Exam - Computational Mechanics 2020-09-05

[Link] principle of conservation of momentum in a local form is expressed by the relationship (notation: rσt - Pioli-
Kirchoff stress tensor I, ρr - reference density, ft - mass forces, ρt - instantaneous density, rJt
- deformation gradient determinant, v̇t - material particle acceleration, dVr - elementary
volume in reference configuration):
𝑡
a. 𝑟𝜎 − 𝜌𝑟ƒ𝑡 − 𝜌𝑟𝑣̇𝑡 = 0
ij,j i i
𝑡
b. 𝑟𝜎 + 𝜌𝑟ƒ𝑡 + 𝜌𝑟𝑣̇𝑡 = 0 (
ij,j i i
𝑡
c. 𝑟𝜎 + 𝜌𝑟𝑓𝑡 − 𝜌𝑟𝑣̇ 𝑡 = 0 (page 10, formula 3.13))
ij,j i i

d. ∫ r(𝑟𝜎𝑡 + 𝜌𝑟ƒ𝑡 − 𝜌𝑟𝑣̇𝑡)𝑑𝑉𝑟 = 0

𝑣 ij,j i i

2. FEM equation for statics:

a. a. derives based on the so-called weak formulation and second strong
formulation (or this)

b. derives based on the so-called strong formulation

c. derives based on the so-called weak formulation after subtracting strong formulation

d. is based on the so-called weak formulation ( I guess)

3. Unit of measurement for the elements of the stiffness matrix of a plane beam element in the SI system:
a. depends on Young's distribution along the length of the element

b. are different and depend on the corresponding degree ( p. 44, pattern 14.40)
of freedom
c. depend on the adopted coordinate system

d. they are the same

4. In a flat bar element, the Poisson's ratio v:

a. v = 0.3 ( it probably does not depend on whether it is a flat or non-flat lattice element, it
is a material constant and for steel it is 0.3 .. or it is a trick question)
b. v = 0.21

c. v=0

d. v = 0.5

5. Which of the following matrices represents the stiffness matrix of a flat lattice element (designation: E -
Young's modulus, A - bar cross-section area, L - element length):
𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴 [ 1−1
a. 𝐿 −1
] (p. 35, pattern 13.12)
1
𝐿𝐴 1 −1
b. 𝑘= [ ]
𝐸 −1 1
𝐸𝐴 1 −1
c. 𝑘= [ ]
2
𝐿 −1 1
𝐸𝐿 1 −1
d. 𝑘= [ ]
𝐴 −1 1
6. The principle of conservation of momentum expressed by the relationship 𝑟𝜎𝑡 + 𝜌𝑟𝑓𝑡 - 𝜌𝑟𝑣̇ 𝑡 = 0,
taking into account that i, j ϵ ij, j i i {1,2,3} leads to (denotes: rσt - I Pioli-Kirchoff stress tensor, ρr -
reference density, ft - mass forces, ρt - instantaneous density, rJt - deformation gradient
determinant, v̇t - material particle acceleration, dVr - elementary volume in the reference
configuration):

a. 6 independent equations, since max. i + j = 6

b. 3 independent equations, since i, j ϵ ( p. 10, formula 3.14)

{1,2,3}
c. 1 independent equation, since i, j ϵ {1,2,3}

d. d. 9 independent equations

7. In a flat beam element of the Euler-Bernoulli type in each node we assume:

a. three translational degrees of freedom

b. two translational and one rotational degrees of ( basis: engineering intuition)

freedom
c. one translational and two rotational degrees of freedom

d. two translational and two rotational degrees of freedom

8. Approximation of the displacement field along the axis of the lattice element is performed:
a. using Lagrange polynomials ( p. 38, Additional Information)

b. using hyperbolic functions

c. using Chebyshev polynomials

d. using trigonometric functions

9. Which of the following matrices represents the stiffness matrix of a flat beam element (E - Young's modulus, A
- bar cross-section area, L - element length, I - geometric moment of inertia):
 a. k=

b.k =
(p. 44, pattern 14.40)

c. k=

d. k=

10. Approximation of the displacement field perpendicular to the axis of the Euler-Bernoulli beam
element is performed:

a. Using Chebyshev polynomials

b. using hyperbolic functions

c. using Hermite polynomials ( p. 41, Additional Information)

d. using trigonometric functions

11. In a nonlinear flat beam element of the Euler-Bernoulli type after applying an axial load:

a. we can analyze the buckling phenomenon

b. we cannot analyze the buckling ( Euler-Bernoulli beam theory

phenomenon it is used for stocky sections, e.g. made of reinforced
concrete; it cannot be used to analyze lateral
buckling .. so probably not buckling, but I am not sure)
 c. we can analyze the buckling phenomenon, but it is conditioned by the constant cross-
section along the length of the element

d. d. we can analyze the buckling phenomenon, but it depends on the adopted

coordinate system

[Link] with higher order shape functions are recommended:

a. for problems of statics at constant strain and stress

b. for statics at constant deformation

c. for statics at constant stress

d. for problems of linear dynamics ( rather this, because higher-order shape functions are used when
there is a stress concentration, i.e. we enter dynamics, G. Rakowski "Finite Element Method in
Structural Mechanics" p. 129)

[Link] of 3 matrix equations ϵ = Lu, LTσ + b = 0 and σ = Dϵ (signs: ϵ - matrix Cauchy strains, L - matrix of
differential operators, u - displacement vector, σ - Cauchy stress matrix, b - vector of mass forces, D - constitutive
matrix):

a. describes the task of linear dynamics

b. describes the task of linear statics (plane stress and strain issue, p. 55 file - Łodygowski, Kąkol)

c. describes the initial stability task

d. describes the task of nonlinear dynamics

14. In a plane stress state:

a. the state of stresses and deformations is spatial

b. the state of strains is flat and the stresses are three-dimensional

c. the state of stresses is flat and the strains are

spatial
d. the state of stresses and deformations is flat

15. Component of the stiffness matrix Kij:

a. expresses the displacement (generalized displacement) in the node 'i' as a result of the unit
force (generalized force) 'j'

b. expresses the force (generalized force) in the 'i' node as a result of a unit
displacement
(generalized displacement) ‘j’
([Link]
[Link] str. 2)
 c. expresses the force (generalized force) in the node 'i' as a result of a unit
displacement (generalized displacement) 'i'

d. expresses the force (generalized force) in the node 'j' as a result of a unit
displacement (generalized displacement) 'j'

16. A constant deformation flat triangular element is characterized by:

a. permanent deformation only in the nodes of the element

b. constant deformation at selected points of the element

c. permanent deformation only at the edges of the element

d. constant deformation over the entire

element
([Link]
wk_metoda_elementow_skonczonych/[Link] page 8)

[Link] gradient tensor F:

a. is the primary measure of deformation

b. satisfies the inequality 𝑑𝑒𝑡(F)⩽0 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐹) ≥ 0 (page. 2)

c. is always a symmetrical gradient of deformation is asymmetricy

d. it has components with the unit of measurement * m + probably dimensionless

[Link] important advantage of the weak formulation in structural mechanics is:

a. dependence on the coordinate system

b. the possibility of describing the analyzed problem with one (page. 24)
functional
c. possibility of converting units

d. the ability to describe the analyzed problem with one function

19. In the method of integration with Gauss quadratures:

a. differentiation is replaced by integration

b. integration is replaced by Gauss points

c. integration is replaced by differentiation

d. integration is replaced by summation (p. 62, second paragraph)

20. Boundary conditions in the FEM equation:

a. can only be entered in 1 way

b. affect only the stiffness matrix

 c. c. can be entered after the task has been calculated

d. can be entered in many ways (page. 93)

[Link] principle of conservation of momentum states:

a. the momentum of the body (or any of its separated parts) is equal to the vector sum of all
forces acting on it

b. the change in the momentum of the body (or any part of it extracted) is equal to the
vector sum
all forces acting on them ( p. 8, point 3.2, 2nd sentence)

c. c. the change in the momentum of the body (or any separated part) is equal to the vector
sum of all the moments of forces acting on it
22. The principle of virtual work proclaims:

a. that the work of virtual external forces equals the work of real internal forces on virtual
displacements

b. that the work of virtual external forces equals the work of virtual internal forces on virtual
displacements

[Link] the work of real external forces equals the work of virtual internal forces on
virtual displacements

23. In a nonlinear flat member, after applying an axial load:

a. we can analyze the buckling phenomenon, but it is conditioned by the constant cross-
section along the length of the element

b. we cannot analyze the buckling phenomenon

c. we can analyze the buckling phenomenon, but it depends on the adopted

coordinate system

d. we can analyze the buckling phenomenon ( it seems to me that in a nonlinear one you
can, and probably not in a linear one, consulted with Eng. Michał Kuberski)

24. The principle of virtual work proclaims:

a. that the work of virtual external forces equals the work of real internal forces on virtual
displacements

b. that the work of real external forces equals the work of virtual internal forces on
virtual displacements
 c. that the work of virtual external forces equals the work of virtual internal forces on
real displacements

d. that the work of virtual external forces equals the work of virtual internal forces on
virtual displacements (jw.22)

25. The principle of conservation of angular momentum leads to the statement that:

a. the stress tensor in the current configuration is symmetrical (str. 11, last sentence)

b. b. The stress tensor in the present configuration is orthotropic

c. c. The stress tensor in the present configuration is asymmetric

d. The stress tensor in its current configuration is reset to zero at any time

[Link] principle of preserving mass in a local form is expressed by the relationship (symbols: ρr - reference
density, ρt - instantaneous density, rJt - determinant of the deformation gradient, dVr - elementary
volume in reference configuration):

a. 𝜌𝑟 + 𝑟𝐽𝑡𝜌𝑡 = 0

b. 𝜌𝑟 − 𝑟𝐽𝑡𝜌𝑡 = 0 (str. 8, wzór 3.7)

c. ∫𝑣 r(𝜌𝑟 − 𝑟𝐽𝑡𝜌𝑡)𝑑𝑉𝑟 = 0

d. 𝜌𝑟 − 𝑟𝐽𝑡𝜌𝑡 = 𝜌𝑟𝜌𝑡

27. The basic mathematical objects used to describe the structure are:
a. krakow

b. tensors ( I think that's what he said at TAPiR)

c. quaternions

d. matrices

[Link]-node (distributed) loads in FEM:

a. should be brought to the center of gravity of the element

b. should not be reduced to knots

c. should be reduced to knots

d. should be brought to the center of the geometric element

[Link] 'shear locking' MES effect means that:

a. non-physical stresses arise in the model and thus non-zero non-physical strains
 b. non-zero deformation is accompanied by zero kinetic energy

c. non-zero deformation is accompanied by non-zero elastic energy

d. artificial stresses and zero strains arise in the model

[Link] equation for linear elasticity (dynamics) derived using the minimum total potential
energy theorem for the virtual work principle:

a. differs by infinitely small amounts

b. is different

c. may be identical in a particular case

d. is identical

31. system of 3 matrix equations ϵ = Lu, LTσ + b = ρa and σ = Dϵ (signs: ϵ - matrix Cauchy strains, L - matrix of
differential operators, u - displacement vector, σ - Cauchy stress matrix, b - vector of mass forces, D - constitutive
matrix, a - acceleration matrix):

a. describes the task of initial stability

b. describes the task of linear statics ( (probably because it concerns a plane stress state i
deformation point 18))
c. describes the task of nonlinear dynamics
d. describes the task of linear dynamics

[Link] the mechanics of construction, the functional has an interpretation:

a. acceleration

b. energy (str. 19)

c. speed

d. mass

[Link] a finite element with the so-called reduced integration (we assume polynomial shape
functions):

a. the stiffness matrix is computed accurately

b. the number of degrees of freedom increases

c. the stiffness matrix is computed with error

d. the number of degrees of freedom is reduced

[Link] by Gauss quadrature in FEM is used for:

 a. determination of the components of the displacement matrix

b. determination of the components of the stiffness matrix

c. determining the components of the velocity matrix

d. determination of components of the acceleration matrix

[Link] basic scheme of obtaining the stiffness matrix:

a. it is identical for different types of finite elements

b. it is different for each type of finite element

c. it is different for structural and different for continual finite elements

d. it is different depending on the spatial dimension (1D, 2D, 3D) of the finite element

[Link] finite element for the classical Kirchhoff-Love theory of bending elastic plates has as
unknowns in the element node:

a. Two translational and one rotational degrees of freedom

b. three translational degrees of freedom

c. Three rotational degrees of freedom

d. one translational and two rotational degrees of (str. 49)

freedom
37. Under plane stresses and deformations: (IMPERATIVE)

a. the geometric model is flat, and the loads and boundary conditions in the plane
are perpendicular to the geometric model

b. the geometric model is spatial and the loads and boundary conditions are in the plane of
the geometric model

c. the geometric model is spatial and the loads and boundary conditions are not in
the plane of the geometric model

d. the geometric model is flat and the loads and boundary conditions are in the model plane
geometric (I think)

[Link] principle of conservation of momentum in a global form is expressed by the relationship (signs: rσt – I
Pioli-Kirchoff stress tensor, ρr - reference density, ft - mass forces, ρt - instantaneous density, rJt - determinant of
deformation gradient, v̇t - material particle acceleration, dVr - elementary volume in reference configuration:

(str. 3, wzór 3.12)

∫𝑣 𝑟 (𝑟 𝜎+
𝑡 𝜌𝑟𝑓𝑡 − 𝜌𝑟𝑣̇ 𝑡)𝑑𝑉𝑟 = 0
a. ij,j i i
𝑡
b. 𝑟𝜎 − 𝜌𝑟ƒ𝑡 − 𝜌𝑟𝑣̇𝑡 = 0
ij,j i i
 𝑡
c. 𝑟𝜎 + 𝜌𝑟ƒ𝑡 + 𝜌𝑟𝑣̇𝑡 = 0
ij,j i i

d. ∫ r(𝑟𝜎𝑡 + 𝜌𝑟ƒ𝑡 − 𝜌𝑟𝑣̇𝑡)𝑑𝑉𝑟 = 0

𝑣 jj,j i i

[Link] stiffness matrix before introducing the boundary conditions has the following
properties:

a. symmetry, banding, rarity, peculiarity

b. lack of symmetry, banding, rarity, peculiarity

c. symmetry, banding, rarity, non-singularity

d. lack of symmetry, banding and peculiarity

[Link] equation for linear elasticity (statics) derived using the minimum total potential
energy theorem or the virtual work principle:

a. it differs by an infinitely small amount

b. is identical ( I think so on the basis of points 11 and 12 of the study)

c. is different

d. may be identical in a particular case

[Link] SI unit of measurement for the element of the stiffness matrix of a planar bar element is:

a. 𝑁
𝑁
b.
𝑚2
𝑚
c.
𝑀

𝑁
d. 𝑚 ( I suspect so)

[Link] relationship between the formulation of weak linear elasticity and the principle of
minimum total potential energy is that:

a. the weak formulation is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an
extremum of kinetic energy

b. the weak formulation is a prerequisite for the existence of the extremum of kinetic energy

c. the weak wording is a necessary condition for the existence of an extreme of potential energy
(str. 27)

d. the wording weak a necessary condition for the existence of a minimum of potential energy

[Link] principle of minimum potential energy preaches:

 a. that among all the displacement fields meeting the displacement boundary conditions, the
equilibrium is the field which gives the potential energy the maximum value

b. that among all the displacement fields meeting the boundary stress conditions, the
equilibrium is the field which gives the potential energy a minimum value

[Link] out of all displacement fields meeting the displacement conditions

boundary, equilibrium corresponds to the field which gives the potential energy
minimum value

d. that among all displacement fields that do not meet the displacement boundary
conditions, equilibrium corresponds to the field which gives the potential energy the
minimum value

Comment: there must be a minimum of potential energy and it must meet the boundary conditions,
but the question is whether it is displacement or stress. So b or c..

[Link] a flat bar element we assume in each node:

a. one translational and one rotational degree of freedom

b. translational at one end and rotational degree of freedom at the other

c. rotating degrees of freedom

d. two translational degrees of ( I think so)

freedom
[Link] a flat beam element of the Euler-Bernoulli type, the Poisson's ratio v:

a. v = 0.21

b. v = 0.5

c. v=0

d. v = 0.3

[Link] a flat beam member of the Euler-Bernoulli type, deformations after applying a load:

a. impossible to analyze, because the assumptions of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory

exclude their calculation

b. they can be of any size - in accordance with the assumptions of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory

c. must be small (≤0.01) to satisfy the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory ( I think, that this)

d. should be ≥ 1.0

[Link] with higher order shape functions are recommended:

 a. when stress concentration occurs ( I guess it might be it
[Link]
content/uploads/sites/4/2014/10/MES_wyklad_2014.pdf, str. 70)

b. when constant stress occurs

c. when permanent deformation occurs

d. when constant strain and stress occur

[Link] civil engineering, it is most often used as a measure of deformation:

a. Hencky strain tensor

b. Green's strain tensor

c. Almansi strain tensor

d. Cauchy strain tensor

Comment: Green and Almansi deformations refer to deformations of arbitrarily large, i.e. finite
(some rubber materials may deform in such a way), small deformations for
building materials (which are not rubber XD) concerns the small Cauchy strain tensor (A. Gawęcki,
"Mechanics of materials and bar structures")

[Link] a linear planar member element after applying an axial load:

a. we can analyze the buckling phenomenon, but it depends on the supports

b. we can analyze buckling phenomena

c. we cannot analyze the buckling phenomenon

d. we can analyze the buckling phenomenon, but it depends on the value of the compressive force

[Link] perform approximation of the displacement field along the axis of the Euler-Bernoulli
beam element:

a. using Lagrange polynomials

b. using hyperbolic functions

c. using Chebyshev polynomials

d. using trigonometric functions

[Link] a flat beam element of the Euler-Bernoulli type, the state of axial and bending
interactions:

a. they are independent only if we take into account the load in the direction of the beam axis

b. are independent (I guess)

 c. are dependent if we take into account the load in the direction of the beam axis

d. are dependent

[Link] to the principle of minimum potential energy, a necessary condition for the equilibrium of
the structure is:

a. resetting the variance of potential energy

b. resetting of potential energy variation (str. 26)

c. resetting of variations in kinetic energy

d. resetting thermal energy variation

[Link] principle of conservation of mechanical energy is automatically met when:

a. momentum and angular momentum conservation rules are met

b. the principles of conservation of mass, momentum and angular momentum

(str. 14) are complied with

c. the principles of conservation of mass, momentum and angular velocity at the initial moment are
fulfilled

d. the principles of conservation of mass and the difference in momentum and angular momentum are
complied with

[Link] a finite element with the so-called full integration (we assume polynomial shape
functions):

a. the number of degrees of freedom increases

b. the stiffness matrix is computed accurately (str. 64)

c. the number of degrees of freedom is reduced

d. the stiffness matrix is computed with error

[Link] hourglass effect in FEM means that:

a. non-zero deformation is accompanied by zero kinetic energy

b. non-zero deformation is accompanied by non-zero elastic energy

c. non-zero deformation is accompanied by zero elastic energy (p. 70, penultimate sentence)

d. non-zero deformation is accompanied by non-zero kinetic energy

[Link] principle of conservation of angular momentum proclaims:

a. the change in the angular momentum of the body (or any of its separated parts) is equal to
the vector sum of all force moments acting on it, calculated with respect to only the center
of body mass
 [Link] change in the angular momentum of the body (or any of its separated parts) equals
vector sum of all moments of forces acting on it, calculated with respect is any point
in space (page 10, first paragraph, point 3.3)

c. the change of the angular momentum of the body (or any of its separated parts) is equal to
the vector sum of all forces acting on it

d. the change in the angular momentum of the body (or any of its separated parts) is equal to
the vector sum of all force moments acting on it, calculated with respect to only the origin of
the coordinate system

[Link] principle of conservation of angular momentum leads to the equality (symbols: σ - stress tensor):

a. σij = σji (str. 11)

b. zerowania się tensora σij

c. σij = σij

d. σii = σjj

[Link] main task of the user (designer) of MES systems is:

a. carrying out calculations in parallel on several processes

b. proper selection of the finite element type and regular division into elements finished

c. entering material parameters to three decimal places

d. precise drawing of the structure

[Link] principle of conservation of angular momentum is:

a. generalization of Newton's first and third laws of motion

b. generalization of Newton's first law of motion

c. generalization of Newton's second law of (str.118)

motion
d. generalization of Newton's third law of motion

[Link] stiffness matrix after introducing the boundary conditions has the following properties:

a. symmetry, banding, rarity, peculiarity

b. lack of symmetry, banding, rarity, peculiarity

c. symmetry, banding, rarity, non-singularity (str.45)

d. lack of symmetry, banding and peculiarity