Lecture 5
Normalization
Lecturer: Rana Salah
[email protected]Room:3005
Made by:
Shahinaz S. Azab
Edited by:
Mona Saleh
Rana Salah
What is Normalization?
• Normalization of data- a process that takes a table
through a series of tests (normal forms) to certify the
goodness of a design and thus to minimize
redundancy and anomalies (insert, update, delete
anomalies)
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Why do we need Normalization?
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Normalization Avoids
• Duplication of Data
• Insert Anomaly
• Delete Anomaly
• Update Anomaly
• Frequent Null Values
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When to use Normalization?
• To certify the goodness of a relational schema design
• When acquiring existing database design from
previous legacy models, or from existing files
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Functional Dependency
• A constraint between two attributes (columns) or two
sets of columns
• A → B if “for every valid instance of A, that value of A
uniquely determines the value of B”
• Or …A →B if “there exists at most one value of B for
every value of A”
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Examples
• Social security number determines employee name
SSN -> ENAME
• Project number determines project name and location
PNUMBER -> {PNAME, PLOCATION}
• Employee SSN and project number determines the
hours per week that the employee works on the
project
{SSN, PNUMBER} -> HOURS
• So functional dependency is the technical term
for determines
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Types of Functional Dependency
FD4
FD5
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Types of Functional Dependency
• Full Functional Dependency- X → Y is a FFD if
removal of any attribute A from X means that the
dependency does not hold any more
• Partial Functional Dependency- X→Y is a PFD if
some attribute A ε X can be removed from X and the
dependency still holds
• Transitive Functional Dependency- X→Y in a relation
R is a TFD if there exists a set of attributes Z in R that
is neither a primary key nor a subset of any key of R,
and both X→Z and Z→Y hold
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Definition
• Normalization: The process of decomposing
unsatisfactory "bad" relations by breaking up their
attributes into smaller relations
• Normal form: Condition using keys and FDs of a relation
to certify whether a relation schema is in a particular
normal form
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First Normal Form
• A relation is in 1NF if it contains no multivalued,
repeating groups or composite attributes
To put a relation in 1NF
• Remove each repeating group and place it in a new
table carrying the PK as a FK
• Remove each multivalued attribute and place it in a
new table carrying the PK as a FK
• Put composite attribute subparts each in a column
when necessary
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School Example
Stud_ID Name Location Tel Level Level_ Subjec Subj-Desc G
Mgr t
11 Ali Cairo 010 Primary Noha M. DB, CN Database, A,
Networks B
22 Mai Giza 011, Primary Noha M CN, DB Networks, B,
010 Database C
33 Marwa Giza 010 Secon. Moh.A. SW, DB Software, A,
Database A
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School Example 1NF
Stud_ID Name Location Level Level_Mgr
Stud_ID Tel
Stud_ID Subject Subject_Desc Grade
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Second Normal Form
• A relation is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every nonkey
attribute is not partially dependent on the primary key
To put a relation in 2NF
• Remove partial functional dependent non-keys
carrying the key they depend on and place them in a
new table
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Guidelines
• A relation is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and any one of these
is true:
• the PK consists of only 1 attribute
• all attributes are part of the PK (no nonkey attributes)
• every non key attribute is functionally dependent on the whole
PK
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School Example 2NF
Stud_ID Name Location Level Level_Mgr
Stud_ID Tel
Stud_ID Subject Grade
Subject Subject_Desc
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Third Normal Form
• A relation is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and no transitive
dependencies exist
To put a relation in 3NF
• Remove the nonkey attributes carrying the nonkey
attribute they depend on and place them in a new
table. (Hint: leave the nonkey they depend on in the
same table as well)
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School Example 3NF
Student
Stud_ID Name Location Level
Level
Level Level_Mgr
Student_Tel
Stud_ID Tel
Stud_Subject
Stud_ID Subject Grade
Subject
Subject Subject_Desc
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ITI Example
ITI Students Sheet
Student Number: ITI205-40 F-code: ENG
Student Name: Hassan Ali Ahmed Faculty: Engineering
Address(Street, City): 12 Haram st, Major: Computer
giza
Tel no/Mobile: 33868420
01111111253
Department Name Department Description Admission grade Comments
ERP-SAP ERP-SAP Functional 59 Average personality
Consultant
Java -MAD Java mobile applications 70 Very Good
developer
CS Cyber Security 60 Above average technical
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1NF
• Student (Stud_No,Stud_Name, F-code, Faculty,
Major, Street, City)
• Student_Tel (Stud_No, Tel_No)
• Department_Student (Dept_Name, Stud_No,
Dept_desc , Ad_Grade, Comments)
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2NF
• Student (Stud_No,Stud_Name, F-code, Faculty,
Major, Street, City)
• Student_Tel (Stud_No, Tel_No)
• Department_Student (Dept_Name, Stud_No,
Ad_Grade, Comments)
• Department ( Dept_Name, Dept_Desc)
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3NF
• Student (Stud_No,Stud_Name, F-code,Major, Street,
City)
• Faculty (F-code, Faculty)
• Student_Tel (Stud_No, Tel_No)
• Department_Student (Dept_Name, Stud_No,
Ad_Grade, Comments)
• Department ( Dept_Name, Dept_Desc)
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Real World - School Data
Student
First Parent 1 Parent 2 Application No
Renee Ann Jones Theodore Smith 123
Lucy Barbara Mills Steve Mills 558
Jennifer
Brendan Jones Stephen Jones 145 …
Current
City Postal Code Birth date Previous Teacher Teacher
Annandale 22003 6/25/1983 Hamil Burke
Annandale 22003 8/14/1983 Hamil Burke
Fairfax 22032 6/13/1984 Hamil Burke
Attended/
Student_Phone Course Course-desc Enrolled days
(703) 323-0893,
(703) 3240708 X,Y,Z X,y,z 96/97, 96/97, 97/98 0,0,0
(703) 764-5829 Y Y 96/97 0
(703) 978-1083 Z Z 96/97 0
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ONF
• Student (App_No, Stud_Fname, Parent1, Parent2,
City, Postal_Code, Birthdate, Prev_Teacher,
Curr_Teacher, Student_Phone, Course,
Course_Desc, Enrolled, Att_Days)
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1NF
• Student (App_No, Stud_Fname, Parent1, Parent2,
City, Postal_Code, Birthdate, Prev_Teacher,
Curr_Teacher)
• Student_Course (App_No,Course, Course_Desc,
Enrolled, Att_Days)
• Student_Phone ( App_No,Phone)
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2NF
• Student (App_No, Stud_Fname, Parent1, Parent2,
City, Postal_Code, Birthdate, Prev_Teacher,
Curr_Teacher)
• Student_Course (App_No,Course, Enrolled,
Att_Days)
• Student_Phone ( App_No,Phone)
• Course (Course, Course_Desc)
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3NF
• Student (App_No, Stud_Fname, Parent1, Parent2,
Postal_Code, Birthdate, Prev_Teacher,
Curr_Teacher)
• Student_Course (App_No,Course, Enrolled,
Att_Days)
• Student_Phone ( App_No,Phone)
• Course (Course, Course_Desc)
• City (City, Postal_Code)
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Suppliers Data
• Relation (s#, country, currency, p#, qty)
where
• s# supplier identification number (this is the primary key)
• country name of country where supplier is located
• currency: Currency of the country of each supplier
• p# part number of part supplied
• qty quantity of parts supplied to date
• In order to uniquely associate quantity supplied (qty) with part
(p#) and supplier (s#), a composite primary key composed of
s# and p# is used.
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1NF
• Supplier (S#, country, currency)
• Supplier_Parts (S#,P#,qty)
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2NF
Same as First
• Supplier (S#, country, currency)
• Supplier_Parts (S#,P#,qty)
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3NF
• Supplier (S#, Country)
• Country (Country, Currency)
• Supplier_Parts (S#,P#,qty)
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Sales Order
Fiction Company
202 N. Main
Mahattan, KS 66502
CustomerNumber: 1001 Sales Order Number: 405
Customer Name: ABC Company Sales Order Date: 2/1/2000
Customer Address: 100 Points Clerk Number: 210
Manhattan, KS 66502 Clerk Name: Martin Lawrence
Item Ordered Description Quantity Unit Price Total
800 widgit small 40 60.00 2,400.00
801 tingimajigger 20 20.00 400.00
805 thingibob 10 100.00 1,000.00
Order Total 3,800.00
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Questions?
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