primary responsibility of the police is to uphold peace, and
ensuring police visibility is imperative for maintaining order and tranquility.
However, there are situations where increased police visibility alone may not
suffice, requiring both law enforcement and community members to work
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collaboratively in crime prevention. Community support is indispensable, as
the PNP's fundamental mission emphasizes that only through active
community involvement can peace, order, and public safety be guaranteed.
Maintaining peace and order within a peaceful community is of utmost
importance, and it is crucial for every family member to be aware of the
consequences of crime. There is no room for doubt in this regard; it is an
unequivocal fact. The perpetual instability of peace and order in the
Philippines underscores the necessity for the government to redouble its
efforts to promote economic advancement and development when
communities lack stability in this regard.
In addition to the crucial presence of the Philippine National Police
(PNP) in the community, authorities have taken the initiative to form a
committee tasked with upholding order during the nighttime. These individuals,
known as "Barangay Tanods/ Barangay Police," play a vital role in preventing
disruptive incidents that may arise during the night and contribute to the
establishment of peace and order within the neighborhood.
In the Philippines, a barangay is a small community, basic
political entity and is charged with maintaining law and order. Republic Act No.
7160 of the The Local Government Code of 1991, states that the
barangay's responsibility is to maintain law and order within the barangay.
According to Department of Interior and Local Government Memorandum
(DILG) Circular 2003-42, which elevates these The Barangay Service
Point Officers (BSPOs) maintain law and order along with the public's
awareness of public safety. Within the barangay, peace and order committee,
which is led by the punong barangay, with assistance from the barangay
tanods, is responsible for maintaining peace and order.
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Additionally, the "Barangay Tanods" consist of a dedicated team of
civilian volunteers who are committed to safeguarding the community against
lawless elements and actively engage in crime prevention efforts, particularly
in areas with limited police presence. They serve as the front line defenders of
peace and order in every barangay.
In this study, a quantitative research approach with a descriptive-
correlational design was employed. The research utilized a custom-made
instrument, a questionnaire checklist, to gauge the challenges encountered
among barangay enforcers. Additionally, an interview guide was utilized to
evaluate the accuracy of their responses.
The researcher delves into the challenges faced by barangay tanods in
maintaining peace and order to identify the level of familiarity with their
responsibilities, first responder role, as well as patrolling and hazard
identification responsibilities of barangay tanods.
Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework
The theories that supports this study are routine activity theory,
symbolic interaction theory and social control theory. Based on the routine
activity theory of cohen and felson (1979), crime occurs when three elements
converge: (1) a motivated offender (2) a suitable target (3) the absence of a
capable guardian. All three must come together in order for criminal activity to
be realized. Routine activity theory relies on the same choice methodology as
situational crime prevention technique.
There are practitioners like barangay peacekeeping and security officer
have applied routine activities theory in applying some practices and
preventive strategies in conducting daytime and nighttime patrol. The
presence of community is based on patrol which basically refers to BPSO, is
held to deter individuals from offending. These physical security measures
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help limit an offender's access to suitable targets.
The essential aspect of routine activities theory is the interaction of
motivation, opportunity and targets. In this way, the presence of BPSO's will
deter most offenders, rendering even attractive targets off limits. Therefore
presence of opportunity coupled with a lack of guardianship increases criminal
motivations and the likelihood of an offence taking place.
In the social control theory, Durkheim states that "we are moral beings
to the extent that we are social beings" (Durkheim 2002, p. 64). In his view,
crime serves the function of identitying boundaries for behavior, which are
recognized collectively in communities and reinforced by negative societal
reactions. Social order is thereby maintained by the process of being
socialized to avoid disapproval associated with deviant acts. This process
also is the means by which boundaries are altered and social change occurs.
Social control theory relates on how authorities can prevent a crime to
occur. Knowing a community's whole population, especially those who live in
high-crime areas, is crucial for helping residents come up with effective
solutions for their neighborhood. They should know to connect with the people
and established an initial rapport with the people within the community in
order to build a positive and progressive relationship among them.
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Surveys and Surveys and
Interviews Interviews Identification of the
Identification of the
challenges challenges
Demographic profileDemographicAnalysis
profile of the results
Analysis of the results
ecountered byecountered by
of Barangay Police of Barangay
from the surveys
Police from the surveys
barangay policebarangay police
from PARANG, answered by the
from PARANG, answered by the
officer’s in officer’s in
CANTILAN, respondents
CANTILAN, respondents
maintaining Peace
maintaining Peace
SURIGAO DEL DURSURIGAO DEL DUR
and Order. and Order.
This study is centered on the challenges ecountered by barangay
police officer’s in maintaining Peace and Order in Barangay Parang, Cantilan,
Surigao del Sur. Specifically, it seeks to find answers to the following
questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
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1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Civil Status
1.4 Educational Attainment
1.5 Years of service as Barangay Tanod/Barangay Police
2. What are the trainings that respondents received in terms of:
2.1 Crime Scene Protection and Preservation
2.2 Crisis Management
2.3 Incident Report Writing
2.4 Basic Patrol Operations
2.5 Traffic Assistance
2.6 Arrest, Search and Seizure
3. What are the challenges encountered by the respondents?
[Link] serious are the problems encountered by the Barangay tanods in crime
prevention?
[Link] recommendations can be drawn based on the findings of the study?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The researchers honestly believed that the results of this study
deemed significance to the following:
Community- This study could give significance to the community since the
assessment of the effectiveness of crime prevention could help the safety
needs of the people.
Local Government Units – This study could provide information on different
ways to prevent crime in their area.
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Philippine National Police – This study can provide vital information of the
different problems faced by barangay tanods.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This study focuses only on the challenges encountered barangay
tanods in maintaining peace and order. Selected barangay enforcers in
Parang, Cantilan, Surigao del Sur were surveyed and were interviewed
accordingly. Results of the survey and interviews were analyzed by the
researchers, and were interpreted. After the entire process, the researchers
identified the effectiveness of barangay tanods in crime prevention and the
possible effects it could bring to the community. Other matters outside the
boundaries of the scope are no longer part of the study.
Definition of terms
For a clearer understanding of the terms used in this study, the
following are defined operationally:
Barangay - a small territorial and administrative district forming the most local
level of government.
Barangay tanod - also known as a barangay police officer – and sometimes
as BPSO is the lowest level of law enforcement officer in the Philippines.
Peace and order - refer to a state of tranquility, stability, and control within a
society or community, where laws and regulations are upheld, and there is a
lack of conflict, violence, or disorder. In such a state, individuals can go about
their daily lives without fear of harm, and their rights and safety are protected
by law enforcement agencies and the legal system. Peace and order are
essential for the well-being and development of a society, as they create an
environment in which people can live, work, and interact harmoniously,
fostering social cohesion and progress.
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literatures
This chapter includes a number of articles and studies that provided as
background material for the fundamental idea that this study set out to explore.
Similarly, in order to give a useful foundation for the study, this part offers
chosen readings and conclusions from other studies conducted both locally
and internationally.
Promotion of peace is one of the sustainable development goals of the
United Nations (UN). This demonstrates the importance of peaceful societies
in paving the way for sustainable development. Peace is an indicator of the
attainment of the UN aims to improve the living conditions of all people now
substantially and in future generation and to protect the planet Earth. The
international community values peace and justice and calls for stronger
judicial systems that will enforce laws and work toward a more peaceful and
just society.
Foreign
Peace and security are some of the things that every individual expect
in its immediate community. It is a feeling that “The importance of providing a
sense of security among people in public spaces cannot be underestimated.”
The feeling of insecurity can make people anti-social and cause the stress-
related outcome. Hence, there is a need for the maintenance of peace and
order in the community to provide a secure feeling as well as safety for the
residents (Shehayeb, 2008).
Johan Galtung (1964) as cited by Grewal (2003) states that there are
two kinds of peace, the negative peace, and positive peace. Negative peace
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refers to the absence of violence. When, for example, a ceasefire is enacted,
a negative peace will ensue. It is negative because something undesirable
stopped happening. While positive peace is filled with positive content such as
the restoration of relationships, the creation of social systems that serve the
needs of the whole population and the constructive resolution of conflict.
Peace does not mean the total absence of any conflict. It means the absence
of violence in all forms and the unfolding of conflict in a constructive way.
Peace, therefore, exists where people are interacting non-violently and are
managing their conflict positively with respectful attention to the legitimate
needs and interest of all concerned.
Under the Philippine perspective, Soriano (2013) cited that there were
laws promulgated by chieftains and council elders in the Philippines no matter
how primitive. Customary laws were handed down orally from generation to
generation and constituted the bulk of laws of the barangay. Written laws
were those promulgated by the chieftain and his elders time to time. Only a
few of the written laws have come down to the present because the elements
have destroyed many. Disputes are inevitable in any society, and the Filipino
society before the arrival of the Spaniards was not an exception. Disputes
were usually decided peacefully through a court composed of the chieftain as
judge and the barangay elders as the jury. Conflicts arising between subjects
of different barangay were resolved through arbitration by a board composed
of elders from a neutral barangay.
The study of Jones (1998) in Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom indicated
that higher tier authority had increased the advisory and consultative role to
community councils through widespread support within the planning
profession for an enhanced role and the community councils were satisfied
with their present duties and powers. Likewise, it was revealed that the
community council level being involved with more innovative public
participation techniques precipitated by the higher tier authorities is necessary,
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particularly in rural areas where the local issues require sensitive analysis and
explanation. The new governance of rural Wales has generated new
pressures and opportunities on local authorities to deal with rural concerns;
officers within the unitary authorities could well find local government
reorganization has been the stimulus to deal with community development
matters on a more strategic basis and recognize the importance of forming
better working partnerships with their community council colleagues.
The same concept was discovered in the study Foutz (1993) that
through community participation technique, the local government can achieve
more goals. The study also found that mayor-council governments utilize
citizen participation more frequently. The frequency of use of citizen
participation and overall utilization rates were consistent with conventional
wisdom which would assume that the larger the population size, use of citizen
participation would increase.
Bush (2004) emphasized that one of the striking characteristics of
Local Government is the ability to strengthen public participation for peace-
building. Municipal governments play a crucial role in encouraging,
harnessing, and facilitating the participation of various stakeholders in
promoting peace including supporting local level, community-based peace
initiatives involving peace advocates from the ground. Public participation and
communitybased mechanisms such as dialogues, consultations, and public
information campaign may be effectively undertaken by the municipal
governments in partnerships with peace advocates and peace bodies in the
community, possibly even at the national and international spheres. By
working within such strategic partnerships (local, national and international),
municipal governments may optimize their positive peace-building impacts.
Locale
Soriano (2013) mentioned that the prevention and control of crime is
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not the sole duty and responsibility of the government but also the duty and
responsibility of the society and every member of the community. Active
community involvement or group participation can be best achieved through
the barangay and its members. The barangay is a cohesive group of
inhabitants possessing the commitment and performing a well-defined and
significant role that can be transformed into productive and harmonious action
for the prevention and control of crime and delinquency. Thus, people of the
community must be involved and committed in the fight against crime. This
means that all violations of law must be reported to the police authorities.
Once reported, vital witnesses must be willing to pursue the case against the
suspect. It is only through the active participation of the community that a high
level of stability, peace, and order can be achieved.
The barangay must exercise its lawful functions in monitoring all the
residents within its jurisdiction, especially those who are engaged in criminal
activities. Close coordination with the police department within their locality
must be established for crime prevention and even criminal detection and
apprehension (Guererro, 2013).
Correspondingly, Gaventa (2004) as cited in the study of Gabriel and
Manuzon (2016) stated that the role of Barangay is essential to strengthening
local and participatory governance. Popular participation in local governance
is seen as an essential element in the economic and political development of
a country. Citizens participation in community programs and projects
designed to develop the countryside at the same time widen democratic
participation is best implemented at the barangay level.
The reorganization of the peace and order brought by Executive Order
No. 309 shows the critical importance of the participation of the citizenry in the
peace and order situation of the community. The peace and order council
which is a measure to counteract the threat to peace and order posed by
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criminality, insurgency, and subversion requires the dedicated efforts of all
government officials and the citizens. The council reorganized in the national,
regional, provincial, and municipal levels is composed of the Secretary of the
Interior and Local Government as Chairman; Secretary of National Defense
as Vice-Chairman; and members are the Secretary of Justice, Social Work
and Development, Public Works and Highways, Trade and Industry, Press
Secretary, Director of National Security Council, the Director of the National
Bureau of Investigation, Chairman of the National Power Corporation,
Chairman of the Commission on Human Rights, Executive Director of the
Dangerous Drug Board, the Armed Forces Chief of Staff, the Chief of the
Philippine National Police, and eight representatives from the private sector
representing the academe, civic, religious, youth, labor, legal, business, and
media organizations.
The municipal peace and order council is composed of the city or
municipal counterparts of the departments, offices, and agencies composing
the national level with the City/Municipal Mayor as Chairman and the
respective Vice-Mayor as the Vice-Chairman. Besides, there shall be one
representative from the Sangguniang Bayan. The Municipal Peace and Order
Council shall be responsible for the proper management and supervision of
the civilian volunteer organizations in coordination with other appropriate
government entities.
Furthermore, Executive Order No. 309 mandating the existence of the
Barangay Peace and Order Councils was created because of the recognition
of the government on the need to enhance the effectiveness of the Peace and
Order Council (POC) in its crime prevention and suppression mission through
the expansion of its membership and the extension of its infrastructure down
to the barangay level. Participants recommended the establishment of a
peace and order organization at the barangay level to the law enforcement
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workshop during the 4th National Summit on Peace and Order held on April
11-12, 1996 at the PICC, Manila. The organization of peace and order bodies
in the barangays is also consistent with Senate Resolution No. 145, s. of 1992
urging the establishment of barangay Crime Watch Centers (BCWCs)
nationwide to serve as an effective community-based crime prevention
monitoring and coordinating mechanism.
Along the foregoing concept, Domingo (2004) examined the extent of
participation of the barangay peace and order council of Cagayan Valley
Region, the result established that the barangay peace and order council such
the barangay officials, Tanods, SK Chairmen, and community residents are
involved in the supervision of the PNP programs against illegal drugs,
however, the BPOC showed lower involvement during the planning and
monitoring stages of the PNP program.
Parallel findings in the prior study of Cudal (1997) claiming that the
community such the barangay officials, youth, and school officials of
Tuguegarao, Cagayan have much participation in the crime prevention
programs of the municipality. On the other hand, the religious group, media,
business sectors, and NGO’s have reflected a lower level of involvement
towards the crime prevention programs.
Cadorna and Velasco (2008) discovered that the barangays in Vigan
City, Philippines have well-organized committees and councils such Barangay
Tanod/Bantay Bayan which help maintain the peace and order situation of the
barangays; the Lupong Tagapamayapa, which is responsible in the amicable
settlement of disputes between and among barangay residents; and the
Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council, having the purpose to equip the
barangay residents with proper information on what to do in times of disaster
or calamity.
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On the contrary, Orbista (2012) found that Non-Government
Organizations in the Philippines have not participated in the planning process
of the Local Government Units, although some NGOs have been involved in
the implementation of programs, projects and activities (PPAs). The Local
Special Bodies (LSBs) of the LGUs do not regularly conduct the mandated
meetings wherein the NGOs have not participated in basic policy-making
processes in the LGUs. Further, the study discovered that the size of the LGU
does not indicate effective cooperation with NGOs. Likewise, the size of the
NGOs does not determine active participation with the LGU. Lastly, the study
revealed that the size of the LGU does not matter in multi-sectoral policy
making such as those in the Municipal Development Council (MDC) and
Municipal Peace and Order Council (MPOC) since policy formulation is less
focused and more complex and that appears to be introducing barriers to
participation.
Meanwhile, Bote (2013) conducted a study examining the factors
affecting the community to participate in the programs of Barangay San Juan,
Hagunoy, Bulacan. The study surfaced that community participation is gained
through government advocacies specifically from the support of the barangay
officials among the residents of the community.
Along with functionality of the barangay council, the study of Agustin,
Rovero, Paraon, Taguinod, and Turingan (2018) assessed the functionality of
Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council members in the performance of their
duties and functions. Based on the results of this study, the researchers
concluded that the members of the Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council of the
different Barangays of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan are functional. They are
well aware of their duties and responsibilities, and they undertake to carry out
the same effect. While the council members find difficulty in executing
activities under the Operational stage as the same involves technical and
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legal issues, it behoves to them to take necessary actions so that the same
are implemented. The result of this study validates that Barangay AntiDrug
Abuse Council Members in the different barangays of Tuguegarao City,
Cagayan are performing their functions based on their assessment.
Similarly, the study of Cadorna (2008) evaluated the productivity and
performance of the barangays in the Heritage City of Vigan, the Philippines
regarding the barangays' resource requirements, management of resources,
produced goods and services, and outcomes of service delivery. The study
reflected that the barangays are active in the area of barangay legislations
wherein the barangays have complied with the required number of barangay
council sessions and general assemblies. The barangays are also active in
community mobilization to include strong linkages with Pos, NGOs, and
educational institutions. For the protective services, the barangays fared well
in establishing Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council, Barangay Tanod, and
Anti-Drug Abuse Council although the practice of regular household visitation
was not widespread in all the barangays.
The results showed that, in accordance with the previously mentioned
literature, the Barangay Captain's duties as the chairman of the Barangay
peace and order committee have been delegated to the nominated officer,
which is a type of decentralization. In terms of procedures and tactics, the
Patrol System is used by the barangay peace and order council to combat
crime. Nevertheless, the study clarified a number of problems facing the
barangay's peace and order committee, chief among them the lack of funding
for additional staff members, tools, and supplies, as well as increased
assistance from other local government officials.
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Research Methodology
Research Design
This study is phenomenological focused on studying emotions and
attitudes on societal and public affairs, thus making it a qualitative type of
research. Also, this study aims to analyze information conveyed through
language and behavior in the natural setting. This study does not use
counting, measuring, nor use statistical tools and methods.
Research Locale
This study is conducted at the locality of Parang, from the municipality
of Cantilan province of Surigao del Sur. Survey was conducted at the
Barangay Local Government Unit office of Parang.
Respondents and Sampling Technique
Chosen respondents for this study are Barangay Tanods serving in the
locality of Parang, Cantilan, Surigao del Sur.
Purposive sampling was applied in determining the respondents, for
the selection relied on the judgments of the researchers in selecting the units
to be used in the study.
The basis for the identification of respondents is anchored to Crouch
and McKenzie (2006)’s proposal that less than 20 participants in a qualitative
study helps a researcher build and maintain a close relationship and thus
improve the open and frank exchange of information. Moreover, the
considered ideal sample size is 15-20 individual respondents.
Research Instrument
The research instrument of the study is a questionnaire made by the
researchers. The questionnaire will have the employee’s background
information which includes his/her name (Optional).1
An affixation from the respondent is also included as the last part of the
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questionnaire. This upholds the employee’s signature, and his/her date of
input.
Data Collection and Procedures
This study’s data gathering started on the month of November 2022.
Questionnaires containing necessary questions with regards to this study’s
aim, were distributed to 15 selected non-government employees from
Barangay Parang, Cantilan, Surigao del Sur. The questionnaires were then
answered by the respondents. After gathering data from the conducted survey,
the researchers then proceeded to interpreting the data gathered.
Transcripts and Matrices
Numerous records of data were expected to be carried out from the
observations and interviews the researchers will have with the selected
informants/respondents. These data will be used as the foundation of this
study.
It will start with the distribution of questionnaires containing the adopted
questions by the researchers to the selected respondents. They will answer
the questionnaires by their own point of views of the topic, and can use any
dialect they are comfortable with. After the written interviews, the researchers
will have small vocal interviews with the respondents’ for more information to
be gathered. An audio recorder will be used for the researchers to be able to
have an exact copy of what is said. After the interviews, they will collect the
questionnaires and will start interpreting the data from the informants’
answers, both from the questionnaires and the recordings.
All answers will be translated to the universal language having the
exact points of the answers remain unchanged. Dissemination of ideas will be
conducted, where answers are classified according to the similarities they
have, and will be summarized. Significant phrases and remarks will be
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considered as thematic statements, and will be categorized to show
connection with the formulated essential themes. The ideas will then be
written according to where it belongs with regards to the topic of the study.
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of the Republic of the Philippines
Executive order No. 773, S. 2009 | GOVPH. (2009, January 5). Official
Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
Mondal, P. 2018 Community: Definitions, Bases, and Changing Concept of
Community. The Police Journal: Theory, Practices and Principles Vol: 86
Issue: 2
Republic Act No. 7160 | GOVPH. (1991, October 10). Official Gazette of the
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[Link]
Sandford, J. D., Eshleman, J. R., Cashion, B. G., & Basirico, L. A. (1989).
Sociology: An introduction. Teaching Sociology, 17(2), 233.
[Link]
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Sumad-On, D. (2020) Effectiveness of Barangay Tanod in Crime Prevention
in Central Region of Andaganan, Isabela. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7, 274-
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