Philippine Obstetrics and Female Anatomy
Philippine Obstetrics and Female Anatomy
1.01
July
18,
2016
PHILIPPINE
OBSTETRICS
AND
ANATOMY
OF
THE
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Dr.
Nenita
G.
Teh
Department
of
Obstetrics
and
Gynecology
TOPIC
OUTLINE
Birth
I. Overview
of
Philippine
Obstetrics
• Complete
expulsion/extraction
of
a
fetus
(dead
or
alive)
from
its
II. Vital
Statistics
mother,
regardless
if
the
umbilical
cord
has
been
cut
or
if
the
a. Birth
placenta
is
still
attached,
after
20
weeks
of
gestation
b. Abortus
c. Crude
Birth
Rate
Abortus
d. Fertility
Rate
• Defined
by
the
following
parameters:
e. Fetal
Death
Rate
f. Birth
Weight
o Weight:
<500
g
g. Gestational
Age
o Length:
<25
cm
h. Expected
Date
of
Delivery
(EDD)
or
Expected
Date
of
o Gestation:
<20
weeks
Confinement
(EDC)
• Does
not
require
birth
and
death
certificates
(and
funeral
services)
i. Perinatal
Period
j. Perinatal
Mortality
Rate
Crude
Birth
Rate
k. Neonatal
Period
• Number
of
live
births
per
1000
population
l. Neonatal
M ortality
Rate
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
m. Maternal
Death
𝐶𝐵𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
n. Maternal
Mortality
Rate
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
o. Major
Causes
of
Maternal
Mortality
• The
Philippines
has
the
12th
highest
birth
rate.
III. Anatomy
of
the
Female
Reproductive
System
a. External
Abdominal
Wall
Fertility
Rate
b. External
Generative
Organ
• Number
of
live
births
per
1000
females
aged
15-‐44
years
- Mons
Pubis/Mons
Veneris
• Each
year,
about
2.3
M
women
become
pregnant.
- Labia
Majora
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
- Labia
Minora
𝐹𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 15 − 44 𝑦𝑟𝑠
- Clitoris
- Vestibule
- Hymen
Fetal
Death
Rate
- Vagina
• Stillbirth
=
Fetal
death
- Perineum
o Death
of
fetus
prior
to
delivery
c. Internal
Generative
Organ
o Not
considered
an
abortus
- Uterus
o Absence
of
signs
of
life
at
or
after
birth
- Cervix
• Number
of
stillborn
neonates
per
1000
neonates
born
- Oviducts
or
Fallopian
Tube
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ
- Ovaries
𝐹𝐷𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
d. Bony
Pelvis
• May
be
weight
specific
- Pelvic
Inlet
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ ≥ 1000𝑔
- Pelvic
M idplane
𝐹𝐷𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
- Pelvic
Outlet
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 ≥ 1000𝑔
- Pelvic
Shapes
Birth
Weight
• Weight
of
a
neonate
determined
immediately
after
delivery
or
as
OVERVIEW
OF
PHILIPPINE
OBSTETRICS
soon
thereafter
as
feasible
• Obstetrics
is
a
science
concerned
with
all
aspects
of
human
o Low
BW:
<2500
g
reproduction
and
the
health
of
women
and
their
babies.
o Very
Low
BW:
<1500
g
• It
is
an
art
and
science
that
deals
with
pregnancy
(before,
during
and
o Extremely
Low
BW:
<1000
g
after),
labor,
delivery,
and
puerperium.
• Aims:
Gestational
Age
• Measured
from
the
1st
day
of
last
menstrual
period
(LMP),
o For
every
pregnancy
to
end
up
in
a
healthy
mother
and
baby
expressed
in
completed
days
or
weeks
o To
improve
the
quality
of
life
of
the
mother
and
the
fetus
• This
method
only
applies
for
the
regularly
menstruating.
(physically,
emotionally,
and
mentally/intellectually)
• 1st
day
of
LMP
=
Day
0
(not
counted)
VITAL
STATISTICS
CLASSIFICATIONS
• Refers
to
the
systematic
study
of
vital
events
Any
neonate
born...
• Essential
to
determine
the
health
needs,
and
the
personnel
and
• Preterm:
<37
completed
weeks
(<259
days)
facilities
required
for
the
safety
and
health
of
mothers
and
fetuses
• Term:
37-‐42
weeks
(259-‐293
days)
• Statistics
of
disease
or
death
is
an
indicator
of
the
state
of
health
of
• Post-‐term:
>42
weeks
(>249
days)
the
community
and
the
success
or
failure
of
health
work.
1
of
8
[Faye
Payuyao,
Jelyn
Almario,
Gabby
De
Guzman,
Jade
Monreal,
Czarina
Sincioco]
Philippine
Obstetrics
and
Anatomy
of
the
Female
Reproductive
System
Computing
for
the
Age
of
Gestation
(AOG)
3. Likewise,
if
after
adding
7
to
the
days
of
LMP
and
it
is
still
over
the
1. Compute
for
the
total
number
of
days
from
LMP
to
the
date
of
number
of
days
for
that
particular
month,
adjust
your
EDC
consultation.
accordingly.
Example:
LMP:
04/25/15
Example:
04
(month)
25
(day)
LMP:
3/5/2015
-‐
3
+
7
Date
of
consultation:
6/8/2015
01
32
-‐
31
days
of
Jan
=
1
EDC
=
02/01/16
Months
Days
Notes
March
31
–
5
=
26
There
are
31
days
in
March.
Perinatal
Period
Subtract
the
first
day
of
LMP
(day
• Commences
at
20
weeks
(154
days)
and
ends
28
completed
days
5)
from
31.
after
birth
(or
≥
500
g)
April
30
30
full
days
in
April
passed
by
from
the
LMP
up
to
the
• Less
than
20
weeks
is
not
included
because
it’s
still
an
abortus.
consultation
date.
May
31
31
full
days
in
March
passed
by
Perinatal
Mortality
Rate
from
the
LMP
up
to
the
• Indicator
of
state
of
medical
care
of
society
consultation
date.
• Reflects
the
professional
medical
standards
of
antenatal
care,
both
June
8
Only
8
days
passed
by
from
the
facilities
and
function
of
neonatal
units
LMP
up
to
the
consultation
date
• Highest
among
pregnant
women
with
a
preceding
birth
interval
less
(or
simply,
put
the
day
of
consultation).
than
15
months
TOTAL
95
days
Add
all
the
number
of
days
that
• Causes:
infectious
diseases,
pregnancy-‐related
complications,
passed
by
since
the
LMP
up
to
the
delivery-‐related
complications,
environmental
conditions
date
of
consultation.
𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 + 𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝑃𝑀𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
2. Divide
the
sum
by
7
(to
convert
it
into
weeks)
to
get
the
AOG.
95
÷
7
=
13
weeks
and
4
days
From
2B
2018:
• Rural
=
27/1000
• Urban
=
25/1000
• WHO:
1/5
of
PMR
in
developing
countries
is
attributable
to
iron
deficiency
anemia
(IDA)
• Maternal
mortality
is
the
10th
leading
cause
of
mortality
in
the
Philippines.
Expected
Date
of
Delivery
(EDD)
or
Expected
Date
of
Confinement
• 57,600
perinatal
deaths
per
year
(EDC)
• At
40
weeks
of
pregnancy,
the
baby
can
still
be
delivered
term,
since
term
is
37-‐42
weeks
(3
weeks
earlier
or
2
weeks
later
than
EDC).
Neonatal
Period
• Use
Naegele’s
Rule
to
compute
for
EDC:
• From
birth
up
to
28
completed
days
o Subtract
3
from
the
month
of
the
LMP
and
add
7
to
the
days
• Neonatal
death:
death
during
the
1st
28
days
of
life
(-‐3m,
+7d).
• Early
neonatal
death:
death
during
the
1st
7
days
after
birth
• Late
neonatal
death:
death
after
7
days
but
before
29
days
Computing
for
the
Expected
Date
of
Delivery
or
Confinement
1. Subtract
3
from
LMP
and
add
7
days.
Neonatal
Mortality
Rate
Example:
• Number
of
neonatal
deaths
per
1000
live
births
LMP:
12/14/15
𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ
12
(month)
14(day)
𝑁𝑀𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
-‐
3
+
7
9
21
Maternal
Death
EDC
=
09/21/16
• Death
of
women
during
pregnancy,
while
pregnant,
or
within
42
days
of
termination
(or
6
weeks
which
is
the
postpartum
period),
Note:
Always
double
check
the
year
of
your
computed
EDC
based
on
the
year
of
LMP.
Remember
that
pregnancy
in
humans
lasts
for
only
9
from
any
cause
related
to
or
aggravated
by
pregnancy
or
its
months!
management
but
not
from
any
accidental
or
incidental
causes
To
check
your
computed
EDC,
add
9
months
to
the
LMP.
DIRECT
OB
DEATH
• Results
from
OB
complications
of
pregnant
state,
interventions,
2. If
the
subtraction
of
3
from
the
month
is
0
or
less,
add
12
first
to
the
omissions,
or
incorrect
treatment
month
of
LMP*
and
apply
the
Naegele’s
Rule**.
• Example:
hypertension,
preeclampsia,
eclampsia,
spinal
anesthesia
Example:
LMP:
01/12/15
01
(month)
12
(day)
INDIRECT
OB
DEATH
*+12
0
• Results
from
previous
existing
disease
and
develop
during
13
12
pregnancy
and
which
was
not
due
to
direct
OB
causes
but
which
**
-‐
3
+7
was
aggravated
by
physiological
effects
of
pregnancy
10
19
EDC
=
10/19/15
2
of
8
[Faye
Payuyao,
Jelyn
Almario,
Gabby
De
Guzman,
Jade
Monreal,
Czarina
Sincioco]
Philippine
Obstetrics
and
Anatomy
of
the
Female
Reproductive
System
• Example:
cardiac
failure
due
to
aggravation
of
a
pre-‐existing
cardiac
treasurer
disease
• Sent
to
NSO
(Manila)
within
1st
10
days
of
succeeding
month
NON-‐MATERNAL
DEATH
SUMMARY
OF
FORMULAS
• From
accidental/incidental
causes
not
related
to
pregnancy
1.
Birth
Rate/Crude
Birth
Rate
• Example:
vehicular
accidents
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝐵𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
LATE
MATERNAL
DEATH
• From
direct
or
indirect
OB
causes
2.
Fertility
Rate
• Maternal
death
>
42
days
but
<
1
year
after
termination
of
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝐹𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
pregnancy
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 15 − 44 𝑦𝑟𝑠
3.
Fetal
Death
Rate/Still
Birth
Rate
Maternal
Mortality
Rate
𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
• NSO
MMR
in
2004
=
126/100,000
live
births
𝐹𝐷𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
• Regional
disparity
is
wide
o Metro
Manila
=
60
𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 ≥ 1000𝑔
𝐹𝐷𝑅 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 = 𝑥 1000
o Muslim
=
320
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 ≥ 1000𝑔
o Region
VI
=
106
4.
Perinatal
Mortality
Rate
• 81%
of
pregnant
women
had
3
pre-‐natal
visits.
𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 + 𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
• 63%
got
postnatal
service.
𝑃𝑀𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
• 59%
of
all
pregnancies
are
at
risk.
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝑀𝑀𝑅 = 𝑥 100,000
5.
Neonatal
Mortality
Rate
𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝑁𝑀𝑅 = 𝑥 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
Major
Causes
of
Maternal
Mortality
2004
National
Data
• Hypertension
(28.4%)
6.
Maternal
Mortality
Rate
• Postpartum
hemorrhage
(17.2%)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
• Other
complications
(46%)
𝑀𝑀𝑅 = 𝑥 100,000
𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
• Abortion
(8.3%)
POGS
(1983-‐1992)
• Hemorrhage
ANATOMY
OF
THE
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
TRACT
• Infection
External
Abdominal
Wall
• Hypertension
• Skin
• Subcutaneous
layer
Note:
Hypertension
is
the
leading
cause
of
maternal
death
according
o Camper’s
fascia
–
fatty
to
the
2004
National
Data
and
Hemorrhage
according
to
POGS.
o Scarpa’s
fascia
–
membranous
Superior
epigastric
artery
Strategies
to
decrease
MMR
Femoral
artery
Superior
circumflex
iliac
artery
1. Advocacy
laws
on
women’s
health
and
reproductive
functions
VASCULAR
External
pudendal
artery
2. Policies
and
programs
on
population
control
and
family
planning
SUPPLY
External
iliac
Deep
inferior
epigastric
artery
3. Safe
motherhood
programs
=
1988-‐1997
as
the
“Decade
of
Safe
artery
Deep
circumflex
iliac
artery
Motherhood”
–
womb
to
tomb
INNERVATIONS
T7-‐T12
DOH
Initiatives
for
Safe
Motherhood
1. Re-‐establish
the
referral
system
thru
the
local
health
system
development-‐ILHZ
(inter-‐local
health
zone)
HESSELBACH’S
TRIANGLE
2. Maternal
death
review
institutionalization
• Also
known
as
the
inguinal
triangle
or
medial
inguinal
fossa
3. Reproductive
health
as
the
approach
• Has
an
area
where
the
posterior
wall
of
the
rectus
sheath
contains
o Violence
against
women
(VAW)
the
transversalis
fascia
only
o STDs
• Lies
posterolateral
to
the
superficial
inguinal
ring
o Cancer
screening
4. BEMOC
(Basic
Emergency
in
Maternal
OB
Care)
in
the
rural
heath
External
Generative
Organ
(Pudenda
or
Vulva)
unit
• Includes
all
structures
visible
externally
from
the
pubis
to
the
perineum,
that
is,
the
mons
pubis,
labia
majora
and
minora,
clitoris,
REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH
LAW
(RA
10354)
vestibule,
hymen,
urethral
opening,
and
various
glandular
and
• Responsible
parenthood
and
reproductive
health
act
of
2012
vascular
structures
CIVIL
REGISTRY
LAW
(RA
3753)
• Compulsory
reporting
of
births
and
deaths
to
local
civil
registry
o Cities:
city
health
officer
o Municipality:
municipal
treasurer
and
municipal
district
3
of
8
[Faye
Payuyao,
Jelyn
Almario,
Gabby
De
Guzman,
Jade
Monreal,
Czarina
Sincioco]
Philippine
Obstetrics
and
Anatomy
of
the
Female
Reproductive
System
Clitoris
• Homologue
of
male
penis
• Principal
erogenous
organ
of
female
• 3
parts:
glans,
body
(corpus),
and
2
crura
o Glans:
covered
with
stratified
squamous
epithelium
and
richly
innervated;
size
rarely
exceeds
0.5
cm
in
diameter
o Corpus:
contains
two
corpora
cavernosum
o Crura:
lies
along
the
inferior
surface
of
the
ischiopubic
rami
and
deep
to
the
ischiocavernosus
muscles
• Richly
supplied
with
nerve
endings
• Size
rarely
exceeds
2
cm
in
length.
Vestibule
• Almond-‐shaped
area
• Functionally
mature
female
structure
of
urogenital
sinus
of
embryo
• Perforated
with
six
openings:
o Urethral
opening
o Vagina
o Two
ducts
of
Bartholin
gland/major
vestibular
glands
(usually
Figure
1.
External
generative
organs
of
the
female
reproductive
system
infected)
o Two
ducts
of
paraurethral
gland/ducts
of
Skene
gland
Mons
Pubis/Mons
Veneris
• Fat-‐filled
cushion
that
lies
over
the
symphysis
pubis
VESTIBULAR
BULBS
• Covered
by
curly
hair
that
forms
the
escutcheon
• Aggregation
of
veins
corresponding
to
the
angle
of
the
corpus
• The
base
is
formed
by
the
upper
margin
of
the
symphysis.
spongiosum
of
the
penis
Labia
Majora
Hymen
• 2
rounded
folds
of
adipose
tissue
• Mainly
comprised
of
elastic
and
collagenous
connective
tissue
• Homologous
to
the
male
scrotum
• Surfaces
covered
by
non-‐keratinized
stratified
squamous
epithelium
• Its
upper
border
is
the
terminal
point
of
the
round
ligament
of
the
(Williams,
24e)
uterus.
• Absence
of
glandular
and
muscular
elements
• With
sebaceous
glands
(keeping
it
moist),
hair
follicles
(outer
• Not
richly
supplied
with
nerve
fibers
surface
only),
and
plexus
of
veins
o Newborn:
very
vascular
and
redundant
(due
to
maternal
• Consist
of
dense
connective
tissue
that
is
rich
in
elastic
fibers
(can
estrogen)
expand)
o Pregnant:
epithelium
is
thick
and
tissue
is
rich
in
glycogen
• Less
muscular
elements/nearly
void
of
muscles
(to
accommodate
o After
menopause:
epithelium
is
thin
and
focal
cornification
fetal
head
during
delivery)
may
develop
• No
nerve
endings
• 7-‐8
cm
length,
2-‐3
cm
width,
and
1-‐1.5
cm
thickness
IMPERFORATE
HYMEN
• Directly
continuous
with
mons
pubis
above
and
merges
into
the
• Condition
in
which
the
vaginal
orifice
is
occluded
completely
perineum
posteriorly,
joining
medially
to
form
the
posterior
• Bluish
discoloration
due
to
retention
of
menstrual
blood
commissure
Labia
Minora
(Nymphae)
• Appear
like
mucous
membrane
but
are
covered
with
stratified
squamous
epithelium
• No
hair
follicles,
few
apocrine
and
eccrine
(sweat)
glands,
but
with
many
sebaceous
glands
• Comprised
of
connective
tissue
with
many
vessels
and
some
smooth
muscles
• Extremely
sensitive
due
to
numerous
nerve
endings
• Its
homologue
in
males
forms
the
ventral
shaft
of
the
penis
• Extend
superiorly
and
divide
into
two
lamellae
o Upper
pair
fuses
to
form
the
prepuce
of
the
clitoris
o Lower
pair
fuses
to
form
the
frenulum
of
the
clitoris
• Fuses
inferiorly
to
form
the
fourchette
• Glands
rarely
exceed
0.5
cm
in
diameter
and
size
rarely
exceeds
2cm
in
length.
Figure
2.
Types
of
hymen
4
of
8
[Faye
Payuyao,
Jelyn
Almario,
Gabby
De
Guzman,
Jade
Monreal,
Czarina
Sincioco]
Philippine
Obstetrics
and
Anatomy
of
the
Female
Reproductive
System
5
of
8
[Faye
Payuyao,
Jelyn
Almario,
Gabby
De
Guzman,
Jade
Monreal,
Czarina
Sincioco]
Philippine
Obstetrics
and
Anatomy
of
the
Female
Reproductive
System
LIGAMENTARY
SUPPORTS
OF
THE
UTERUS
• 10%
smooth
muscles
(<10%
smooth
muscles
results
in
1. Cardinal
Ligament
incontinence)
o Also
known
as
transverse
cervical
or
Mackenrodt
• Difference
between
nullipara
and
multipara:
presence
of
ligament
lacerations
+
stretching
in
multipara
o Main
and
anteriormost
ligamentory
support
o Firmly
united
to
supravaginal
portion
of
cervix
Oviducts/Fallopian
Tubes
o In
the
base
of
broad
ligament,
uterine
vessels
and
lower
portion
of
the
ureter
are
enclosed.
2. Round
Ligament
o Female
homologue
of
gubernaculum
testis
o Lateral
ligament
o Extends
downward
and
outward
to
inguinal
canal
and
terminate
in
upper
portion
of
labia
majora
3. Uterosacral
Ligament
o Extends
from
an
attachment
posterolateral
to
the
supravaginal
portion
of
cervix,
encircles
the
rectum,
and
inserts
in
the
fascia
over
the
2nd
and
3rd
sacral
vertebrae
Figure
7.
Parts
of
the
fallopian
tube
• Interstitium
• Isthmus
–
narrowest
• Ampulla
–
most
dilated
part,
where
the
egg
stays
while
waiting
to
be
fertilized
• Fimbriae
–
catches
the
egg
after
ovulation
o Greatest
frequency
and
intensity
of
contraction
is
reached
during
transport
of
ova
o Contractions
are
slowest
and
weakest
during
pregnancy
Ovaries
• Cortex
–
outer
layer
o Tunica
albuginea
–
outermost
portion
with
single
layer
of
cuboidal
epithelium
o Germinal
epithelium
of
Waldeyer:
§ Primordial
à
oogonia
à
synapsis
à
primary
oocyte
à
primordial
follicle
Figure
6.
Ligamentary
supports
of
uterus
§ Where
ovulation
occurs
VASCULAR
SUPPLY
Internal
iliac
artery
• Medulla
–
central
portion
o Composed
of
loose
connective
tissue
that
is
continuous
with
VENOUS
DRAINAGE
Uterine
vein
-‐>
Internal
iliac
vein
-‐>
that
of
the
mesovarium
and
contains
large
number
of
vessels
Common
iliac
vein
Bony
Pelvis
Upper
part
of
uterus:
Pampiniform
• Consists
of:
plexus
-‐>
Ovarian
vein
-‐>
IVC
(right
ovary)
and
Left
renal
vein
(left
ovary)
o 2
innominate
bones
(ilium,
ischium,
pubis)
o Sacrum
LYMPHATIC
Cervix
–
Hypogastric
nodes
o Coccyx
DRAINAGE
• Boundaries:
divided
by
the
linea
terminalis
Body
of
the
uterus
–
Internal
iliac
nodes
o False
pelvis
–
above
linea
terminalis
§ Anterior:
abdominal
muscles
(lower
portion)
INNERVATIONS
Sympathetic
NS
from
cerebrospinal
§ Posterior:
lumbar
Parasympathetic
(S2-‐S4)
§ Lateral:
iliac
fossa
(Williams,
24e)
o True
pelvis
–
below
linea
terminalis
PLEXUS
OF
FRANKENHAUSER
§ Portion
important
for
child
bearing
• Ganglia
of
various
sizes
situated
on
either
side
of
cervix,
uterus,
§ Cavity:
obliquely
truncated
but
cylinder
bladder
and
upper
vagina
§ Williams,
24e:
bounded
by
linea
terminalis
(superior
margin)
and
pelvic
outlet
(inferior
margin)
Origin
of
Pain
• T11-‐T12
–
uterine
contractions
§ Walls:
• S2-‐S4
–
bearing
down
of
the
fetus
(fetus
is
already
at
the
cervical
- Posterior:
anterior
surface
of
sacrum
level
and
upper
part
of
the
birth
canal)
- Front:
pubic,
ascending
superior
rami
of
ischium
and
obturator
foramina
Cervix
- Lateral:
ischial
bones,
sacrosciatic
notch
and
• Narrow,
caudal
part
of
the
uterus
ligament
• Predominantly
collagenous
and
elastic
tissue
6
of
8
[Faye
Payuyao,
Jelyn
Almario,
Gabby
De
Guzman,
Jade
Monreal,
Czarina
Sincioco]
Philippine
Obstetrics
and
Anatomy
of
the
Female
Reproductive
System
• True
/
Anatomic
Conjugate
o Distance
from
the
upper
margin
of
the
pubis
to
the
sacral
promontory
o TC
=
DC
–
1.2
cm
o Normal
value:
≥11
cm
2. TRANSVERSE
DIAMETER
o Greatest
distance
between
linea
terminalis
on
either
side
o Normal
value:
≥13.5
cm
Figure
8.
Anteroposterior
view
of
a
normal
female
pelvis
3. OBLIQUE
DIAMETER
o Right
and
left
oblique
Planes
of
the
Pelvis
o Extends
from
the
sacroiliac
synchondrosis
to
the
ilio-‐
Pelvic
Inlet
pectineal
prominence
on
the
opposite
side
of
the
pelvis
• Also
known
as
superior
strait
o Normal
value:
13
cm
• Superior
plane
of
the
true
pelvis
• Boundaries:
Pelvic
Midplane
o Posterior:
promontory
and
alae
of
the
sacrum
• Level
of
the
ischial
spine
(IS)
o Lateral:
linea
terminalis
• Also
known
as
interspinous
or
bispinous
diameter
o Anterior:
horizontal
pubic
rami
and
the
symphysis
pubis
• Normal
value:
10
cm
• Narrowest
part;
shortest
diameter
of
pelvic
cavity
1. ANTERO-‐POSTERIOR
DIAMETER
• Used
as
a
landmark
in
assessing
the
level
to
which
the
presenting
part
of
the
fetus
has
descended
• (-‐)
=
above
IS;
(+)
=
below
IS
(midpelvis
and
ischial
spines
serve
to
mark
0
station)
o Interspinous
diameter
=
10.5
cm
o AP
diameter
=
11.5
cm
o Postsagittal
diameter
=
4.5
cm
• Between
the
sacrum
and
the
line
created
by
the
IS
diameter
• Normal
baby
=
9.5
cm
in
diameter
• Important
in
cases
of
obstructed
labor
Pelvic
Outlet
Figure
9.
Antero-‐posterior
diameter
• Between
the
ischial
tuberosities
• Consists
of
two
approximately
triangular
areas
that
are
not
in
the
• Obstetrical
Conjugate
same
plane
but
with
a
common
base
o Shortest
distance
between
the
sacral
promontory
and
o Posterior
triangle
symphysis
pubis
§ Apex:
tip
of
sacrum
o OC
=
DC
–
1.5
to
2
cm
§ Lateral:
sacrosciatic
ligament
and
ischial
tuberosities
o Normal
value:
≥10
cm
o Anterior
triangle
–
formed
under
the
area
of
the
pubic
arch
• Diameters:
• Diagonal
Conjugate
o Anteroposterior
o Only
conjugate
that
can
be
measured
directly
during
internal
§ From
the
lower
margin
of
the
pubis
to
tip
of
sacrum
exam
§ Normal
value:
9.5-‐11.5
cm
o Between
the
lower
margin
of
the
pubis
and
sacral
o Transverse
promontory
§ Distance
between
the
inner
edges
of
ischial
tuberosities
o Normal
value:
≥11.5
cm
§ Normal
value:
11
cm
o Posterior
sagittal
§ Extends
from
the
tip
of
the
sacrum
to
right
angle
intersection
with
line
between
ischial
tuberosities
§ Normal
value:
7.5
cm
• Unless
there
is
significant
pelvic
bony
disease,
the
pelvic
outlet
seldom
obstructs
vaginal
delivery.
PLANE
OF
GREATEST
PELVIC
DIMENSIONS
=
ave.
AP
and
transverse
diameter
is
12.5.
Pelvic
Shapes
Pelvic
types
of
Caldwell-‐Moloy
Classification:
• Gynecoid
–
50%,
most
common;
circular
Figure
10.
Vaginal
examination
to
determine
diagonal
conjugate
• Anthropoid
–
25%,
oblong,
elongated
7
of
8
[Faye
Payuyao,
Jelyn
Almario,
Gabby
De
Guzman,
Jade
Monreal,
Czarina
Sincioco]
Philippine
Obstetrics
and
Anatomy
of
the
Female
Reproductive
System
8
of
8
[Faye
Payuyao,
Jelyn
Almario,
Gabby
De
Guzman,
Jade
Monreal,
Czarina
Sincioco]