Review

ME Elective 3

Jan Lexver C. Tiangco

 VISION
Laguna University shall be a socially responsive educational
institution of choice providing holistically developed
individuals in the Asia-Pacific Region.

MISSION
Laguna University is committed to produce academically
prepared and technically skilled individuals who are socially
and morally upright citizens.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MISSION
The Department of Mechanical Engineering of Laguna
University is committed to produce academically prepared
and technically skilled mechanical engineers who are socially
and morally upright citizens.
VISION
The Department of Mechanical Engineering of Laguna
University is envisioned to be the provincial college of choice
producing well-equipped mechanical engineers who
specializes on energy management.
 Table of Contents

Module 1: Algebra, Trigonometry, Probability and Statistics 1

Lesson 1. Algebra 1
Lesson 2. Plane Trigonometry 14
Lesson 3. Probability 19
Lesson 4. Statistics 23
Assessment 1 37

Module 2: Geometry 51
Lesson 1. Plane Geometry 51
Lesson 2. Solid Geometry 59
Lesson 3. Analytic Geometry 68
Assessment 2 91

Module 3: Calculus 110

Lesson 1. Differential Calculus 110
Lesson 2. Integral Calculus 118
Assessment 3 121

Module 4: Differential Equations and Advance Mathematics 139

Lesson 1. Differential Equations 139
Lesson 2. Advance Mathematics 152
Assessment 4 165
Course Code: ME 303

Course Description: This course aims to review the material covered by the
Mechanical Engineering Board Exam in order to allow the student to pass it. It will
be presented in modules corresponding to the different topics, especially in the
Mechanical Engineering field. Can module will review key concepts, explain
examples of them, and provide detailed practical problems.

Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO):

At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Solve problems involving mathematics, sciences, machine
design and powerplant.
2. Familiarize with the formulas and techniques in solving
engineering problems.
3. Increase the chances of passing the board examinations.

Course Requirements:
Assessment Tasks - 60%
Major Exams - 40%
_________
Periodic Grade 100%

Computation of Grades:

PRELIM GRADE = 60% (Activity 1-4) + 40% (Prelim exam)

MIDTERM GRADE = 30%(Prelim Grade) + 70 %[60% (Activity 5-7) + 40% (Midterm exam)]
FINAL GRADE = 30%(Midterm Grade) + 70 %[60% (Activity 8-10) + 40% (Final exam)]
 MODULE 1
ALGEBRA, TRIGONOMETRY, PROBABILITY
AND STATISTICS

Lesson 1. Algebra

Algebra (from Arabic "al-jabr" meaning "reunion of broken parts") is one of the broad
parts of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry and analysis. Algebra is the
branch of mathematics in which symbols (usually letters) represent unknown numbers in
mathematical equations (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Numbers
A number is a mathematical object used for counting, calculating, and marking too. A
number typically describes a quantity or position of an object or expression in mathematics.
Numbers can generally be classified as either a cardinal or an ordinal (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).

The Number System

The number system is the tree-diagram showing the classifications of numbers.

FIG 1.1 NUMBER SYSTEM

1
Complex Number

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form a + bi, where a and
b are real numbers, and i satisfies the equation i2 = −1. Because no real number satisfies this
equation, i is called an imaginary number. For the complex number a + bi, a is called the real
part, and b is called the imaginary part (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Real and Imaginary Numbers

A complex number whose imaginary part (b) is zero is called Real and if the real part
(a) is zero then it is called Imaginary (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Rational Number

Rational number is a number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction p/q of
two integers, a numerator p and a non-zero denominator q (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Irrational Number

Irrational numbers are all the real numbers which are not rational numbers. That is,
irrational numbers cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).

Laws of Equality (Matloff, 2019).

1. Associative property of addition:

(a+b) +c = a + (b+c)

2. Commutative property of addition:

a+b=b+a

3. Additive property of 0:
a+0=0+a=a

2
4. Existence of additive inverses:
For every ‘a’ there exists (-a) so that a + (-a) = 0.

5. Associative property of multiplication:

(a x b) x c = a x (b x c)

6. Commutative property of multiplication:

axb=bxa

7) Multiplicative identity property of 1:

a x 1 = 1 x a =a

8. Existence of multiplicative inverse:

For every ‘a’ not equal to 0, there exists 1/a so that
a x 1/a = 1/a x a = 1.

9. Distributive property of multiplication over addition:

a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c

Laws of Exponents (Matloff, 2019).

a◦ = 1 am = am-n 1 = a -m (ab)m = ambm

an am

am · am+n (am)n = amn am/n = n√am (a/b)m = am/bm

Factors and Products (Matloff, 2019).

a(x + y) = ax + ay (x + y)(x-y) = x2 – y2

(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (x3 + y3) = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)

(x - y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2 (x3 – y3) = (x – y) (x2 + xy +y2)

3
Types of equations and how the unknowns are solved (Matloff, 2019)

1. Linear Equation in one unknown

Simple Transposition

2. Linear Equations in two or more unknowns

a. Substitution
b. Elimination
c. Determinants
3. Quadratic Equation in one unknown

Standard Form: ax2 + bx + c = 0

a. Factoring (if factorable)
b. Quadratic Formula:
−b ± √b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a

c. Completing the Square

4. Quadratic Equations in two more unknowns

a. Substitution
b. Elimination
c. Determinants

5. Cubic Equation
Synthetic division, trial and error
(Possible roots are the factors of the constant)

6. Quadric Equation
Synthetic division, trial and error

7. Equations solvable only by trial and error

4
Worded problems in algebra and hints on their solutions

1. Age Problem
The difference in the ages of the two persons always remains the same.

2. Clock Problem
The minute hand travels 12 times faster than the hour hand.

3. Motion Problem
Distance = rate x time

4. Mixture Problem
Percentage of a component = Amount of the component
in the mixture Total amount of the mixture

5. Percentage Problem
Percentage of a Part = Amount of the component
Total amount of the mixture

6. Work Problem
Part of work Number of days worked
accomplished by a team = Number of days the team
alone can do the entire work

Significant figures rules

 All non-zero digits are considered significant.

 Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant.
 Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are significant.

Variation

a. Direct Variation: x varies directly as y

5
 x∝y x = ky
b. Inverse Variation: x varies inversely as y

1 k
x∝y x=y

c. Joint Variation: x varies directly as y and inversely as z

y y
x∝z x = kz

Sample Problems (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)

1. Which of the following is a rational number?

a. π b. 3
3 c. i d. 1.333….

Answer: D. 1.333…

Note: A Rational Number is any number that can be expressed as the ratio of two
integers, i.e. a number of the form a/b where a and b are integers and b≠0. Decimals
classified as fractions may either be terminating or nonterminating repeating decimals.
For example, 2.5 = 5/2 and 0.2 = 1/5 are terminating decimals.
1.333… = 4/3 and 0.1414… = are nonterminating repeating decimals
Real numbers that are not rational are irrational numbers. These numbers are also
called nonterminating nonrepeating decimals. For examples, the following are
irrational numbers:

 2, 3 3 , e, 

2. What value of x will give 1/(x + 2) undefined?

a. 0 b. -1/2 c. -2 d. 2

Answer: C. -2

6
 by substituting -2 as the value of x:
1 1 1
   undefined
x2 22 0

1
by substituting other choices as value of x, the value of exist.
x2

Other Method: Use your scientific calculator, if you use x = -2, error message (MAT
ERROR) will appear (meaning the value is undefined)

3. Simplify: -42 ÷ 8 – 2(4) ÷ 4

a. -1 b. 1 c. 0 d. 4

Answer: C. 0

-42 ÷ 8 – 2(4) ÷ 4 = (16 ÷ 8) – (8 ÷ 4) = 2 – 2 = 0

Note: Remember the M-D-A-S Rule, Multiplication or Division first, then Addition or
Subtraction next.

Other Method: Use your scientific calculator, enter the question like this (-4)2÷8-
2(4)÷4 then press equal sign. The result must be equal to zero (0).

4. Simplify: │-2│– │-4│

a. -6 b. -2 c. 2 d. 6

Answer: B. -2

Note: The symbol │ │means absolute value and the absolute value of a negative
number is positive.
so, │-2│– │-4│ = 2 – 4 = -2

5. Factor the expression: 4x2 + 19xy +12y2

a. (4x + 3y)(x – 4y) b. (4x + 3y)(x + 4y) c. (4x – 3y)(x – 4y) d. (x + 3y)(4x – 4y)

7
 Answer: B. (4x + 3y)(x + 4y)

Shortcut Solution: Assume any value for x and y, say x=1 and y=1
Then substitute them to the given question: 4(1)2+19(1)(1)+12(1)2 = 35
Try B, (4+3)(1+4) = (7)(5) = 35 therefore, B is the correct answer

6. The expression x3 – 8 is also equal to

a. (x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 4) b. (x – 2)(x2 + 2x – 4) c. (x – 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) d. (x + 2)(x2 – 2x –
4)
Answer: C. (x – 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)

Shortcut Solution: Assume any value of x, say x=1

Then substitute to the given question: 13 - 8 = -7
Try C, (1 – 2)(1 + 2 + 4) = (-1)(7) = -7 therefore, C is the correct answer

7. Factor completely the expression: 2x3 – 2x2 – 24x

a. 2x(x + 4)(x + 3) b. 3x(x – 4)(x + 3) c. x(x – 4)(x + 3) d. 2x(x – 4)(x + 3)

Answer: D. 2x(x – 4)(x + 3)

Shortcut Solution: Assume any value of x, say x=1 or any value

Then substitute to the given question: 2(1)3 – 2(1)2 -24(1) = -24
Try D, 2(1)(1 – 4)(1 + 3) = (-1)(7) = -24 therefore, D is the correct answer

8. Factor completely: 5x4 – 5x3 – 20x2 + 20x

a. 5x(x–1)(x+2)(x–2) b. 5x(x–2)(x+1)(x–2) c. 5x(x–1)(x+2 )(x–3) d. 4x(x–1)(x+2)(x–
2)

Answer: A. 5x(x–1)(x+2)(x–2)

Shortcut Solution: Assume any value of x, say x=4 Note: except 1, -1, 2, -2 or 3 so
that the results on choices will not be equal to zero.

8
 Then substitute to the given question: 5(4)4 – 5(4)3 -20(4)2+ 20(4) = 720
Try A, 5(4)(4 – 1)(4 + 2)(4-2) = 720 therefore, A is the correct answer

9. Find the remainder when 5x6 + 4x4 + 7x3 + 2x – 3 is divided by x + 1.

a. 1 b. 3 c. -1 d. -3

Answer: D. -3

Using Gaus Remainder Theorem:

x + 1 = 0 thus, x = -1 substitute x = 1, to the given polynomials
remainder = 5(-1)6 + 4(-1)4 + 7(-1)3 + 2(-1) – 3 = -3

10. Determine the remainder if 2x3 – 3x + 1 is divided by x – 1.

a. 1 b. 2 c. 0 d. -1

Answer: C. 0 Using Gaus Remainder Theorem:

x -1 = 0 thus, x = 1 substitute x = 1, to the given polynomials
remainder = 2(1)3 – 3(1) + 1 = 0

11. The sum of two numbers is 14. The sum of the squares of the numbers is 100. Find
the product of the two numbers.
a. 42 b. 48 c. 72 d. 75

Let x and y be the numbers

Answer: B. 48 x  y  14 First Equation
x 2  y 2  100 Second Equation
Required : xy  ?
Shortcut Solution :
(x  y  14) 2  x 2  2 xy  y 2  196
Subtract :
x 2  2 xy  y 2  196

x2  y 2  100
2xy  96
xy  48 product of two numbers

9
12. The amount of 135 is to be divided among three brothers in the ratio [Link]. What is
the biggest amount received by a brother?
a. 54 b. 63 c. 72 d. 75
Answer: B. 63
135 is divided in the ratio of 3 : 5 : 7
Required : The Biggest amount
Solution : 3x  5x  7x  135
15x  135
x 9
Therefore, the biggest amount is  7 x  7(9)  63

13. An audience of 540 persons is seated in rows having the same number of persons in
each row. If 3 more persons sit in each row, it would require 2 rows less to seat the
audience. How many persons were in each row originally?
a. 20 b. 35 c. 27 d. 30
substitute Equation 1 to Equation 2,
Answer: C. 27  540 540 
 x - 2  x  3 multiply both sides by (x)(x - 2)
 
540x  540(x - 2)  3(x)(x - 2)
Given : An audience of 540 persons is seated in rows
540x  540x - 1080  3x 2  6x
Let x  be the number of rows
y  be the number of persons seated in each row 3x 2  6x  1080  0
Working Equations : by quadratic formula or using Calculator (EQN M ode, 2 nd degree)
540 x  20 rows
 y Equation 1
x 540 540
Therefore, y    27 persons per row
540 x 20
 y  3 Equation 2
x-2
14. How much coffee costing 85 pesos per kg must be added to 150 kg costing 90 pesos
per kg to make a mixture of 87 pesos per kg?
a. 200 kg b. 210 kg c. 220 kg d. 225 kg

Answer: D. 225 kg
For Mixture Problems: Use Block Diagram

90(150 )  85( x )  87(150  x )

P90 / kg  P85 / kg  P87 / kg 13,500  85 x  13050  87 x
150 kg x 150 kg  x 450  2 x
x  225 kg

10
15. How much water must be added to 8 liters of 6% saline solution to reduce the
concentration to 4%?
a. 2 L b. 2.5 L c. 3 L d. 4 L
Answer: D. 4 L
6%  0%  4%
Use Block Diagram: 8L x 8L  x
0.06(8)  0( x)  0.04( x  8)
0.48  0  0.04 x  0.32
0.16  0.04 x
x  4L

16. If John was four times as old as Jerry 8 years ago, and if John will be twice as old as
Jerry 8 years from now, how old is John now?
a. 16 b. 24 c. 32 d. 40

Answer: D. 40 Use Tabulation:

Name Age 8 years Present Age Age 8 years from now

ago
John 4x 4x + 8 4x + 16
Jerry x x+8 x + 16

4 x  16  2( x  16)
4 x  16  2x  32
2x  16
x8
Therefore , 4x  8  4(8)  8  40 present age of John

17. Four times Maria’s present age is four more than 8 times what Anna’s age was 2
years ago. Three times Anna’s present age is 3 more than twice what Maria’s age
was 4 years ago. Find the present age of Maria.
a. 17 b. 14 c. 19 d. 11

Answer: C. 19
Name Age 4 years ago Age 2 years ago Present Age
Use Tabulation:
Maria y–4 y–2 y
Anna x–4 x–2 x

11
 Working Equations : substitute Equation 1 to Equation 2,
4y  4  8(x - 2)   8x - 12  
4y  4  8x - 16 3x  2 4   5 multiply both sides by 4,
   
4y  4 - 16  8x 12x  2(8x - 12) - 20
4y  8x - 12 12x  16x - 24 - 20
8x - 12 12x  16x - 44
y Equation 1
4 44  4x
3x  3  2(y - 4) x  11 Present Ag e of Anna
3x  3  2y - 8 8x - 12 8(11)  12
3x  2y - 5 Equation 2 Therefore, y    19 Present Ag e of M aria
4 4
18. A man and a boy can dig a trench in 20 days. It would take the boy 9 days long to dig
it alone that it would take the man. How long would it take the boy to dig alone?
a. 36 days b. 39 days c. 45 days d. 48 days

Answer: C. 45 days
U sin g quadratic formula or Calculator (EQN Mode, 2nd Degree),
1 1 1
  Equation 1 M  36 days
M B 20
B  M  9 Equation 2 thus, B  M  9  36  9  45 days
substitute Equation 2 to Equation 1, 1 1 1
to check :  
1 1 1 M B 20
  multiply both sides by (M )(M 9)(20) 1 1 1
M M  9 20  
20(M  9)  20M  M (M  9) 36 45 20
1 1
20M  180  20M  M 2  9M 
20 20
M 2  31M  180  0

19. It takes Alfredo twice as it takes Efren to do a piece of work. Working together, they
can do it in 6 days. How long would it take Efren to do it alone?
a. 8 days b. 9 days c. 10 days d. 12 days
1 1 1
 
A E 6
Answer: B. 9 days but A  2E
thus,
1 1 1
  multiply both sides by 6E
2E E 6
3 6 E
E  9 days (it will take 9 days for Efren to do the the work alone)
20. Mike, Mel and Joey can mow the lawn in 4, 6, and 7 hours respectively. What
fraction of the yard can they mow in 1 hour if they work together?
a. 47/84 b. 45/84 c. 84/47 d. 39/60

12
Answer: A. 47/84
1 1 1 1 1 1 47
Fraction of the yard they can mow       
Mike Mel Joey 4 6 7 84

21. A man driving his car at a certain speed will reach his destination 6 hours. If he
increased his speed by 24 kph, he would have reached his destination in 5 hours.
Find the distance of his destination.
a. 750 km b. 720 km c. 650 km d. 600 km
Answer: B. 720 km Condition 1 :
time  6 hours ; speed or rate  x ; distance  D1
Condition 2 :
time  5 hours ; speed or rate  x  24 ; distance  D 2
But the Distances in Condition 1 and 2 are equal
D1  D 2
Dis tan ce  Rate x time
(6)( x)  ( x  24 )(5)
6x  5x  120
x  120 kph
Therefore, Distance  6x  6(120)  720 km
or Distance  (x  24)(5)  (120  24 )(5)  720 km

22. The volume of an enclosed gas varies inversely as the pressure. If a tank contains
10,000 m3 of gas under 20 lb/in2 pressure, find the volume of gas under a pressure
of 40 lb/in2.
a. 5,000 m3 b. 4,000 m3 c. 6,000 m3 d. 9,000 m3
1 1
V~ ; V k
P P
Answer: A. 5,000 m3 thus , k  PV  P1V1  P2 V2
Given : V1  10,000 m 3 ; P1  20 psi ; P2  40 psi
Solution : P1V1  P2 V2
20(10,000)  40(V2 )
V2  5,000 m 3

23. If a 3 lb-weight stretches a certain spring half an inch, how much would 8 lb-weight
stretch the spring without exceeding the elastic limit. Note: The elongation or
compression of spring varies directly as the weight or load applied.
a. 3/4 in b. 4/3 inch c. 6/5 inch d. 1/8 inc

13
Answer: B. 4/3 inch For Spring :
x ~F ; x  kF
where : x  elongation or compression
F  load or force acting on the spring
x x1 x 2
thus , k   
F F1 F2
Given : x 1  1/2 in ; F1  3 lbs ; F2  8 lbs
x1 x 2
Solution : 
F1 F2
1/ 2 x 2 4
 thus, x 2  in
3 8 3

Lesson 2. Trigonometry (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that is the study of angles and the
relationship between angles and the lines that form them. Trigonometry is used in Classical
Physics and Electrical Science to analyze many physical phenomena. Engineers and
operators use this branch of mathematics to solve problems encountered in the classroom
and on the job. The most important application of trigonometry is the solution of problems
involving triangles, particularly right triangles (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

The right triangle

Basic Trigonometric Functions

B
sin A = a/c = cos (90-A)
cos A = b/c = sin (90-A) c
a
tan A = a/b = cot (90-A)
cot A = b/a = 1/tan A
A C
sec A = c/b = 1/cos A b
csc A = c/a = 1/sin A Sum of Angles: A + B + C =180º
Pythagorean Theorem

a2 + b2 = c2

14
Trigonometric Identities

Pythagorean Identities

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
1 + cot2 x = csc2 x

Functions of sum and difference of two angles

sin (x+y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

sin (x -y) = sin x cos y - cos x sin y

cos (x+y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y

cos (x -y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

tan x+tan y
tan (x+y) =
1−tan x tan y

tan x−tan y
tan (x-y) =
1+tan x tan y

Functions of double angles

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

cos 2x = cos2x – sin2x
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1−tan2 x θ

Angle of elevation and angle of depression

Angle of Elevation (θ) – angle between the horizontal and the line of sight which is above the
horizontal.

Angle of Depression (∞) – angle between the horizontal and the line of sight which is below
the horizontal.

15
Oblique triangles
C

Sine Law
a
a b c b
= =
sin A sin B sin C
A B
c

Cosine Law:

a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A

b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B

c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C

Sample Problems:

1. Find the radius of a circle inscribed in a triangle with sides of 5 cm, 7 cm and 10 cm.

a. 1.477 cm b. 2.477 cm c. 3.477 cm d. 4.447 cm

Answer: A. 1.477 cm

Formulas: Radius of the Inscribed Circle in a Triangle

7

A
r A  area of a triangle ; S  semi - perimeter r
S 5
10

Since 3 sides of triangle are given, Hero’s Formula can be used.

Thus,
A  S(S  a)(S  b)(S  c ) radius “r” can also be solved directly b y,
a  b  c 5  7  10
where : S    11 (S  a)(S  b)(S  c)
2 2 r
S
thus , A  11(11  5)(11  7)(11  10)  264
(11  5)(11  7)(11  10)
A 264 r  1.477 cm
therefore : r    1.477 cm 11
S 11

16
2. The area of a triangle whose sides are 25 cm, 39 cm and 40 cm is:

a. 468 b. 648 c. 846 d. 498

Answer: A. 468 cm2 Use Heron’s Formula: A  S(S  a)(S  b)(S  c)

a  b  c 25  39  40
where:S    52
2 2
thus, A  52(52  25)(52  39)(52  40)  468 cm2
3. Solve for the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle if lengths of the two legs are 7 m
and 16 m, respectively.

a. 10.363 m b. 12.567 m c. 15.648 m d. 17.464 m

Answer: D. 17.464 m Use Pythagorean Theorem (for Right Triangles only)

c 2  a2  b2 where : c  hypotenuse ; a and b  two legs Thus, c  a2  b2  72  16 2  17.464 cm

4. An oblique triangle has sides a = 6 cm, b = 9 cm and angle C = 32°. Solve the other angles
of the triangle.

a. 39°6’48” ; 108°51’54” b. 39°6’48” ; 98°51’54” c. 40° ; 80° d. 50° ; 102°

Answer: A. 39°6’48” ; 108°51’54”

Formulas: For Oblique Triangles

B
COSINE LAW :
a c SINE LAW :
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A
a b c
b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B  
A sin A sin B sin C
b c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C
C

Thus,
c  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C  6 2  9 2  2(6)(9) cos 32  5.04 cm

6 5.04
 ; A  39 6' 48"
sinA sin 32

9 5.04
 ; B  71.135  or 180  - 71.135   108.865   108  51' 54"
sinB sin 32
or use COSINE LAW to directly get the value of 108.865 

Note: Sum of the interior angles of any triangle is equal to 180°.

17
5. Given a triangle with angle C = 28.7°, side a = 132 units and b = 224 units. Solve for the
angle B.

a. 140.94° b. 130.94° c. 120.94° d. 80.94°

B
Answer: C. 120.94°
a c
c  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C  132 2  224 2  2(132 )(224 ) cos 28.7  125 .42 units
A
b 2  a 2  c 2  2ac cos B ; 224 2  132 2  125 .42 2  2(132 )(125 .42) cos B ; B  120.94  b
C

6. The perimeter of a small rectangular industrial lot is 140 m and its diagonal is 50 m. Find
the area of the lot in square meters.

a. 1250 b. 1200 c. 1300 d. 1500

Answer: B. 1200

Formulas: Perimeter of a Rectangle,

50 m W
Perimeter  2L  2W

L
Area of a Rectangle,

Area  LW

Therefore, 50 2  (70  W ) 2  W 2
140  2L  2W  Equation 1 2500  4900  140 W  W 2  W 2
Consider the triangle formed : 2W 2  140 W  2400  0 dividing both sides by 2
Using the Pythagorea n Theorem,
W 2  70 W  1200  0
50 2  L2  W 2  Equation 2 ( w  40)(W  30)  0
From Equation 1, W  40 m or W  30 m
2L  140 - 2W dividing both sides by 2 Thus, L  70 - 30  40 m or L  70 - 40  30 m
L  70 - W  substitute to Equation 2 Therefore, Area  40m(30m)  1200 m 2
or Area  30m(40m)  1200 m 2

Lesson 3. Probability

18
 A cynical person once said, “The only two sure things are death and taxes.” This
philosophy no doubt arose because so much in people’s lives is affected by chance. From the
time you awake until you go to bed, you make decisions regarding the possible events that
are governed at least in part by chance (Matloff, 2019). For example, should you carry an
umbrella to work today? Will your car battery last until spring? Should you accept that new
job?

The basic concepts of probability are explained in this chapter. These concepts include
probability experiments, sample spaces, the addition and multiplication rules, and the
probabilities of complementary events. Also, in this chapter, you will learn the rule for counting,
the differences between permutations and combinations, and how to figure out how many
different combinations for specific situations exist. Finally, it explains how the counting rules
and the probability rules can be used together to solve a wide variety of problems (Matloff,
2019).

Sample Space and Relationships among Events

A probability experiment is a chance process that leads to well-defined results called

outcomes. An outcome is the result of a single trial of a probability experiment.

A trial means flipping a coin once, rolling one die once, or the like. When a coin is
tossed, there are two possible outcomes: head or tail. In the roll of a single die, there are six
possible outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In any experiment, the set of all possible outcomes is
called the sample space (Matloff, 2019).

A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment.

TABLE 1.1 EXPERIMENT – SAMPLE SPACE

Experiment Sample space
Toss one coin Head, tail
Roll a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Answer a true/false question True, false
Toss two coins Head-head, tail-tail, head-tail, tail-head

19
 It is important to realize that when two coins are tossed, there are four possible
outcomes, as shown in the fourth experiment above. Both coins could fall heads up. Both
coins could fall tails up. Coin 1 could fall heads up and coin 2 tails up. Or coin 1 could fall tails
up and coin 2 heads up. Heads and tails will be abbreviated as H and T throughout this module
(Matloff, 2019).

Rolling Dice

Find the sample space for rolling two dice.

Solution:

Since each die can land in six different ways, and two dice are rolled, the sample space
can be presented by a rectangular array. The sample space is the list of pairs of numbers in
the chart (Matloff, 2019).

FIG 1.2 DICE SAMPLE SPACE

Classical Probability

Classical probability assumes that all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely
to occur. For example, when a single die is rolled, each outcome has the same probability of
1
occurring. Since there are six outcomes, each outcome has a probability of . When a card is
6
selected from an ordinary deck of 52 cards, you assume that the deck has been shuffled, and
1
each card has the same probability of being selected. In this case, it is (Matloff, 2019).
52

20
Equally likely events are events that have the same probability of occurring.

The probability of any event E is:

Number of outcomes in E
Total number of outcomes in the sample space

This probability is denoted by

n(E)
P(E) =
n(S)
This probability is called classical probability, and it uses the sample space S.

Drawing Cards

Find the probability of getting a black 10 when drawing a card from a deck (Matloff, 2019).

Solution:

There are 52 cards in a deck, and there are two black 10s—the 10 of spades and the
2 1
10 of clubs. Hence the probability of getting a black 10 is P(black 10) = =
52 26

Drawing Cards

Find the sample space for drawing one card from an ordinary deck of cards.

Solution:

Since there are 4 suits (hearts, clubs, diamonds, and spades) and 13 cards for each
suit (ace through king), there are 52 outcomes in the sample space (Matloff, 2019).

21
 FIG 1.3 CARD SUITS

Drawing Cards

A card is drawn from an ordinary deck. Find these probabilities. (Matloff, 2019).

a. Of getting a jack

b. Of getting the 6 of clubs (i.e., a 6 and a club)

c. Of getting a 3 or a diamond

d. Of getting a 3 or a 6

Solution:

a. There are 4 jacks so there are 4 outcomes in event E and 52 possible outcomes in the
sample space. Hence,
4 1
𝑃(𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘) = =
52 13

b. Since there is only one 6 of clubs in event E, the probability of getting a 6 of clubs is
1
𝑃(6 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑠) =
52

c. There are four 3s and 13 diamonds, but the 3 of diamonds is counted twice in this
listing. Hence, there are 16 possibilities of drawing a 3 or a diamond, so
16 4
𝑃(3 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑) = =
52 13

22
 d. Since there are four 3s and four 6s,
8 2
𝑃(3 𝑜𝑟 6) = =
52 13

Lesson 4. Statistics

Basic concepts of statistics

Statistics

A science that deals with the methods of collecting, organizing, and summarizing
quantitative data which are analyzed and interpreted (Matloff, 2019).

a. Descriptive Statistics → utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns, to
summarize and to present the information in a set of data (Matloff, 2019).
b. Inferential Statistics → utilizes sample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions about
a larger set of data (Matloff, 2019).

Population, sample, and variable

a. Population → a set of existing units or items such as people, objects, transactions,

or events (Matloff, 2019).
b. Sample → a sub-collection of items drawn from population (Matloff, 2019).
c. Variable → a characteristic or property of an individual unit such as height of a
person, time of a reflex, amount of transaction (Matloff, 2019).

Methods for describing sets of data

a. Nominal Data → these are measurements that simply classify the units of the sample or
population into categories (Matloff, 2019).
b. Ordinal Data → these are measurements that enable the units of the sample or population
to be ordered or ranked with respect to the variable of interest (Matloff, 2019).

23
c. Interval Data → these are measurements that enable the determination of the differential of
the characteristic being measured between one unit of the sample or population and another
(Matloff, 2019).
d. Ratio Data → these are measurements that enable the determination of the multiple of the
characteristic being measured between one unit of the sample or population and another
(Matloff, 2019).
e. Qualitative Data → these are measurements that have meaningful numbers associated with
the, these include interval and ratio data (Matloff, 2019).

Frequency distribution

This refers to the organization of data in tabular form showing the frequency of
occurrence of the values or objects in each class or category (Matloff, 2019).

a. Frequency is the number of times a value appears in the listing or data.

b. The relative frequency distribution of a given set of data shows the proportion in
percent the frequency of each class to the total frequency. The relative frequency denoted by
f
% f is given by % f = x 100%
n
where:
f → frequency of each class
n → sample size
c. The cumulative frequency distribution can be obtained by simply adding the class
frequencies. There are two types of cumulative frequency distribution
i. Less than cumulative frequency distribution; < cumf → refers to a distribution
whose frequencies are less than or below the upper-class boundary they correspond.
ii. Greater than cumulative distribution; > cumf → refers to the distribution
whose frequencies are greater than or above the lower-class boundary.

Class intervals, class mark, and class boundaries

a. Class Interval → refers to the grouping per category defined by the lower limit and
the upper limit (Matloff, 2019).

24
 b. Class Mark → defined as the midpoint of a class interval and is computed by:
(Matloff, 2019).

upper limit
[lower limit + ]
Class Mark = of the class of the class
2

c. Class Boundary → a point that represents the halfway or dividing point between
successive classes (Matloff, 2019).
i. The class size or class width is equal to the difference between two
consecutives upper limits around that class.
ii. The range R refers to the difference between the highest and lowest value
in the distribution.

Construction of a frequency distribution

Consider the following steps in constructing a frequency distribution: (Matloff, 2019).
a. Get the highest and lowest value in the distribution.
b. Compute the value of the range.
c. Determine the number of classes
i. There is no standard method to follow in determining the number of classes.
ii. The number of classes must not be less than 5 and should not be more than 15.
iii. In some instances, the number of classes k can be approximated by using the
formula k = 1 + 3.5 log n
d. Find the size of the class interval. The value can be obtained by the
desired number of classes.
e. Construct the classes by choosing a convenient value to start the first
class.
f. Determine the frequency of each class by counting the number of items that
fall in each interval.

Measure of central tendency

a. Mean → the value obtained by adding the values in the distribution and dividing the
sum by the total number of values or items; it is also the simplest and most efficient measure
of central tendency (Matloff, 2019).

25
 i. Mean for Ungrouped Data, the mean for ungrouped data denoted by x̅ is
∑x
given by: x̅ =
n
When each value in the distribution is associated to a certain weight
∑ wx
or degree of importance, hence the weighted mean will be x̅ = ∑w

ii. Mean of Grouped Data

In using the Midpoint Method; the midpoint of each class interval is
∑ fx
taken as the representative of each class. Hence x̅ =
n
where:
f → represents the frequency of each class
x → midpoint of each class
n → total number of frequencies or the sample size

The Unit Deviation Method uses unit deviation and is usually implemented by
considering an arbitrary point as the initial step in approximating the value of the mean.
∑ fd
Hence x̅ = xa + [ ]c
n
where:
xa → assumed mean; or the midpoint of the class interval with the
highest frequency.
f → frequency of each class
d → unit deviation
c → size of the class interval
n → sample size

b. Median → the middle most value in the distribution and is denoted by x̃ (Matloff,
2019).
i. Median for Ungrouped Data
In determining the median for ungrouped data; the values must be arranged first
terms of magnitude either from lowest to highest or vice versa. Hence x̃ = xn+1 ; if n is odd
2
x n x n
(2 ) + (2 + 1)
x̃ = ; if n is even
2

ii. Median for Grouped Data

26
 The procedure requires the construction of the less than cumulative frequency
n
− cumfb
column; (< cumf). Hence x̃ = xb + [2 ]c
fm

where:
xb → lower boundary limit of the median class
cumfb → cumulative frequency before the median class
fm → frequency of the median class
c → size of the class interval

c. Mode → the most frequent value in the distribution and is denoted by x̂ (Matloff,
2019).
i. Mode for Ungrouped Data
Mode can be obtained through inspection.
ii. Mode for grouped Data
Identify the modal class; that is the interval which contains the highest
d1
frequency in the distribution. Hence x̂ = xb + [ ]c
d1 + d2
where:
xb → lower boundary limit of the modal class
d1 ; d2 → difference between the frequency of the modal class and the
frequency of the interval before and after the modal class respectively.

Quartiles, deciles, and percentiles

a. Quartiles → these refer to the value that divide the distribution into four equal parts
and is denoted by the procedure of computing the value of the first, second, and third
quartiles is the same as that of computing the median (Matloff, 2019).

n 2n 3n
[ 4 − cumfb ] [ 4 − cumfb ] [ 4 − cumfb]
Q1 = x b + c Q 2 = xb + c Q1 = x b + c
fm fm fm

b. Decile → this refers t to the value that divides the distribution into 10 equal parts and is
denoted by D (Matloff, 2019).

kn
[ 10 − cumfb ]
Dk = xb + c
fm

27
where:
k = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 9

c. Percentile → this refers to the value that divides the distribution into 100 equal
parts and is denoted by P (Matloff, 2019).

kn
[100 − cumfb ]
Pk = xb + c
fm

where:
k = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 99

Example1. A dice was rolled 80 times and the results are shown:
Outcome Frequency
1 12
2 14
3 10
4 20
5 15
6 9
Find the weighted mean.

Solution:
determine x̅
x w wx
1 12 12
2 14 28
3 10 30
4 20 80
5 15 75
6 9 54
80 279

∑ wx 279
x̅ = = x̅ = 3.49 ← Answer
w 80

28
Example 2. The ages of 8 students in a certain class were taken and shown below:

15, 18, 17, 16, 19, 21, 20, 16

Determine the mean age of the students.
Solution:
determine x̅

∑x
x̅ =
n
15 + 18 + 17 + 16 + 19 + 21 + 20 +16
=
8

x̅ = 17.75 ← Answer

Example 3. Determine the median of the following measurements in cm.

a. 42, 38, 64, 18, 53, 24, 46, 75, 32

b. 101, 95, 110, 68, 79, 124, 86, 54

Solution:
a. determine x̃

Arrange in ascending order; 18, 24, 32, 38, 42, 46, 53, 64, 75

x̃ = xn+1 ; n is odd
2

x̃ = x5 = 42 cm ← Answer

b. determine x̃

Arrange in ascending order; 54, 68, 79, 86, 95, 101, 110, 124

x n x n
(2 ) + (2 + 1)
x̃ = ; n is even
2

29
 x 8 x8
(2) + (2 + 1)
x̃ =
2

x4 + x5 86 + 95
= =
2 2

x̃ = 90.5 cm ← Answer

Example 4. For the following sets of data, determine the mode.

a. 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 10, 10 11
b. 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 10, 10, 10,11
c. 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 , 11

Solution:
a. determine x̂
By inspection

x̂ = 7 ← Answer

b,. determine x̂
By inspection

x̂ = 7 and 10 ← Answer

c. determine x̂
By inspection

x̂ = no mode ← Answer

Example 5. Consider the frequency distribution of the test of the 60 students in a statistics
class. Compute the mean, median, and mode.

Class f x fx
11 – 22 3 16.5 49.5

30
 23 – 34 5 28.5 142.5
35 – 46 11 40.5 445.5
47 – 58 19 52.5 997.5
59 – 70 14 64.5 903
71 – 82 6 76.5 459
83 – 94 2 88.5 177
60 3,174

Solution:
a. determine x̅

Using Midpoint Method

∑ fx 3,174
x̅ = =
n 60

x̅ = 52.90 ← Answer

Using Unit deviation Method

Class f d fd
11 – 22 3 –3 –9
23 – 34 5 –2 –10
35 – 46 11 –1 –11
47 – 58 19 0 0
59 – 70 14 1 14
71 – 82 6 2 12
83 – 94 2 3 6
60 2
∑ fd 2
x̅ = xa + [ ] c = 52.5 + [ ] (12)
n 60

x̅ = 52.90 ← Answer

Similarly

31
 Class f x d fd
11 – 22 3 16.5 –2 –6
23 – 34 5 28.5 –1 –5
35 – 46 11 40.5 0 0
47 – 58 19 52.5 1 19
59 – 70 14 64.5 2 28
71 – 82 6 76.5 3 18
83 – 94 2 88.5 4 8
60 62

∑ fd 62
x̅ = xa + [ ] c = 40.5 + [ ] (12)
n 60

x̅ = 52.90 ← Answer

Note:
The assumed xa is the midpoint x of the chosen class interval.

b. determine x̃

Class f < cumf

11 – 22 3 3
23 – 34 5 8
35 – 46 11 19 ← cumfb
47 – 58 19 ← fm 38 ← class median
59 – 70 14 52
71 – 82 6 58
83 – 94 2 60
𝐧
− 𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐟𝐛 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟗
𝐱̃ = 𝐱 𝐛 + [ 𝟐
] c = 46.5 + [ ](12)
𝐟𝐦 𝟏𝟗

x̃ = 53.45 ← Answer

c. determine x̂

32
 Class f
11 – 22 3
23 – 34 5
35 – 46 11
47 – 58 19 ← modal class
59 – 70 14
71 – 82 6
83 – 94 2

d1 8
x̂ = xb + [ ] c = 46.5 + [ ](12)
d1 + d2 8 + 11

x̂ = 53.88 ← Answer

Mean deviation

The arithmetic mean or the absolute deviation is found by dividing the sum of the
absolute deviations by the total number of observations or data (Matloff, 2019).

a. For Ungrouped Data

|x1 − x̅| + |x2 − x̅| + . . .+ |xn − x̅|

M.D. = ; sample mean deviation
n

|x1 − x̅| + |x2 − x̅| + . . .+ |xn − x̅|

M.D. = ; population mean deviation
N

b. For Grouped Data

∑n
i =1 fi ⌈xi − x
̅⌉
M.D. = ; sample mean deviation
n

∑n
i =1 fi ⌈xi − x
̅⌉
M.D. = ; population mean deviation
N

33
Variance and standard deviation

a. Variance is a measure found by squaring the individual deviations and is denoted

by σ2 (Matloff, 2019).
b. Standard deviation denoted by σ is found by getting the square root of the
variance (Matloff, 2019).

i. For Ungrouped Data

∑n ̅ ]2
i =1[xi − x
σ2 = ; sample variance
n−1

or

2
1 (∑n
i = 1 xi )
σ2 = [∑ni=1 xi2 – ]
n−1 n

∑n ̅ ]2
i =1[xi − x
σ=√ ; sample standard deviation
n−1

∑n ̅ ]2
i =1[xi − x
σ2 = ; population variance
N−1

∑n ̅ ]2
i =1[xi − x
σ=√ ; population standard deviation
N−1

ii. For Grouped Data

∑n ̅ ]2
i =1 fi [xi − x ∑n
i=1 fi xi
σ2 = ; x̅ =
n−1 n

2
1 (∑k
i = 1 fi xi )
σ2 = [∑ki=1 fi xi2 – ]
n−1 n

Example 6. For the set of values 8, 16, 12, 10, 14, 16, find (a) ∑6i= 1(xi − x̅), (b) ∑6i=1|xi − x̅|,
and (c) M.D.

34
 Solution:
a. determine ∑6i= 1(xi − x̅)

8 +16 + 12 + 10 + 14 + 16
x̅ =
6
x̅ = 11
∑6i= 1(xi − x̅) = (8 – 11) + (16 – 11) + (12 – 11) + (10 – 11) + (14 – 11) + (16 – 11)

∑6i= 1(xi − x̅) = 0 ← Answer

b. determine ∑6i=1|xi − x̅|

∑6i=1|xi − x̅| = |8 − 11| + |16 − 11| + |12 − 11| + |10 − 11| + |14 − 11| + |16 − 11|

∑6i=1|xi − x̅|= 18 ← Answer

c. determine M.D.

∑6i=1|xi −x̅| 18
M.D. = =
𝑛 6

M.D. = 3 ← Answer

Example 7. For the following data 18, 19, 16, 12, 7, 10, 23; find (a) x̅, (b) M.D., (c) σ2 , and
(d) σ
Solution:
a. determine x̅

18 + 19 + 16 + 12 + 7 + 10 + 23
x̅ =
7

x̅ = 15 ← Answer

b. determine M.D.

|18 − 15| + |19 − 15| + |16 − 15| + |12 − 15| + |7 − 15|+|10 − 15|+|23 − 15|
M.D. =
7

35
 M.D. = 4.57 ← Answer

c. determine σ2

∑7i=1[xi − 11]2
σ2 =
7−1

(18 − 15)2 +(19 − 15)2 +(16 − 15)2 +(12 − 15)2 +(7 − 15)2 +(10 − 15)2 +(23 − 15)2
=
6

σ2 = 31.33 ← Answer

d. determine σ

∑7i=1[xi − 15]2
σ=√
7−1

σ = 5.597 ← Answer

36
 Assessment Task 1

Directions: Multiple Choices. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. The prefix nano is opposite to:

A. mega C. hexa
B. tera D. giga
2. When rounded-off to four significant figures, 102.48886 becomes:
A. 102.4 C. 102.4888
B. 102.4889 D. 102.5
3. Which of the following is a prime number?
A. 221 C. 523
B. 63 D. 703
4. The number of significant figures in the value 500.00 is:
A. one C. five
B. three D. six
5. The scale on the map is 1:x. A lot having an area of 640 sq. m. is represented by an
area of 25.6 cm2 on the map. What is the value of x?
A. 500 C. 50
B. 1000 D. 100
1
6. Solve for x: x = −( )−2/3
−27
A. 9 C. -9
B. 1/9 D. -1/9
7. Solve for a in the equation: a = 64x 4y .
A. 4x+3y C. 256xy
B. 43xy D. 43x+y
8. Simplify 3x − 3x−1 − 3x−2 .
A. 3x−2 C. 5 × 3x−2
B. 33x−3 D. 13 × 3x

37
9. Which of the following is true?
A. √−2 × √−2 = 2 C. √10 = √5 + √2
B. 24 = 4√6 D. 55 + 55 + 55 + 55 + 55 = 56
10. If 3a = 7b, then 3a2 /7b2 =
A. 1 C. 7/3
B. 3/7 D. 49/9
11. Find x from the following equations: 27x = 9y & 81y 3−x = 243
A. 2.5 C. 1
B. 2 D. 1.5
12. Simplify the following: 7a+2 − 8(7a+1 ) + 5(7a ) + 49(7a−2 ).
A. −5a C. −7a
B. 3 D. 7a
xy−1 x2 y−2
13. Simplify: ( )4 ÷ ( )3
x−2 y3 x−3 y3
A. xy 3 C. x 3 y
y 1
B. D.
x3 x3 y
14. Change 0.2272727… to a common fraction.
A. 7/44 C. 5/22
B. 5/48 D. 9/34
15. If p is an odd number and q is an even number, which of the following expressions
must be even?
A. p+q C. pq
B. p-q D. p/q
16. Factor x 4 − y 2 + y − x 2 as completely as possible.
A. (x 2 + y)(x 2 + y − 1) C. (x 2 − y)(x 2 − y − 1)
B. (x 2 + y)(x 2 − y − 1) D. (x 2 − y)(x 2 + y − 1)
17. Factor the expression x 3 + 8 as completely as possible:
A. (x − 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4) C. (−x + 2)(−x 2 + 2x + 2)
B. (x + 4)(x 2 + 2x + 2) D. (x + 2)(x 2 − 2x + 4)
18. Factor the expression (x 4 − y 4 ) as completely as possible:
A. (x + y)(x 2 + 2xy + y 2 ) C. (x 2 + y 2 )(x + y)(x − y)
B. (x 2 + y 2 )(x 2 − y 2 ) D. (1 + x 2 )(1 + y)(1 − y 2 )
19. Factor the expression 16 − 10x + x 2 :
A. (x + 8)(x − 2) C. (x − 8)(x + 2)

38
 B. (x − 8)(x − 2) D. (x + 8)(x + 2)
20. Factor the expression x 6 − 1 as completely as possible.
A. (x + 1)(x − 1)(x 4 + x 2 − 1)
B. (x + 1)(x − 1)(x 4 + 2x 2 + 1)
C. (x + 1)(x − 1)(x 4 − x 2 + 1)
D. (x + 1)(x − 1)(x 4 + x 2 + 1)
21. If f(x) = x 2 + x + 1, then f(x) − f(x − 1) =
A. 0 C. 2x
B. x D. 3
22. Solve the simultaneous equations: 3x − y = 6; 9x − y = 12
A. x=3; y=1 C. x=2; y=2
B. x=1; y=-3 D. x=4; y=2
23. Solve for w from the following equations:
3x − 2y + w = 11
x + 5y − 2w = −9
2x + y − 3w = −6
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
24. When (x + 3)(x − 4) + 4 is divided by x − k, the remainder is k. Find the value of k.
A. 4 or 2 C. 4 or -2
B. 2 or -4 D. -4 or -2
25. If (4y 3 + 8y + 18y 2 − 4) is divided by (2y + 3), the remainder is:
A. 10 C. 12
B. 11 D. 13
26. The polynomial x 3 + 4x 2 − 3x + 8 is divided by x − 5. What is the remainder?
A. 281 C. 218
B. 812 D. 182
27. Find the quotient of 3x 5 − 4x 3 + 2x 2 + 36x + 48 divided by x 3 − 2x 2 + 6.
A. −3x 2 − 4x + 8 C. 3x 2 − 4x − 8
B. 3x 2 + 4x + 8 D. 3x 2 + 6x + 8
1 1
28. If x − = 1, find the value x 3 − .
x x3
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
1 1 2 1
29. If + = 3 and − = 1, then x is equal to:
x y x y
A. 1/2 C. 3/4

39
 B. 2/3 D. 4/3
3x2
30. If 3x = 4y then is equal to:
4y2
A. 3/4 C. 2/3
B. 4/3 D. 3/2
31. The quotient of (x 5 + 32) by (x + 2) is:
A. x 4 − x 3 + 8 C. x 4 − 2x 3 + 4x 2 − 8x + 16
B. x 3 + 2x 2 − 8x + 4 D. x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 + 16x + 8
x+10 A B
32. Find A and B such that = +
x2 −4 x−2 x+2
A. A = -3; B = 2 C. A = 3; B = -2
B. A = -3; B = -2 D. A = 3; B = 2
33. The arithmetic mean of 80 numbers is 55. If two numbers namely 250 and 850 are
removed, what is the arithmetic mean of the remaining numbers?
A. 42.31 C. 50
B. 57.12 D. 38.62
34. Find the mean proportional to 5 and 20.
A. 8 C. 12
B. 10 D. 14
35. The logarithms of the quotient and the product of two numbers are 0.352182518 and
1.556302501, respectively. Find the first number?
A. 9 C. 11
B. 10 D. 12
36. The equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of 2x 2 − 3x − 5 = 0 is:
A. 5x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0 C. 5x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
B. 3x 2 − 5x − 2 = 0 D. 2x 2 − 5x − 3 = 0
37. If the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are u and v, then the roots of cx 2 + bx + a = 0 are:
A. u and v C. 1/u and 1/v
B. –u and v D. -1/u and -1/v
38. If the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are 3 and 2 and a, b, and c are
all whole numbers, find a+b+c.
A. 12 C. 2
B. -2 D. 6
39. Two times the father’s age is 8 more than six times his sons age. Ten years ago, the
sum of their ages was 44. The age of the son is:

40
 A. 49 C. 20
B. 15 D. 18
40. The ages of the mother and her daughter are 45 and 5 years, respectively. How many
years will the mother be three times as old as her daughter?
A. 5 C. 15
B. 10 D. 20
41. Two thousand (2000) kg of steel containing 8% nickel is to be made by mixing a steel
containing 14% nickel with another steel containing 6% nickel. How much of the steel
containing 14% nickel is needed?
A. 1500 kg C. 750 kg
B. 800 kg D. 500 kg
42. A 40-gram alloy containing 35% gold is to be melted with a 20-gram alloy containing
50% gold. How much percentage of gold is the resulting alloy?
A. 40% C. 45%
B. 30% D. 35%
43. A pump can pump out a tank in 11 hours. Another pump can pump out the same tank
in 20 hours. How long will it take both pumps together to pump out the tank?
A. ½ hours C. 6 hours
B. 5 hours D. 7 hours
44. A job could be done by eleven workers in 15 days. Five workers started the job. They
were reinforced with four more workers at the beginning of the 6 th day. Find the total
number of days it took them to finish the job.
A. 22.36 C. 23.22
B. 21.42 D. 20.56
45. Eight men can dig 150 ft. of trench in 7 hrs. Three men can backfill 100 ft of the trench
in 4 hrs. The time that it will take 10 men to dig and fill 200 ft of trench is:
A. 9.867 hrs C. 8.967 hrs
B. 9.687 hrs D. 8.687 hrs
46. In one day (24 hours), how many times will the hour-hand and minute-hand of a
continuously driven clock be together?
A. 21 C. 23
B. 22 D. 24

41
47. How many minutes after 3:00 PM will the minute hand the clock overtakes the hour
hand?
A. 14/12 minutes C. 16-4/11 minutes
B. 16-11/12 minutes D. 14/11 minutes
48. How many minutes after 10:00 o’clock will the hands of the clock be opposite each
other for the first time?
A. 21.41 C. 21.81
B. 22.31 D. 22.61
49. A man left his home at past 3:00 o’clock PM as indicated in his wall clock. Between
two to three hours after, he returned home and noticed that the hands of the clock
interchanged. At what time did he leave his home?
A. 3:27.27 C. 3:22.22
B. 3:31.47 D. 3:44.44
50. Juan can walk from his home to his office at the rate of 5 mph and back at the rate of
2 mph. What is his average speed in mph?
A. 2.86 C. 4.12
B. 3.56 D. 5.89
51. A jogger starts a course at a steady rate of 8 kph. Five minutes later, a second jogger
the same course at 10 kph. How long will it take for the second jogger to catch the
first?
A. 20 min C. 30 min
B. 25 min D. 15 min
52. Given that w varies directly as the product of x and y and inversely as the square of z
and that w = 4 when x = 2, y = 6, and z = 3. Find w when x = 1, y =4, and z =2.
A. 4 C. 1
B. 2 D. 3
53. A man sold 100 eggs. Eighty of them were sold at a profit of 30% while the rest were
sold at a loss of 40%. What is the percentage gain or loss on the whole stock?
A. 14% C. 16%
B. 15% D. 17%
54. The population of the country increases 5% each year. Find the percentage it will
increase in three years.
A. 5% C. 15.15%

42
 B. 15% D. 15.76%
55. By selling balut at P 5.00 each, a vendor gains 20%. The cost price of egg rises by
12.5%. If he sells the balut at the same price as before, find his new gain in percent.
A. 7.5 % C. 8%
B. 5% D. 6.25%
56. Determine the unit’s digit in the expansion of 3855.
A. 3 C. 7
B. 9 D. 1
57. In how many ways can two integers be selected from the numbers 1, 2, 3, … 50 so
that their difference is exactly 5?
A. 50 C. 45
B. 5 D. 41
58. A box contains 8 white balls, 15 green balls, 6 black balls, 8 red balls, and 13 yellow
balls. How many balls must be drawn to ensure that there will be three balls of the
same color?
A. 8 C. 10
B. 9 D. 11
59. A shoe store sells 10 different sizes of shoes, each in both high-cut and low-cut
variety, each either rubber or leather, and each with white or black color. How many
different kinds of shoes does he sell?
A. 64 C. 72
B. 80 D. 92
60. The standard deviation of the numbers 1, 4 & 7 is:
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 7
61. The sum of all even numbers from 0 to 420 is:
A. 43410 C. 44310
B. 44300 D. 44130
62. The first term of an arithmetic progression (A.P.) is 6 and the 10th term is 3 times the
second term. What is the common difference?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
63. The sum of five arithmetic means between 34 and 42 is:

43
 A. 150 C. 190
B. 160 D. 210
64. If the sum of the first 13 terms of two arithmetic progressions are in the ratio 7:3, find
the ratio of their corresponding 7th term.
A. 3:7 C. 7:3
B. 1:3 D. 6:7
65. What is the sum of the following finite sequence of terms? 18, 25, 32, 39, …, 67.
A. 234 C. 213
B. 181 D. 340
66. Find the fourth term of the progression ½, 0.2, 0.125,…
A. 0.102 C. 1/11
B. 1/10 D. 0.099
67. The geometric mean of 4 and 64 is:
A. 48 C. 34
B. 16 D. 24
68. Find the sum of the infinite geometric progression 6, -2, 2/3 …
A. 5/2 C. 7/2
B. 9/2 D. 11/2
69. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the Geometric Progression 2, 4, 8, 16, …
A. 1023 C. 1596
B. 2046 D. 225
70. The sum of three numbers in arithmetical progression is 45. If 2 is added to the first
number, 3 to the second, and 7 to the third, the new numbers will be in geometrical
progression. Find the common difference in A.P..
A. -5 C. 6
B. 10 D. 5
71. A rubber ball is dropped from a height of 15m. On each rebound, it rises 2/3 of the
height from which it last fell. Find the distance traveled by the ball before it comes to
rest.
A. 75 m C. 100 m
B. 96 m D. 85 m
72. In a class of 40 students, 27 students like Calculus and 25 like Geometry. How many
students liked both Calculus and Geometry?

44
 A. 10 C. 11
B. 14 D. 12
73. A class of 40 took examination in Algebra and Trigonometry. If 30 passed Algebra,
36 passed Trigonometry, and 2 failed in both subjects, the number of students who
passed the two subjects is:
A. 2 C. 28
B. 8 D. 25
74. The probability for the ME board examinees from a certain school to pass the
Mathematics subject is 3/7 and that for the Machine Design is 5/7. If none of the
examinees failed in both subjects and there are 4 examinees who pass both subjects,
how many examinees from the school took the examination?
A. 28 C. 26
B. 27 D. 32
75. In how many relative orders can we seat 7 people at a round table with a certain 3
people side by side.
A. 144 C. 720
B. 5040 D. 1008
76. How many line segments can be formed by 13 distinct point?
A. 156 C. 98
B. 36 D. 78
77. A face of a coin is either head or tail. If three coins are tossed, what is the probability
of getting three tails?
A. 1/8 C. 1/4
B. 1/2 D. 1/6
78. How many ways can you invite one or more of five friends to a party?
A. 25 C. 31
B. 15 D. 62
79. How many degrees is ¾ pi radians?
A. 90 deg C. 180 deg
B. 5.3 deg D. 135 deg
80. Which of the following is equivalent to 180 deg?
A. 3200 mils C. pi/2 rad
B. 100 grads D. all of these

45
81. If the supplement of an angle θ is 5/2 of its complement, find the value of θ.
A. 30 deg C. 25 deg
B. 50 deg D. 15 deg
82. A transit set up 40 m from the base of a vertical chimney reads 32 o 30’ with the cross
hairs set on the top of the chimney. With the telescope level, the vertical rod at the
base of the chimney is 2.1 m. Approximately, how tall is the chimney?
A. 15 m C. 28 m
B. 26 m D. 38 m
83. What is an equivalent expression for sin2x?
1
A. sin x cos x C. −2 sin x cos x
2
1 2 sin x
B. 2 sin x cos( x) D.
2 sec x
84. If sin A =3/5 and A is in the second quadrant while cosine B = 7/25 and B is in the first
quadrant, find sin (A+B).
A. 0.936 C. 0.4
B. - 0.60 D. - 0.82
85. A pole cast a shadow 15 m long when the angle of elevation of the sun is 61 o. If the
pole is leaned 15o from the vertical directly towards the sun, determine the length of
the pole.
A. 23.45 m C. 54.23 m
B. 15.67 m D. 34.56 m
86. The sides of a triangle are 8 cm, 10 cm and 14 cm. Determine the radius of the
inscribed and circumscribing circle.
A. 2.45, 7.14 C. 3.43, 7.14
B. 2.45, 8.14 D. 5.43, 9.34
87. What is the area of the circle circumscribed about an equilateral triangle with a side
10 cm long?
A. 107.54 C. 106.43
B. 104.72 D. 184.34
88. Determine the sum of the angles of the vertices of a regular 5 – pointed star inscribed
in a circle.
A. 150 deg C. 180 deg
B. 160 deg D. 120 deg

46
89. A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the road and 12 miles from the point of
tangency, another road opens toward the lake. From the intersection of the two roads
to the periphery of the lake, the length of the new road is 11 miles. If the new road will
be prolonged across the lake, find the length of the bridge to be constructed.
A. 2.09 C. 4.06
B. 3.08 D. 5.07
90. The corresponding sides of the two similar triangles are in the ratio 3:2. What is the
ratio of their areas?
A. 9:4 C. 4:6
B. 3:4 D. 9:5
91. In how many ways can you invite one or more of four friends to a party?
A. 7 C. 15
B. 12 D. 20

92. In how many ways can you invite one or more of your seven friends in a party?
A. 45 C. 108
B. 90 D. 127

93. Roll a pair of dice one time. What is the probability that the sum of two numbers is 9?
A. 1/36 C. 1/18
B. 1/9 D. 2/9
94. In a fair throw of two dice, the probability of obtaining a total of 10 or 12 is:
A. 5/18 C. 4/9
B. 1/6 D. 1/9
95. A card is drawn from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards, find the probability of
getting a diamond card or a spade card.
A. 1/13 C. 1/4
B. 2/13 D. 1/2

96. A card is drawn from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards, find the probability of
getting a red card or a jack.
A. 1/13
B. 2/13
C. 6/13

47
 97. A card is drawn from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards, find the probability of
getting a queen or a face card.
A. 1/13 C. 3/13
B. 2/13 D. 4/13

98. An urn contains 5 black balls and 7 white balls. What is the probability of getting 1
black and 1 white ball in two consecutive draws from the urn?
A. 0.28 C. 0.53
B. 0.36 D. 0.06

99. An urn contains 4 black balls and 6 white balls. What is the probability of getting 1
black and 1 white ball in two consecutive draws from the urn?
A. 0.24 C. 0.53
B. 0.27 D. 0.04

100. A box contains 3 red balls and 8 green balls. If two balls are drawn in
succession without replacement, what is the probability that that the first ball is red
and the second ball is green?
A. 6/55 C. 11/55
B. 8/55 D. 12/55

References:

 Capote, RS. & Mandawe, JA. (2007), Mathematics & Basic Engineering Sciences
Updated Version: Manila
 Capote, RS. & Mandawe, JA. (2007), Prime’s Mechanical Engineering Pocket
Reference manual: Manila
 Matloff, Norman. (2009), Probability and Statistics for Data Science : Chapman Hall

50
 MODULE 2
GEOMETRY

Lesson 1. Plane Geometry

Plane geometry is the study of figures on a two-dimensional surface (Capote &

Mandawe, 2007).

Polygon

Polygon is a close figure bounded by lines

(Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Regular Polygon

Polygon is a close figure bounded by lines (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Formulas used for regular polygon

∑ θi = 180o (n − 2) 180o (n−2) θi + θe = 360o

θi = n
360o n
∑ θe = 360 o θe = nd = 2 (n − 3)
n

Table 2.1 Polygon names according to sides (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

51
Area of a regular polygon

General regular polygon (Capote & Mandawe, 2007):

1 2 180o
A= nb cot
4 n

Polygon inscribed in a circle:

1 360o
A = nr 2 sin
2 n

Polygon circumscribing a circle:

2
180o
A = nr tan
n

Where:
n = number of sides
b = length of each side
r = radius of the circle

Plane areas

Square

a A = a2
P = 4a
a

52
Rectangle

a A = ab
P = 2a + 2b
b

Parallelogram

A = bh
h

Trapezoid
a
A = [(a+b)/2]/h
h

Triangle

h A = bh/2

b
Circle

A = πr2 = π/4(d2)
r
C = 2πr = πd

53
 Circular Sector

r
A = ½ r2θ
θ

Circular Segment

A = Asector - Atriangle

Sample problems:

1. The semicircle shown below has a radius of 15 cm. Find the area of the shaded part (Capote
& Mandawe, 2007).

2x
2x
Answer: 173.33 cm2

Based on the figure,

Area of the shaded part = Area of Semicircle – Area of the Square

Note: Area of Semicircle= 1/2 of the Area of a Circle

r 2 (15cm) 2
Area semicircle    353 .43 cm2
2 2

For the Area of the Square,

Consider the figure: 2x

2x 2x


x x

54
 2x
tan θ 
x
θ  tan 1 2  63.42 
Based on the firgure shown, the hypotenuse of the triangle is equal to the radius of the semicircle
2x
Thus, sin63.43  
15cm
2x  13.42cm  sides of the square
Thus, Area of the square  (2x) 2  (13.42 cm) 2  180.1 cm 2
Therefore, Area of the Shaded Part  353.43 cm 2 - 180.1 cm 2  173.33 cm 2

2. Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular hexagon (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 120°

Formula: Interior Angle of Any Regular Polygon, θ

(n  2)(180 )

n
where: n = number of sides

Note : For EXTERIOR A NGLE, β Thus, 

360  For hexagon, n = 6

use: β
n
where: β  exterior a ngle (6  2)(180 )
  120 
n  number of sides 6
3. How many sides have an equiangular polygon if each interior angle is 165° (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007)?
Answer: 24 (n  2)(180 )

n
(n  2)(180 )
165  
n
165 n  180 n  360
15n  360
n  24 sides

4. Find the sum of the interior angles, in degrees, of a regular decagon (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).
Answer: 1440°

Formulas: Sum of the interior angles any regular polygon, S

S  n For Decagon, n  10
Thus,
(n  2)(180 ) (10  2)(180 )
where: θ = interior angle θ   144 
n 10
S  θ n  144 (10)  1440 
55
 n = number of sides

5. Find the number of diagonals in a nonagon (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Answer: 27

Formula: Number of Diagonals of Any Polygon, d

n(n  3)
d
2
where: n = no. of sides

For Nonagon, n = 9

Thus,
n(n  3) 9(9  3)
d   27 diagonals
2 2
6. If the number of diagonals in a polygon is 9, what polygon is this (Capote & Mandawe,
2007)?
Answer: hexagon n(n  3)
d
2
n(n  3)
9
2
18  n 2  3n
n 2  3n  18  0
(n  6)(n  3)  0
n6  0 n3  0
n6 n  3
Thus, n  6 (positive value)
Therefore, the polygon is a hexagon

7. Find the length of the sides of a regular octagon inscribed in a circle with radius 4 in (Capote
& Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 3.06 in
   
For octagon, n  8 2 2 2 2
Thus ,  r  4 in
(n  2)(180 ) (8  2)(180 ) 
   135 
n 8
360  360 
   45
n 8

Consider the triangle,

x Thus,

 135  x
2   67.5 sin 22.5 
2 2 4 in
 4 in  45 x  1.53 in
2   22.5 56
2 2 But the length of the sides  2x  2(1.53 in)  3.06 in
8. Find the area of a pentagon having a perimeter of 50 inches (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 172 in2

Formula: Perimeter of a Regular Polygon,

P  nL S

where: P = perimeter ; n = no. of sides and LBBSBB = length of sides

For Pentagon, n = 5

Thus,
P 50 in
LS    10 in
n 5

For Area of Any Regular Polygon,

1 
Area   L S a  n
2 

where: LBBs BB= length of sides ; a = apothem and n = no. of sides

or ,

n(L S ) 2
Area 
 180  
4 tan  
 n 

(n  2)(180 ) (5  2)(180 )
   108 
n 5
 108 
  54 5 in 5 in
2 2  
360  360  2 2
   72  
n 5 2  2 a  apothem
 72 10 in
 
  36 2 2
2 2
Thus ,

apothem  a  5 tan    5 tan 54  6.88 in 
2
1  1 
A   L S a  n   (10)(6.88) 5  172 in 2
2  2 
n(L S ) 2 5(10 ) 2
or A    172 in 2
 180    180  
4 tan   4 tan  
 n   5 

57
 9. Find area of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle of 1 in radius (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).
Answer: 2.598 in2
For hexagon, n  6 x x
Thus,
(n - 2)(180) (6 - 2)(180)  
   120  2 2
n 6 
 120  r  1 in apothem  a
  60  
2 2 2 2
360  360 
   60 
n 6
 60
  30
2 2
Consider the triangle,
a
sin 60  LS
1in
a  0.866 in
x
sin30   x
1 in 
x  0.5 in 2
But L S  2 x  2(0.5 in)  1in a
Therefore :  r  1 in
1  1  2
A   L s a  n   (1)(0.866 ) 6  2.598 in 2
2  2 

10. A circle has an area of 100 in2, find its circumference, in inches.
Answer: 35.44
A  r 2
100  r 2
r  5.64 in
C  2r  2(5.64)  35.44 in

11. A trapezoid has a bottom base of 10 in and top base of 6 inches. If the height of the trapezoid
is 5 in, find its area in in2.
Answer: 40

Formula: Area of a Trapezoid, A

( a  b) Thus ,
A h h (6  10)
2 A (5)  40 in 2
b 2

58
Lesson 2. Solid Geometry

Solid geometry is the study of figures on a three-dimensional surface (Capote &

Mandawe, 2007).

Polyhedron

A closed space bounded by planes (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Prism

V = AbaseH V = volume
L. A. = Pbase H L.A. = lateral area

T. S. A. = L. A. +Abases T.S.A. = total surface area

Pyramid

1
V = Abase H
3
L. A. = ∑ Afaces

T. S. A. = L. A. +Abases

Cone

1
V = Abase H
3
L. A. = πrL

T. S. A. = L. A. +Acircle

59
Frustum of a pyramid

H
V= A + A2 + √A1 A2
3 1

Frustum of a cone

H
V= A + A2 + √A1 A2
3 1

L. A. = π(R + r)L

Prismatoid - an irregular shaped volume (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

H
V= (A + 4Am + A2 )
6 1

Regular Polyhedron (Platonic Solids)

A polyhedron whose faces are identical regular polygons. All side lengths are equal,
and all angles are equal (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Table 2.2 Regular polyhedron (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

60
 Sphere

R V = 4/3πR3
A= 4πR2

Spherical Segment

V = πh2/3 (3R-h)
Z = area of zone
= 2πRh

Sample Problems:

1. If a right circular cone has a base radius of 35 cm and an altitude of 45 cm, solve for
the total surface area in cm2 and volume in cm3, of the cone (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 10,116.89 ; 57,726.77
Formulas: Lateral Surface Area of a Cone

A LS  π r r 2  h 2

61
 Area of the base of a Cone (Area of Circle), L 45 cm
π
A B  d2  πr 2
4
35 cm
Volume of a Cone, V 70 cm
1 1
V  π r 2h  π d2h
3 12

Thus,
Total Surface Area  Area of the base  Lateral Surface Area

Total Surface Area  π r 2  π r r 2  h 2  π(35) 2  π(35) 35 2  45 2  10,116.89 cm 2

1 1
Volume  π r 2 h  π(35) 2 (45)  57,726.77 cm 3
3 3

2. If one of the edges of a cube measures 12 cm. Calculate the surface area in cm2,
and the volume in cm3 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 864 ; 1728
Formulas: Surface Area of a Cube,

A S  6a2
a  12 cm

Volume of a Cube, V
a  12 cm a  12 cm
3
Va

Thus, Surface Area = 6(12 cm)2 = 864 cm2

Volume = (12 cm)3= 1728 cm3

3. A pyramid with a square base has an altitude of 25 cm. If the edge of the base is 15
cm. Calculate the volume in cm3 of the pyramid (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 1875
Formula: Volume of a Pyramid, V

1
V  ( Area of the base)(heig ht)
3
1 h  25 cm
V  A Bh 62
3 15 cm
15 cm
 Thus,
1
Volume  (15 cm x 15 cm)(25 cm)  1875 cm3
3
4. If the volume of the sphere is 345 cubic cm, solve for its diameter, in cm (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 8.7
Formula: Volume of a Sphere, V

4 3  3 r
V r  d
3 6

Therefore,  3 
V d ; 345  d3
6 6
345 ( 6)
d3  8.7 cm


5. If the LPG spherical tank of Shell Company has an inside diameter of 15 meters and it
could be safely filled to 75% of its total volume, compute for the volume, in cubic meters,
of LPG that could be safely store in tank (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 1325.36
 3 
Total Volume  d  (15m) 3  1767 .15 m3
6 6
Safe Volume  75% of total volume  0.75(1767. 15 m3 )  1325 .36 m3

6. The diameter of a sphere is equal to the bases diameter of a right circular cone. What
percentage of that diameter must the cones height be so that the volume of both solids
is equal (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)?
Answer: 200%
Condition : Volume of Sphere  Volume of Cone
π π
Vsphere  d 3 ; Vcone  d 2 h
6 12
π 3 π 2 h
Thus, d  d h
6 12
h
d
2
h  2d
d d
Therefore : h  200% of d

63
7. A horizontal right cylindrical tank a diameter of 2 meters and is 5 meters long. If the
tank is filled with fuel oil to a depth of 1.5 meters. Find the volume of the oil in the tank, in
liters (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 12640
5m
0.5 m

0.5 m
2m
1.5 m 1m
1.5 m
2m

Formulas: Area of a Sector, ABBS

1 1 r
A S  Sr  r 2 θ
2 2  S x

r 0.5 m
1m
Length of Arc, S
S  r

where: r = radius and θ = angle in radians

Area of Circular Segment,

A CS  Area of Sector - Area of Triangle

x
r r

0.5 m
1m

2

64
 Soltuion :
Volume FUEL  area FUEL x length TANK
but area FUEL  area of circle - area of circular segment base
π π
area of circle  d 2  (2m) 2  π m 2
4 4 x x
Consider the half of the triangle,
x 2  0.5 2  12
x  12  0.5 2  0.75 thus, base  2( 0.75 )
0.5 m
 θ  0.5 height
cos  
2 1
θ
 cos 1 (0.5)
2
θ
 60 , thus θ  2(60)  120 
2
1 1
Area of a triangle  base x height  (2 0.75 )(0.5)  0.433 m 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 π  2
Area of a sector  r θ  (1)  120 x   1.047 m
2 2  180  
Thus,
Area of a circular segment  1.047m 2  0.433 m 2  0.614 m 2
A rea FUEL  π m 2  0.614 m 2  2.528 m 2
1000 liters
Therefore : volume FUEL  2.528 m 2 (5 m)  12.64 m 3 x  12640 liters
1 m3

8. A horizontal cylindrical tank with hemispherical ends is to be filled with water to a

height of 762 mm. If the inside diameter of the cylinder is 1016 mm and the length is 3600
mm, find the volume of the water required, in cubic meters (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Answer: 2.811

d  1.016 m
0.762 m water

L  3.60 m

0.254 m x x
0.254 m 0.254 m
0.508 m
1.016 m
0.508 m
0.762 m

65
 Soltuion :
Volume WATER  V IN CYLINDER  VIN SPHERE
base
Consider the half of the triangle,
x x
x 2  0.254 2  0.508 2
x  0.508 2  0.254 2  0.4399 m
 x 0.4399
sin    0.5 m
 2  0.508 0.508 height
 1  0.4399 
 sin  
2  0.508 
` 
 60 , thus   2(60)  120 
2
1
Area of a triangle(w hole)  base x height
2
1
 (0.4399 x2)(0.254 )  0.1117 m 2 x
2
1 1   
Area of a sector  r 2   (0.508 ) 2  120 x   0.27 m
2
2 2  180  
Thus , r  0.254 m
Area of a circular segment  A sec tor  A triangle
r  0.508 m
 0.27 m 2  0.1117 m 2  0.1583 m 2

 2 
Area circle  d  (1.016 ) 2  0.8107 m 2 2
4 4
A rea water  Area circle  Area circularsegment
 0.8107m 2  0.1583 m 2  0.6524 m 2
Therefore : volume of water in the cylinder,
VIN CYLINDER  Area water x Length cylinder  0.6524 (3.6)  2.34864 m 3

Consider now the two hemispheri cal ends,

 Combine the two hemispheri cal ends to form a SPHERE

But: Volume of Spherical Segment,

h2
VSS  (3r  h)
3
Thus,
h 2 (0.762 ) 2
VSS  (3r  h)  (3x0.508  0.762 )
3 3
Vss  0.463 m 3  volume of water in the sphere
thus, VIN SPHERE  0.463 m 3
h  0.762 m
Therefore :
Volume of water required  V IN CYLINDER  VIN SPHERE
 2.3864 m 3  0.463 m 3
 2.8494 m 3  2.811m 3 r  0.508 m

66
 9. A funnel is placed in a glass as shown. If the glass is 14.5 cm tall and 7.6 cm in diameter,
how high is the vertex of the funnel above the bottom of the glass (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).?

55 h  14.5 cm

x?

d  7.6 cm
Answer: 7.2 cm

Consider the Right Triangle,

y
tan62.5  
3.8
y  7.2997 cm
27.5  y
But x  h - y  14.5 - 7.2997  7.2 cm
Thus, the vertex of the funnel is 7.2 cm from the 62.5 
base of the glass. 3.8 cm

10. If the edge of a cube is increased by 20%, by how much is the surface area increased
(Capote & Mandawe, 2007)?
Answer: 44%
Given : edge of the cube  increased by 20% SHORCUT SOLUTION :
Required : Percent Increase in Surface Area Percent Increase or Decrease in Surface Area,
Solution : Percent Increase  (1.2) 2  1  0.44  44%
2
Surface Area of a Cube  6a Note : If the given is 20% decrease on the edge,
where : a  length of the edge of a cube Percent Decrease  1 - (0.8) 2  0.36  36%
If " a" is increased by 20%
New Surface Area of a Cube  6(1.2a) 2  8.64 a 2 Same as in Increase or Decrease inVolume,
Therefore : Percent Increase  (1.2) 3  1  0.728  72.8%
8.64a 2  6a 2 Percent Decrease  1  (0.8) 3  0.488  48.8%
Percent Increase in Surface Area  x100 %  44%
6a 2

67
Lesson 3. Analytic Geometry

Analytic geometry is a branch of algebra that is used to model geometric objects

points, lines, and circles being the most basic of these (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Cartesian Coordinate System

A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point

uniquely in a plane by a set of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the
point from two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length (Capote
& Mandawe, 2007).

Distance Formula

68
 D = √(𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝐲𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏 )𝟐

rise ∆y y2 − y1
m= = = Slope
run ∆x x 2 − x1

Division of line segment

r1 xB − xP yB − yP r1 x −x y −y
= = = xB−xP = yB−yP
r2 xB − xA yB − yA r2 B A B A

Equation of a line

General Form: Ax + By + C = 0

x y
Intercepts Form: + =1
a b

Slope-intercept Form: y = mx + b

Point-slope Form: (y − y1 ) = m(x − x1 )

y2 − y1
Two-point Form: (y − y1 ) = (x − x1 )
x 2 − x1

69
Note: parallel lines have the same slopes and Perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal
slopes.

Distance of point to a line

Axp + ByP + C
d=
±√A2 + B 2

Distance between Parallel lines

C2 − C1
d=
√A2 + B 2

Angle between intersecting lines

θB = tan−1 m2 − tan−1 m1

Area by coordinate

Locus

70
 Locus is a set of all points (commonly, a line, a line segment, a curve or a surface),
whose location satisfies or is determined by one or more specified conditions (Capote &
Madawe, 2007).

Four ways of determining conics (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

1. By cutting plane 3. By discriminant

2. By equation 4. By eccentricity

71
1. By Cutting Plane (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

 a circle is made by cutting a cone parallel to its base

 an ellipse is made by cutting a cone at an angle to its base
 a parabola is made by cutting a cone parallel to the element
 a hyperbola is made by cutting a cone parallel to the axis

2. By Eccentricity (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

c
e=
a

3. By Discriminant (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

General equation of conics: Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Circle

The locus of point that moves such that its distance from a fixed point called the
center is constant. The constant distance is called the radius, r of the circle (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
y
General Equation: r
x2 + y2 = r2 x

71
Standard equation with the center at (h,k) and radius of r:
(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2 y

r
C : (h,k)

x
Parabola

Locus of points whose distance from a fixed point called the focus is equal to the
distance from a fixed line called the directrix (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Directrix
Axis

a a Focus

Vertex
Standard equations, vertex at origin:

Opening upward: x2 = 4ay

Opening downward: x2 = -4ay
Opening to the right: y2 = 4ax
Opening to the left: y2 = -4ax

Standard Equations, vertex at (h,k):

Opening upward: (x-h)2 = 4a(y-k)

Opening downward: (x-h)2 = -4a(y-k)
Opening to the right: (y-k)2 = 4a(x-h)
Opening to the left: (y-k)2 = -4a(x-h)
Ellipse

Locus of points whose distance from a fixed point is less than the distance from a
fixed line (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

72
Standard Equation, center at origin:

(x2/a2) + (y2/b2) = 1
y

Standard Equation, center at (h, k):

(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = 1
a2 b2
y C : (h, k)

Hyperbola

Locus of points whose distance from a fixed point is more than the distance from a
fixed line (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Standard Equation, center at origin, vertical conjugate axis:

x2 - y2 = 1
a2 b2 Y
x
F F

Conjugate Axis

73
Sample problems:

1. Of what quadrant is A, if secA is positive and cscA is negative?

a. I b. II c. III d. IV
Solution:

Quadrant II Quadrant I
The positive sign of the different trigonometric functions
in the different quadrants is determined using the
X following phrase: “All Students Take Chemistry” or
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
“Add Sugar to Coffee”

Quadrant Function(+)
I All
[Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and
Cosecant]
II S
[Sine and its reciprocal Cosecant]
III T
[Tangent and its reciprocal Cotangent]
IV C
[Cosine and its reciprocal Secant]
Note: Other functions not mentioned per row (from II to IV) are with negative signs.

Therefore, for Secant (+) and Cosecant (-), A must be in Quadrant IV.

2. The equation y = a1 + a1x is an algebraic expression of (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)

a. straight line b. curve c. projectile motion d. potential energy
Solution:
It is a straight line
a1x – y + a1 = 0 Ax + By + C = 0  General Equation of Straight Line

74
3. A horizontal line has a slope of ______ (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. negative b. infinity c. positive d. zero
Solution:
The following figures illustrate the different slopes:

 Slope = 0
 Slope = positive

 Slope = negative

 Slope = infinity

4. A line, which is perpendicular to the x-axis, has a slope equal to ______ (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
a. 1 b. 0 c. infinity d. -1
Solution:
 Slope = 0
 Slope = positive

 Slope = negative

 Slope = infinity

The line perpendicular to the x-axis is a vertical line whose slope is infinity.

5. A line passes through (4,2) and has a slope of 2. Find the equation of the line (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
a. 2x – y – 6 = 0 b. 3x – 2y + 8 = 0 c. 2x – 3y +10 = 0 d. 3x + 2y – 10 = 0
Solution:
Y
By Point-Slope Form,
m=2
y  y1
m (4,2)
x  x1
y2
2 75
x4 X
2x  8  y  2
2x  y  6  0
6. Find the equation of the line through (2,4) and (4,6) (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. x – y + 2 = 0 b. 2x – y + 4 = 0 c. x + y + 4 = 0 d. x – 2y + 2 = 0
Solution:
By Two-Point Form:
y 2  y1 y  y1
Y m 
(4,6) x 2  x1 x  x1
64
(2,4) m
42
m 1
X y  y1
m
x  x1
y4
1
x2
x2 y4
xy20

7. Find the equation of a straight line with a slope of 2 and x-intercept of 1 (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
a. 2x +y + 2 = 0 b. 2x – y – 2 = 0 c. x – 2y + 2 = 0 d. 2x – y + 2 =0
Solution:
Y
Point-Slope Form,

y  y1 m=2
m
x  x1
x-intercept, a = 1
y0
2 X
x 1 (1,0)
2x  2  y
2x  y  2  0

8. Find the equation of a straight line with a slope of 3 and a y-intercept of 1 (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
a. 3x – y + 1 = 0 b. x + 3y – 1 = 0 c. 3x + y – 1 = 0 d. x – 3y + 1 = 0
Solution:
Y
By Slope-Intercept Form:
m=3

y-intercept, b = 1
y  mx  b
(0,1)
y  3x  1 X
3x  y  1  0

76
9. Find the abscissa of a point having an ordinate of 4 of a line that has a y-intercept of 8
and a slope of 2 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Y
a. -2 b. -1 c. -3 d. 4
Solution: y-intercept: b=8
(0,8)
y  mx  b
4  2x  8 Slope: m=2
2 x  4
x  2 (abscissa) (x,4)

ordinate: y=4

Abscissa: x=?

10. Find the equation of the line having an x-intercept of 2 and a y-intercept of 4 (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
a. 2x + y = 4 b. x + 2y = 4 c. x – 2y -4 = 0 d. 2x – y + 4 = 0
Solution: Y
By Intercept-Form: y-intercept, b=4

x y
 1
a b
x-intercept, a=2
x y X
 1
2 4
2x  y  4

11. Find the value of x if a line having a slope of 5/2 and passing through point (4,5)
intersects the x-axis (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. 2 b. -1 c. 3 d. -2
Y
Solution:
y  y1 (4,5)
m
x  x1
5 50

2 4x
X
20  5 x  10 (x,0)
5 x  10
x2

77
12. A line passes through (2,8) and parallel to the line through (-2,2) and (4,5). Find its
equation (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. x – 2y + 14 = 0 b. 2x – y + 16 = 0 c. x – y + 12 = 0 d. x + y + 14 = 0
Solution:
Slope of parallel lines are equal, m1 = m2
Let m1: slope of the line where points (-2,2) and (4,5) are located
Let m2: slope of the line where point (2,8) is located Y Line 2
y 2  y1 y  y1
m1  m2  (2,8)
x 2  x1 x  x1
52 1 y8
m1   (4,5) Line 1
4  ( 2 ) 2 x2
3 1 x  2  2y  16 (-2,2)
m1    m 2
6 2 x  2y  14  0
X
Thus, the equation of Line 2 is: x – 2y + 14 = 0

13. Find the inclination of line passing through (-5,3) and (10,7) (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. 17.93˚ b. 16.93˚ c. 15.93˚ d. 14.93˚
Solution: Y
P2(10,7)
y 2  y1 θ
tan   m 
x 2  x1 P1(-5,3)
73
tan   X
10  ( 5)
 4 
  tan 1  
 15 
  14.93

14. The distance from the point (2,1) to the line 4x – 3y + 5 = 0 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a.2 units b.1 unit c. 4 units d. 3 units
4x – 3y + 5 = 0
Solution: Y

Solving for the distance (d) between a point and a line,

d=?
Ax 1  By 1  C (2,1)
d X
 A B2 2

4(2)  ( 3)(1)  5
d
( 4 ) 2  (3 ) 2
d  2 units
78
Note: If you are only after the distance (d), simply take the absolute value or disregard the ±
sign on the formula. The ± sign convention is only important if you are after the equation/s
and the point/s involved.

15. Find the distance between the lines 3x + 4y – 12 = 0 and 3x + 4y – 22 = 0 (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
a. 3 units b. 4 units c. 1 unit d. 2 units
Solution:
Y
Distance between parallel lines,

3x + 4y – 22 = 0
C1  C 2
d
A 2  B2
22  12 d
d
(3 )  ( 4 )
2 2

X
10
d
5
d  2 units
3x + 4y – 12 = 0

16. Find the area of the polygon whose vertices are at (2,-6), (4,0), (2,4), (-3,2) and (-3,-3).
a. 45.2 sq. units b. 55.3 sq. units c. 47.5 sq. units d. 57.4 sq. units
Solution:
Collecting the points in counterclockwise direction, starting at any point say at (2,-6),
Y
- -
- - - (2,4)
1  x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x1 
A   3
2  y1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y1 
+ + + + + (-3,2)
4
1 2 4 2 3 3 2  (4,0)
A 
2   6 0 4 2  3  6 
2 X

A  (0  16  4  9  18)  ( 24  0  12  6  6)

1 5
(-3,-3)
2 1
A  47.5 [Link]
(2,-6)

17. The equation x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y – 20 = 0 describes (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

79
 a. A circle of radius 5 centered at the origin
b. An ellipse centered at (2, -1)
c. A sphere center at the origin
d. A circle of radius 5 centered at (2, -1)

Solution:

Circle: x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y – 20 = 0
By inspection, it is a Circle: Coefficients of x2 and y2 (i.e. A =C) are equal and with
same sign or it follows the General Form of a Circle: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
(Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Alternate Formula:

By Completing the squares,

Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
(x2 – 4x + 4) + (y2 + 2y + 1) = 20 + 4 + 1 D
h
(x – 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25 2A
E
(x – 2)2 + (y – -1)2 = 52 k
2A
D 2  E 2  4 AF
r
Thus, 4A 2

It is in the form of Standard Equation of a Circle,

(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2

Where: Center (h,k) and Radius (r)

Thus, Radius, r = 5 and Center is at (2, -1)

18. Find the equation of the circle whose center is at (1,-3) and the circle passes through (-3,
5) (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. (x–1)2 + (y+3)2 =80 b. (x–2)2 + (y+4)2 =100 c. (x+1)2 + (y+3)2 =100
d. (x–2)2 + (y–3)2 =100 Y

Solution:
(-3,5)

From: (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 r

X

(1,-3)
80
 r2= (x – h)2 + (y – k)2
r2= (-3 – 1)2 + (5 – -3)2
r2=80

Thus,
Equation of the circle:
(x – 1)2 + (y – -3)2 =80
(x – 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 80

19. Find the equation of the circle circumscribing a triangle whose vertices are (0,0), (0,5)
and (3,3) (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. x + y – x – 4y = 0 b. x2 + y2 – x – 5y = 0 c. 2x + y2 – 2x – 3y = 0 d. x
+ y2 – 2x + 6y = 0

Solution:

Y
x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
(0,5)

at (0,0)
(3,3)
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + F =0
F=0 (0,0)
X

at (0,5)
0 + 25 + 0 + 5E + 0 = 0
E = -5

At (3,3)
9 + 9 + 3D + (-5)(3) + 0 = 0
D = -1

Thus,
Equation of the Circle:
x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

81
 x2 + y2 – x – 5y = 0
20. In general equation of a conic section: Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, if the
discriminant is zero, the curve is a figure that represents a/an _______ (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
a. parabola b. ellipse c. circle d. hyperbola
Solution:
Refer to the tabulation below:

B2 – 4AC Conic Section Eccentricity

<0 Ellipse <1
=0 Parabola =1
>0 Hyperbola >1

The quantity B2 – 4AC is the discriminant, thus if it is equal to zero, the curve is a
parabola.

21. A locus of a point which moves so that it is always equidistant from a fixed point (focus)
to a fixed line (directrix) is a _______ (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. circle b. ellipse c. parabola d. hyperbola
Solution:
Circle a locus of a point which moves so that it is always equidistant to a fixed point
called center.
Ellipse is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum of the distances to the fixed
points called foci is constant and equal to the length of the major axis
Parabola is a locus of point which moves so that it is always equidistant from a fixed
point called focus and from a fixed line called directrix.
Hyperbola is a locus of point which moves so that the difference of the distances to
the fixed points called foci is constant and is equal to the length of the transverse
axis.

22. What is the line that passes through the focus and is perpendicular to the directrix of a
parabola (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)?
a. Tangent line b. Directrix c. Latus rectum d. Axis of the parabola

82
 Solution:
Tangent line cannot be an answer since the line in question is perpendicular to the
directrix.
Directrix obviously is ruled out as an answer since it asked for the line that is
perpendicular to the directrix.
Latus rectum is a line that passes through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of
the parabola, hence parallel to the directrix.
The only line that passes through the focus is perpendicular to the directrix is the
axis of the parabola.

23. Determine what type of curve is 3x2 + 2x – 5y + 7 = 0 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. parabola b. ellipse c. circle d. circle
Solution
In general equation of a conic section: Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
If A = C, the curve is a circle.
If A≠C but with the same signs, the conic section is an ellipse.
If A and C have different signs, the conic is a hyperbola.
If either A or C is zero, the conic is parabola

Since there is only one term which is a second-degree (i.e. 3x2), that means C in the general
equation is zero, then the curve is parabola.
Or using the discriminant B2 – 4AC,
where: B = 0 , A = 1 C= 0
B2 – 4AC = (0)2 – 4(1)(0) = 0  if it is equal to zero, the curve is a parabola.

24. What is the length of the latus rectum of the parabola x2 = 20y (Capote & Mandawe,
2007)?
a. 21 units b. 23 units c. 24 units d. 20 units
Solution: Y
x2 = 20y
2a 2a
x 2  4ay =10 =10
4a  20
X
x 2  20 y (0,0)
4a  20 Latus Rectum =
Thus, 4a

83
 Length of the latus rectum = 4a = 20 units
25. Where is the focus of the parabola x2 = 4(y – 2) (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)?
a. (0,2) b. (0, -3) c. (0,3) d. (0, -2)
Solution:

Y
( x  h)2  4a( y  k )
x2 = 4(y – 2)
x 2  4( y  2) F(0,3)
( x  0)2  4( y  2)
a =1

V(0,2) a =1
Thus, Vertex (h,k) is at (0,2)
Directrix
X
(0,0)
4a = 4
a=1

Thus, Focus is at (0,3) refer to the figure

26. Find the equation of the directrix of the parabola (x + 2)2 = -16 (y – 3) (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
a. y = 5 b. y = 7 c. y = -4 d. y = -6
Solution: Y

Directrix: y = 7
( x  h)2  4a( y  k )
( x  2)2  16( y  3)
a=4
y= 4+3 = 7 V(-2,3)
units 3
X a=4
h=2 ; k=3
F
(x + 2)2 = -16 (y – 3)
Thus, Vertex (h,k) is at (-2,3)

4a = 16
a=4

Thus, Directrix is y = 7  refer to the figure

84
27. The cables of a horizontal suspension bridge are supported by two towers 120 feet apart
and 40 feet high. If the cable is 10 feet above the floor of the bridge at the center, find
the equation of the parabola using the mid point of the bridge as the origin (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
a. x2-120y+1200=0 b. x2+150y+1400=0 c. y2-120x-1200=0 d. y2+140x+1600=0

Solution:

( x  h)2  4a( y  k )
( x  0)2  4a( y  10)
x 2  4a( y  10) (60,40)
when x  60 and y  10
(0,10)
(60)2  4a( y  10) 40ft
4a  120 10ft 10ft
x 2  120( y  10)
x 2  120y  1200 60ft 60ft
x 2  120y  1200  0

28. It is defined as the set of all points in the plane the sum of whose distances from two
fixed points is a constant (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. Circle b. Hyperbola c. Parabola d. Ellipse
Solution:

Since only hyperbola and ellipse have two fixed points called foci, the choices “circle”
and “parabola” ruled out as answer.

Hyperbola – is a locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its distance to
the fixed points called foci is constant.

Ellipse – is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distances to two
fixed points called foci is constant and is equal to the major axis.

29. In an ellipse, a chord which contains a focus and is in a line perpendicular to the major
axis is called (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. focal width b. latus rectum c. conjugate axis d. minor axis

85
 Solution:

Focal width in the choice serves only as a decoy since there is no such thing in an ellipse
(Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Conjugate axis is an axis of a hyperbola that passes through its center and perpendicular to
the transverse axis. There is no such thing as conjugate axis in an ellipse (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).
Minor axis of an ellipse is one that is perpendicular to the major axis but does not pass
through the focus but its center (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Latus rectum is a line through the focus, parallel to the directrix and intersecting the curve
(Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

30. Find the area enclosed by the curve 9x 2 + 18x + 25y2 – 100y = 116 (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).
a. 15π sq. units b. 20π sq. units c. 24π sq. units d. 31π sq. units
Solution:
Y
a a
9 x  18 x  25 y  100y  116
2 2

9( x 2  2x  1)  25( y 2  4 y  4)  116  9  100

9( x  1) 2  25( y  2) 2  225 b
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
 1 (-1,2)
25 9 b
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
 1
52 32 X

Thus, a = 5 ; b = 3
Area = πab = π(5)(3)
Area = 15π sq. units

31. A satellite orbits around the earth in an elliptical path of eccentricity of 0.6 and a semi-
minor axis of length 12,000 miles. If the center of the earth is at one of the foci, find the
maximum altitude of the satellite (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. 24,000 miles b. 20,000 miles c. 31,000 miles d. 27,000 miles

86
 Solution:
Y
c  ae
b  12000
a a
a2  b2  c 2
a 2  (12000) 2  (ae) 2
a 2  a 2 e 2  (12000) 2
a b b
a 2 (1  e 2 )  (12000) 2
X
(12000) 2 c c
a2  EARTH b
1  (0.60) 2 SATTELITE
a  15000
c=ae c=ae
Maximum altitude = a + c MAX. ALTITUDE = a + c
= a + ae
= 15000 + 15000(0.6)
= 24000 miles

32. An ellipse has an eccentricity of 1/3. Find the distance between the two directrix if the
distance between the foci is 4 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. 32 units b. 18 units c. 24 units d. 36 units
Solution: Y

D=?
2c = 4 a=6 a=6
c=2 Directrix Directrix
c= ae
F1 F2
X
2 = a (1/3)
a=6
d= a/e c=2 c=2
d = 6/(1/3) d=a/e d=a/e
d = 18 units
D = 2d = 2(18)
D= 36 unit
33. The length of the latus rectum for the ellipse x2 y2
  1 is equal to (Capote &
64 16
Mandawe, 2007).:

87
 a. 3 units b. 4 units c. 5 units d. 6 units
Solution: Y

a=8 a=8
x2 y2
 1
64 16
x2 y2
 1 b=4
a2 b2
x2 y2 X
 1 F1 F2
82 42 2b 2 b=4
Latus Re ctum 
a
b=4;a=8 2b 2 2( 4) 2
Latus Re ctum  
a 8
Latus Re ctum  4 units

34. Compute the eccentricity of the given curve 9x 2 + 4y2 – 24y – 72x + 144 = 0.
a. 0.84 b. 0.62 c. 0.75 d. 0.58
Solution:

9( x 2  8 x  16)  4( y 2  6 y  9)  144  9(16)  4(9) Y

(4,6)
9( x  4) 2  4( y  3) 2  36
( x  4) 2 ( y  3) 2
 1 a=3
4 9
(4,3)
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
 1
b2 a2
a=3
Center (h,k) is at (4,3)
b2 = 4 ; b = 2 X
(4,0)
a2 = 9 ; a = 3

a2 = b2 + c2
9 = 4 + c2
c = 2.24

But c = ae

2.24 = (3)e
e = 0.75

88
35. Where is the center of the curve 9x2 + 25y2 -144x + 200y + 751 = 0 (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).
a. (-8,-4) b. (8,-4) c. (-8,4) d. (-4,8)

Solution:

9x2 + 25y2 -144x + 200y + 751 = 0

9(x2 -16x + 64) + 25(y2 + 8y + 16) = -751 +9(64) + 25(16)
9(x – 8)2 + 25(y + 4)2 = 225

( x  8) 2 ( y  4) 2
 1
25 9
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
 1
52 32
( x  8) 2 ( y  4) 2
 1
52 32

Thus, center is at (8, -4)

Alternate Formula:
Alternate Formula:
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0. Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
D ( 144)
h  8 D
2A 2(9) h
2A
 E  200
k   4 E
2C 2(25) k
2C

36. A line which a curve approaches indefinitely near as its tracing point passes off to the
infinity is called the ________ (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
a. tangent b. asymptote c. directrix d. latus rectum
Solution:

Tangent is a line which intersects the curve in one and only one point.
Directrix is a fixed line opposite the focus of a conic section which the eccentricity of
the conic is defined.
Latus Rectum is a line through the focus, parallel to the directrix and intersecting the
curve.

89
 Asymptote is a line that approaches a curve but never touches.

37. What conic section is described by the following equation? 4x 2 – y2 + 8x + 4y = 15

a. parabola b. circle c. ellipse d. hyperbola
Solution:

From: Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (General Equation of Conics)

4x2 – y2 + 8x + 4y -15 = 0

A = 4 ; B = 0 ; C = -1

B2 – 4AC = (0)2 – 4(4)(-1) = 16>0

Thus, conic section is Hyperbola.

90
 Assessment Task 2

Directions: Multiple Choices. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. A sphere having a diameter of 30 cm is cut into 2 segments. The altitude of the first
segment is 6 cm. What is the ratio of the area of the second segment to that of the first?
A. 4:1
B. 3:1
C. 2:1
D. 3:2
2. If the edge of a cube is increased by 30% by how much is the surface area increased?
A. 30%
B. 33%
C. 60%
D. 69%
3. Each side of a cube is increased by 1%. By what percent is the volume of the cube increased?
A. 1.21%
B. 2.8%
C. 3.03%
D. 3.5%
4. Given a sphere of a diameter, d. What is the percentage increase in its diameter when the
surface area is increases by 21%?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 21%
D. 33%
5. Given a sphere of a diameter, d. What is the percentage increase in its volume when the
surface area is increases by 21%?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 21%

91
 D. 33%
6. How many times do the volume of a sphere increases if the radius is doubled?
A. 4 times
B. 2 times
C. times
D. times
7. A circular cone having an altitude of 9 m is divided into 2 segments having the same
vertex. If the smaller altitude is 6 m, find the ratio of the volume of the small cone to the big
cone.
A. 0.186
B. 0.296
C. 0.386
D. 0.486
8. Find the volume of a cone to be constructed from a sector having a diameter of 72 cm
and a central angle of 2100
A. 12367.2 sq. cm
B. 13232.6 sq. cm
C. 13503.4 sq. cm
D. 14682.5 sq. cm
9. Find the volume of a cone to be constructed from a sector having a diameter of 72 cm
and a central angle of 1500
A. 5533.32 sq. cm
B. 6622.44 sq. cm
C. 7710.82 sq. cm
D. 8866.44 sq. cm
10. A conical vessel has a height of 24 cm and a base diameter of 12 cm. it holds water to a
depth of 18 cm above the vertex. Find the volume in sq. cm of its content
A. 188.40
B. 298.40
C. 381.70
D. 412.60
11. What is the height of a right circular cone having a slant height of sqrt(10x) and a base
diameter of 2x?

92
A. 2x
B. 3x
C. 3.317x
D. 3.162x
12. Given a circle whose diameter AB equals 2 m. if two points C and D lie on the circle and angles
ABC and BAD are 180 and 360 respectively, find the length of the major arc CD.
A. 1.26 m
B. 1.36 m
C. 1.63 m
D. 1.45 m
13. Find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the function y = 2x^2 – 7x + 5.

A. 7x + 4 = 0
B. 4x + 7 = 0
C. 4x – 7 = 0
D. x – 2 = 0
14. A parabola has its focus at (7, -4) and directrix y = 2. Find the equation.

A. x^2 + 12y – 14x + 61 = 0

B. x^2 - 14y + 12x + 61 = 0
C. x^2 – 12x + 14y + 61 = 0
D. None of the above
15. A parabola has its axis parallel to the x-axis, vertex at (-1, 7) and one end of the latus
rectum at (-15/4, 3/2). Find its equation.

A. y^2 – 11y + 11x – 60 = 0

B. y^2 – 11y + 14x – 60 = 0
C. y^2 – 14y + 11x + 60 = 0
D. None of the above
16. Compute the focal length and the length of the latus rectum of the parabola y^2 + 8x –
6y + 25 = 0.

A. 2, 8
B. 4, 16
C. 16, 64

93
D. 1, 4
17. Given a parabola (y – 2)^2 = -8(x – 1). What is the equation of its directrix?

A. x = -3
B. x = 3
C. y = -3
D. y = 3
18. The general equation of a conic section is given by the following equation: Ax^2 + Bxy
+ Cy^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0. A curve maybe identified as an ellipse by which of the following
conditions?

A. B^2 – 4AC < 0

B. B^2 – 4AC = 0
C. B^2 – 4AC > 0
D. B^2 – 4AC = 1
19. What is the area enclosed by the curve 9x^2 + 25y^2 – 225 = 0?

A. 47.1
B. 50.2
C. 63.8
D. 72.3
20. Point P(x, y) moves with a distance from point (0, 1) one-half of its distance from the line
y = 4. The equation of its locus is

A. 2x^2 – 4y^2 = 5
B. 4x^2 + 3y^2 = 12
C. 2x^2 + 5y^3 = 3
D. x^2 + 2y^2 = 4
21. The lengths of the major and minor axes of an ellipse are 10m and 8m, respectively.
Find the distance between the foci.

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
22. The equation 25x^2 + 16y^2 – 150x + 128y + 81 = 0 has its center at

94
A. (3, -4)
B. (3, 4)
C. (4, -3)
D. (3, 5)
23. Find the major axis of the ellipse x^2 + 4y^2 – 2x – 8y + 1 = 0.

A. 2
B. 10
C. 4
D. 6
24. The length of the latus rectum for the ellipse x^2/64 + y^2/16 = 1 is equal to:

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
25. An ellipse with an eccentricity of 0.65 and has one of its foci 2 units from the center.
The length of the latus rectum is nearest to

a. units
b. units
c. units
B. 3.2 units
26. An earth satellite has an apogee of 40, 000 km and a perigee of 6, 600 km. Assuming
the radius of the earth as 6,400 km, what will be the eccentricity of the elliptical path
describes by the satellite with the center of the earth at one of the foci?

A. 0.46
B. 0.49
C. 0.52
D. 0.56
27. The major axis of the elliptical path in which the earth moves around the sun is
approximately 186,000,000 miles and the eccentricity of the ellipse is 1/60. Determine the
apogee of the earth.

A. 93,000,000 miles

95
 B. 91,450,000 miles
C. 94,335,000 miles
D. 94,550,000 miles
28. A certain angle has a supplement 5 times its compliment. What is the angle?
A. 67.50
B. 58.50
C. 300
D. 270
29. Each angle of a regular dodecagon is equal to
A. 1350
B. 1500
C. 1250
D. 1050
30. How many sides have a polygon if the sum of the interior angles is 1080 0?
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
31. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is 540 0. Find the number of sides.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
32. Find the sum of the interior angles of the vertices of a five-pointed star inscribed in a
circle.
A. 1500
B. 1600
C. 1700
D. 1800
33. How many sides are in a polygon if each interior angle is 165 degrees?
A. 12
B. 24
C. 20

96
D. 48
34. How many diagonals are there in a polygon of 20 sides?
A. 200
B. 170
C. 100
D. 158
35. Find each interior angle of a hexagon
A. 900
B. 1200
C. 1500
D. 1800
36. Given a triangle, C = 1000, a = 15 m, b = 20 m. Find C
A. 26 m
B. 27 m
C. 28 m
D. 29 m
37. In triangle ABC, angle A = 450 and C = 700. The side opposite angle C is 40 m long. What is
the length of the side opposite angle A?
A. 26.1 m
B. 27.1 m
C. 29.1 m
D. 30.1 m
38. In triangle ABC, angle C = 700, A = 450, AB = 40 m. What is the length of the median drawn
from vertex A to side BC?
A. 36.3 m
B. 36.6 m
C. 36.9 m
D. 37.2 m
39. From a point outside of an equilateral triangle, the distances to the vertices are 10 m, 18
m and 10 m respectively. What is the length of one side of a triangle?
A. 17.75 m
B. 18.50 m
C. 19.95 m

97
 D. 20.50 m
40. The sides of a triangle are 8 cm, 10 cm and 14 cm. determine the radius of the inscribed
circle.
A. 2.25 cm
B. 2.35 cm
C. 2.45 cm
D. 2.55 cm
41. What is the radius of the circle circumscribing an isosceles right triangle having an area
of 162 sq. cm?
A. 12.73 m
B. 13.52 m
C. 14.18 m
D. 15.55 m
42. The sides of a triangle are 8 cm, 10 cm and 14 cm. Determine the radius of the
circumscribing circle.
A. 7.14 cm
B. 7.34 cm
C. 7.54 cm
D. 7.74 cm
43. Two sides of a triangle are 50 m and 60 m long. The angle included between these sides
is 300. What is the interior angle opposite the longest side?
A. 93.740
B. 92.740
C. 90.740
D. 86.380
44. A circle with radius 6 cm has half its area removed by cutting off a border of uniform width.
Find the width of the border.
A. 1.76 cm
B. 1.35 cm
C. 1.98 cm
D. 2.03 cm
45. The area of a circle is 89.42 sq. inches. What is its circumference?
A. 32.25 in.

98
B. 33.52 in.
C. 35.33 in.
D. 35.55 in.
46. A square section ABCD has one of its sides equal to x. Point E is inside the square forming an
equilateral triangle BEC having one side equal in length to the side of the square. Find the
angle AED.
A. 1300
B. 1400
C. 1500
D. 1600
47. The area of a circle circumscribing about an equilateral triangle is 254.47 sq. m. What is the
area of the triangle in sq. m.?
A. 100.25
B. 102.25
C. 104.25
D. 105.25
48. What is the area n sq. cm of the circle circumscribed about an equilateral triangle with a side
10 cm long?
A. 104.7
B. 105.7
C. 106.7
D. 107.7
49. The area of a triangle inscribed in a circle is 39.19 sq. cm and the radius of the circumscribed
circle is 7.14 cm. If the two sides of the inscribed triangle are 8 cm and 10 cm, respectively,
find the third side.
A. 11 cm
B. 12 cm
C. 13 cm
D. 14 cm
50. The area of a triangle is 8346 sq. m and two of its interior angles are 37 025’ and 56017’.
What is the length of the longest side?
A. 171.5 m
B. 181.5 m

99
C. 191.5 m
D. 200.5 m
51. The angle of a sector is 300 and the radius is 15 cm. What is the area of the sector in sq.
cm?
A. 59.8
B. 89.5
C. 58.9
D. 85.9
52. Two perpendicular chords both 5 cm from the center of a circle divide the circle into four
parts. If the radius of the circle is 13 cm, find the area of the smallest part.
A. 30 sq. cm
B. 31 sq. cm
C. 32 sq. cm
D. 33 sq. cm
53. The distance between the centers of the three circles which are mutually tangent to each
other externally are 10, 12 and 14 units. The area of the largest circle is
A. 72π
B. 23π
C. 64π
D. 16π
54. The arc of a sector is 9 units and its radius is 3 units. What is the area of the sector in
square units?
A. 12.5
B. 13.5
C. 14.5
D. 15.5
55. A circle having an area of 452 sq. m is cut into two segments by a chord which is 6 m
from the center of the circle. Compute the area of the bigger segment.
A. 354.89 sq. m
B. 363.68 sq m
C. 378.42 sq m
D. 383.64 sq m

100
56. A swimming pool is constructed in the shape of two partially overlapping identical circles. Each
of the circles has a radius of 9 m and each circle passes through the center of the other. Find
the area of the swimming pool.
A. 380 sq. m
B. 390 sq. m
C. 400 sq. m
D. 410 sq. m
57. Find the difference of the area of the square inscribed in a semi-circle having a radius of 15 m.
The base of the square lies on the diameter of the semi-circle.
A. 171.5 sq. cm
B. 172.5 sq. cm
C. 173.5 sq. cm
D. 174.5 sq. cm
58. A rectangle ABCD which measures 18 cm by 24 cm. is folded once, perpendicular to diagonal
AC, so that the opposite vertices A and C coincide. Find the length of the fold.
A. 20.5 cm
B. 21.5 cm
C. 22.5 cm
D. 23.5 cm
59. A trapezoid has an area of 36 sq. m and an altitude of 2 m. Its two bases have ratio of 4:5.
What is the lengths of the bases?
A. 12, 15
B. 7, 11
C. 8, 10
D. 16, 20
60. A rhombus has diagonals of 32 and 20 inches. Determine its area.
A. 360 sq. in
B. 280 sq. in
C. 320 sq. in
D. 400 sq. in
61. Find the area in sq. cm of a regular octagon inscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm?
A. 283
B. 289

101
 C. 298
D. 238
62. A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle whose diameter is 20 m. Find the area of the 6
segments of the circle formed by the sides of the hexagon.
A. 36.45 sq. m
B. 63.54 sq. m
C. 45.63 sq. m
D. 54. 36 sq. m
63. Find the area of a regular pentagon whose side is 25 m and apothem is 17.2 m
A. 1075 sq. m
B. 1085 sq. m
C. 1080 sq. m
D. 1095 sq. m
64. The area of a circle is 89.42 sq. inches. What is the length of the side of a regular hexagon
inscribed in a circle?
A. 5.533 in.
B. 5.335 in.
C. 6.335 in.
D. 7.335 in.
65. In a circle of a diameter of 10 m, a regular five-pointed star touching its circumference is
inscribed. What is the area of that part not covered by the star?
A. 40.5 sq. m
B. 45.5 sq. m
C. 50.5 sq. m
D. 55.5 sq. m
66. A regular pentagon has sides of 20 cm. An inner pentagon with sides of 10 cm is inside
and concentric to the larger pentagon. Determine the area inside and concentric to the larger
pentagon but outside of the smaller pentagon.
A. 430.70 sq. cm
B. 573.26 sq. cm
C. 473.77 sq. cm
D. 516.14 sq. cm
67. Determine the area of a regular 6-star polygon if the inner regular hexagon has 10 cm sides.

102
A. 441.66 sq. cm
B. 467.64 sq. cm
C. 519.60 sq. cm
D. 493.62 sq. cm
68. A circular piece of a cardboard with a diameter of 1 m will be made into a conical hat 40 cm
high by cutting a sector off and joining the edges to form a cone. Determine the angle
subtended by the sector removed.
A. 1440
B. 1480
C. 1520
D. 1540
69. What is the area in sq. m of the zone of a spherical segment having a volume of 1470.265 cu.
M if the diameter of the sphere is 30 m?
A. 465.5 sq. m
B. 565.5 sq. m
C. 665.5 sq. m
D. 656.5 sq. m
70. The ratio of the volume to the lateral area of a right circular cone is 2:1. If the altitude is 5 cm,
what is the ratio of the slant height to the radius?
A. 5:6
B. 5:4
C. 5:3
D. 5:2
71. A regular triangular pyramid has an altitude of 9 m and a volume of 187.06 cu. m. What is the
base edge in meters?
A. 12
B. 13
C. 14
D. 15
72. The volume of the frustum of a regular triangular pyramid is 135 cu. m. The lower base
is an equilateral triangle with an edge of 9 m. The upper base is 8 m above the lower base.
What is the upper base edge in meters?
A. 2

103
 B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
73. What is the volume of a frustum of a cone whose upper base is 15 cm in diameter and
lower base 10 cm. in diameter with an altitude of 25 cm?
A. 3018.87 cu. cm
B. 3180.87 cu. cm
C. 3108.87 cu. cm
D. 3081.87 cu. cm
74. In a portion of an electrical railway cutting, the areas of cross section taken every 50 m
are 2556, 2619, 2700, 2610 and 2484 sq. m. Find its volume.
A. 522,600 cu. m
B. 520, 500 cu. m
C. 540,600 cu. m
D. 534,200 cu. m
75. A circular cylinder with a volume of 6.54 cu. m is circumscribed about a right prism whose
base is an equilateral triangle of side 1.25 m. What is the altitude of the cylinder in meters?
A. 3.50
B. 3.75
C. 4.00
D. 4.25
76. A circular cylinder is circumscribed about a right prism having a square base cone meter
on an edge. The volume of the cylinder is 6.283 cu. m. Find its altitude in meters
A. 4.00
B. 3.75
C. 6.50
D. 3.25
77. The bases of a right prism are hexagons with one of each side equal to 6 cm. The bases are
12 cm apart. What is the volume of the right prism?
A. 1211.6 cu. cm
B. 2211.7 cu. cm
C. 1212.5 cu. cm
D. 1122.4 cu. cm

104
78. Two vertical conical tanks are joined at the vertices by a pipe. Initially the bigger tank is full of
water. The pipe valve is open to allow the water to flow to the smaller tank until it is full. At this
moment, how deep is the water in the bigger tank? The bigger tank has a diameter f 6 ft and
a height of 10 ft, the smaller tank has a diameter of 6 ft and a height of 8 ft. Neglect the volume
of water in the pipeline.
A. 200^(1/3)
B. 50^(1/3)
C. 25^(1/3)
D. 50^(1/4)
79. The central angle of a spherical wedge is 1 radian. Find its volume if its radius is 1 unit.
A. 2/3
B. 1/2
C. 3/4
D. 2/5
80. A regular octahedron has an edge 2 m. find its volume in cu. m.
A. 3.77
B. 1.88
C. 3.22
D. 2.44
81. A mixture compound of equal parts of two liquids, one white and the other black, was placed
in a hemispherical bowl. The total depth of the two liquids is 6 inches. After standing for a
short time, the mixture separated, the white liquid settling below the black. If the thickness of
the segment of the black liquid is 2 inches, find the radius of the bowl in inches.
A. 7.33
B. 7.53
C. 7.73
D. 7.93
82. The volume of water in a spherical tank having a diameter of 4 m is 5.236 cu. m.
Determine the depth of the water in the tank.
A. 1.0
B. 1.2
C. 1.4
D. 1.8

105
 83. An ice cream cone is filled with ice cream and a surmounted ice cream in the form of a
hemisphere on top of the cone. If the hemispherical surface is equal to the lateral area of the
cone, find the total volume in cu. inches of ice cream if the radius of the hemisphere is 1 inch
and assuming the diameter of hemisphere is equal to the diameter of the cone.
A. 3.45
B. 3.91
C. 4.12
D. 4.25
84. A cubical container that measures 2 inches on a side is tightly packed with 8 marbles and
is filled with water. All 8 marbles are in contact with the walls of the container and the adjacent
marbles. All of the marbles are of the same size. What is the volume of water in the container?
A. 0.38 cu. in.
B. 2.5 cu. in.
C. 3.8 cu. in.
D. 4.2 cu. in.
85. The corners of a cubical block touched the closed spherical shell that encloses it. The
volume of the box is 2744 cubic cm. What volume in cubic centimeter inside the shell is not
occupied by the block?
A. 2714.56
B. 3714.65
C. 4713.56
D. 4613.74
86. The center of a circle is at (1, 1) and one point on its circumference is (-1, -3.) Find the
other end of the diameter through (-1, -3).

A. (2, 4)
B. (3, 5)
C. (3, 6)
D. (1, 3)
87. Find the area (in square units) of the circle whose equation is x^2 + y^2 = 6x – 8y.

A. 20π
B. 22π
C. 25π

106
D. 27π
88. Determine the equation of the circle whose radius is 5, center on the line x = 2 and
tangent to the line 3x – 4y + 11 = 0.

A. (x – 2)2 + (y – 2)2 = 5
B. (x – 2)^2 + (y + 2)^2 = 25
C. (x – 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 5
D. (x – 2)2 + (y – 2)2 = 25
89. Find the equation of the circle with the center at (-4, 5) and tangent to the line 2x + 7y
– 10 = 0.

A. x^2 + y^2 + 8x – 10y – 12 = 0

B. x^2 + y^2 + 8x – 10y + 12 = 0
C. x^2 + y^2 + 8x + 10y – 12 = 0
D. x^2 + y^2 + 8x + 10y + 12 = 0
90. Find the value of k for which the equation x^2 + y^2 + 4x – 2y – k = 0 represents a point
circle.

A. 5
B. 6
C. -6
D. -5
91. 3x^2 + 2x – 5y + 7 = 0. Determine the curve.

A. Parabola
B. Ellipse
C. Circle
D. Hyperbola
92. The focus of the parabola y^2 = 4x is at:

A. (4, 0)
B. (0, 4)
C. (3, 0)
D. (0, 3)
93. Where is the vertex of the parabola x^2 = 4(y – 2)?

107
A. (2, 0)
B. (0, 2)
C. (3, 0)
D. (0, 3)
94. Find the equation of the directrix of the parabola y^2 = 16x.

A. x = 2
B. x = -2
C. x = 4
D. x = -4
95. Given the equation of a parabola 3x + 2y^2 – 4y + 7 = 0. Locate its vertex.

A. (5/3, 1)
B. (5/3, -1)
C. (-5/3, -1)
D. (-5/3, 1)
96. What is the length of the length of the latus rectum of the curve x^2 = 20y?

A. sqrt(20)
B. 20
C. 5
D. sqrt(5)
97. Find the location of the focus of the parabola y^2 + 4x – 4y -8 = 0.

A. (2.5, -2)
B. (3, 1)
C. (2, 2)
D. (-2.5, 2)

The earth’s orbit is an ellipse with the sun at one of the foci. If the farthest distance of the sun
from the earth is 105.50 million km and the nearest distance of the sun from the earth is 78.25
million km, find the eccentricity of the ellipse.

A. 0.15
B. 0.25
C. 0.35

108
D. 0.45
98. 4x^2 – y^2 + 16 = 0 is the equation of a/an

A. parabola
B. hyperbola
C. circle
D. ellipse
99. Find the eccentricity of the curve 9x^2 – 4y^2 – 36x + 8y = 4.

A. 1.80
B. 1.92
C. 1.86
D. 1.76

References:

Capote, RS. & Mandawe, JA. (2007), Mathematics & Basic Engineering Sciences Updated
Version: Manila

Capote, RS. & Mandawe, JA. (2007), Prime’s Mechanical Engineering Pocket Reference
manual: Manila

109
 MODULE 3
CALCULUS

Lesson 1. Differential Calculus

Differential calculus is a subfield of calculus of mathematics which studies the rates at

which quantities alter. It is one of the two traditional calculus divisions, the other being the
integral calculus of the area under a curve being studied (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

The main objects of study in differential calculus are a function's derivative, similar
concepts like the integral, and their implementations. A function's derivative at a chosen input
value represents the function's rate of change at that input value. The method whereby a
derivative is found is called differentiation. Geometrically, at a point, the derivative is the slope
of the tangent line to the function graph at that point, given the derivative occurs at that point
and is described there. The derivative of a function at a point generally determines the best
linear approximation to the function at that stage for a real valued function of a single real
variable (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

The Derivative of a Function

Let f be a function. As usual, we let x stand for any argument of f, and we let y be the
corresponding value of f. Thus, y = f(x). Consider any number x 0 in the domain of f. Let Δx
(read “delta x”) represent a small change in the value of x, from x 0 to x0 + Δx, and then let Δy
(read “delta y”) denote the corresponding change in the value of y. So, Δy = f (x 0 + Δx) − f (x0).
Then the ratio
∆𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
= =
∆𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ∆𝑥
is called the average rate of change of the function f on the interval between x 0 and x0 + Δx
(Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

110
Example:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥. Starting at x0 = 1, change x to 1.5. Then the corresponding change in
y is 𝑦 = 𝑓(1.5) − 𝑓(1) = 5.25 − 3 = 2.25. Hence, the average rate of change of y on the
∆𝑦 2.25
interval between x = 1 and x = 1.5 is = = 4.5.
∆𝑥 0.5

Derivative

If y = f(x) and x0 is in the domain of f, then by the instantaneous rate of change of f at x0 we

mean the limit of the average rate of change between x 0 and x0 + Δ x as Δ x approaches 0:

∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )

lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

provided that this limit exists. This limit is also called the derivative of f at x0 (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).

Notation for Derivatives

Let us consider the derivative of f at an arbitrary point x in its domain:

∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑥0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )

lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

The value of the derivative is a function of x, and will be denoted by any of the following
expressions:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 ∆𝑦
𝐷𝑥 𝑦 = = 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑦= 𝑓 (𝑥) = lim
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

The value f′(a) of the derivative of f at a particular point a is sometimes denoted by

𝑑𝑦
| (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑎

111
Rules for differentiation

In the following formulas, it is assumed that u, v, and w are functions that are differentiable at
x; c and m are assumed to be constants (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
𝑑
(1) (𝑐) = 0 (The derivative of a constant function is zero.)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(2) (𝑥) = 1 (The derivative of the identity function is 1.)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(3) (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(4) (𝑢 + 𝑣 + ⋯ ) = + + ⋯ (Sum Rule)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(5) (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 + 𝑣 (Product Rule)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 −𝑢𝑑𝑥
(6) ( )= provided that 𝑣 ≠ 0 (Quotient Rule)
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(7) (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 (Power Rule)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
(8) (√𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 2√ 𝑢
𝑑 1 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(9) ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑢𝑛 𝑢𝑛+1 𝑑𝑥

Example 1.

𝑑𝑦
Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5. (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝑑𝑥 (−4𝑥 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 (5)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 ) − 4 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 (5)

= 3𝑥 2 − 4(2𝑥) + 0

112
 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
Example 2.

𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = √3𝑥 + 2, find (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
𝑑𝑥

1st solution: Transform the radical into the exponential form. Thus,

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= 2 (3𝑥 + 2) − 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= 2 (3𝑥 + 2) − 𝑑𝑥 (3 + 0)
3
= 1
2(3𝑥+2)2
3
=
2√3𝑥+2)

2nd solution: 𝑦 = √3𝑥 + 2

𝑑
(3𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑥
=
2√3𝑥+2)

3
=
2√3𝑥+2)

Example 3.

𝑑𝑦 4
Find if 𝑦 = (2𝑥+1)3 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
𝑑𝑥

4
1st solution: 𝑦 = 3
(2𝑥+1)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥+1)3 (4)−4 (2𝑥+1)3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 [(2𝑥+1)3 ]2

(2𝑥+1)3 (0)−4(2𝑥+1)3 (2)

= (2𝑥+1)6

−24(2𝑥+1)2
= (2𝑥+1)6

−24
= (2𝑥+1)4

113
 4
2nd solution: 𝑦 = (2𝑥+1)3 = 4(2𝑥 + 1)−3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 4 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥 = 4(−3)(2𝑥 + 1)−4 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)

= −12(2𝑥 + 1)−4 (2)

= −24(2𝑥 + 1)−4
−24
=(
2𝑥+1)4

4
3rd solution: 𝑦 = (2𝑥+1)3

𝑑𝑦 4(−3) 𝑑
= (2𝑥+1)4 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
−12
= (2𝑥+1)4 (2)
−24
= (2𝑥+1)4

Example 4.

𝑑𝑦
Find if 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)3 (4𝑥 − 1)2 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (2𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥 (4𝑥 − 1)2 + (4𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥

= (2𝑥 + 1)3 ∙ 2(4𝑥 − 1)(4) + (4𝑥 − 1)2 ∙ 3(2𝑥 + 1)2 (2)

= 2(2𝑥 + 1)2 (4𝑥 − 1)[4(2𝑥 + 1) + 3(4𝑥 − 1)]
= 2(2𝑥 + 1)2 (4𝑥 − 1)(20𝑥 + 1)

114
Time Rates

In solving problems with the "time rate," it is important to note that letters must denotes
all quantities that change with respect to the time. Do not replace such variable numerical
values until after differentiation is made with respect to the time t (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Example 1:

Water is poured into a conical tank 6m across the top and 8m deep at the rate of 10m 3/min.
How fast is the water level rising when the water in the tank is 5m deep (Capote & Mandawe,
2007)?

Solution:

Figure 3. Conical Tank

At time t, let:

r = radius of the water surface

h = depth of the water

V = volume of the water

dy dh
It is given that = 10m3 /min. and it is required to find at the instant when h = 5m.
dt dt

115
The volume of the water in the tank at the time t is

1
V = πr 2 h (1)
3

dh
Since we are to find , then we have to express V as a function of h. In the figure given and
dt
by similar triangles, we have

r h
= (2)
3 8

Solving for r in (2), we get

3h
r= (3)
8

Substituting (3) in (1) and simplifying, we obtain

3πh3
V= (4)
64

Differentiating (4) with respect to t

dV 9πh2 dh
= ∙ (5)
dt 64 dt

dV
Substituting = 10 and h = 5 in (5),
dt

225π dh
10 = ∙ (6)
64 dt

dh
Solving for in (6), we obtain
dt

dh 128
= m/min.
dt 45π

Example 2:

A ship A is 20 km west of another ship B. If A sails east at 10 km/hr and at the same time B
sails north at 30 km/hr, find the rate of change of the distance between them at the end of ½
hr (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Solution:

116
Figure 4. Position and Distance Traveled by Ship A & B

At time t, let:

s = distance between the ships

x = distance traveled by ship A

y = distance traveled by ship B

dx dy
where x = 10t and y = 30t. Hence = 10 and = 30.
dt dt

It is required that we find ds/dt when t= ½ hr. Using the right triangle in the figure, we
get the relation

s 2 = (20 − x)2 + y 2 (1)

Differentiating (1) with respect to t

dx dy
ds −(20−x) dt +y dt
= (2)
dt s

When t = ½, we get

1
x = 10 ( ) = 5
2

1
y = 30 ( ) = 15
2

Solving for s in (1) and substituting these values of x and y, we have

s = √(20 − x)2 + y 2

= √(20 − 5)2 + 152

` = 15√2

Substituting the values of x, y, s, dx/dt and dy/dt in (2), we get

117
 ds −(20−5)10+15(30)
=
dt 15√2

10√2km/hr

Alternative Solution: Another approach is to express s in terms of t only. To obtain this, we

substitute x = 10t and y = 30t in (1). Thus

s 2 = (20 − 10t)2 + (30t)2

or s = √(20 − 10t)2 + (30t)2

Differentiating

ds 2(20−10t)(−10)+2(30t)(30)
=
dt 2√(20−10t)2 +(30t)2

Substituting t = ½, we get
ds
= 10√2km/hr
dt

Lesson 2. Integral Calculus

An integral assigns numbers to functions in mathematics in a manner that can define

the displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that emerge from combining infinitesimal
data. Integration is one of the two primary calculus operations; the other is its inverse
operation, differentiation. The definite integral is given a function f of a real variable x and an
interval [a, b] of the real line (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Can be interpreted informally as the region's signed area in the xy - plane bounded by the
graph of f, x - axis and x= a and x = b vertical lines. The area above the x - axis adds to the
total, and subtracts from the total below the x – axis (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

118
 The integration operation is the inverse of the differentiation operation, up to an
additive constant. For this reason, the term integral may also refer to the related antiderivative
notion, a function F whose derivative is the function given f. It is called an indefinite integral in
this case, and is written (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).:

These are the definite integrals, the integrals discussed in this article. It is the
fundamental theorem of calculus that links differentiation with the definite integral: if f is a
continuous real-evaluated function defined at a closed interval [ a, b], then the definite integral
of f over that interval is given once an anti-derivative F of f is established (Capote & Mandawe,
2007)

Integration formulas

∫du = u + C ∫du/u = ln u + C

∫a du = a∫du = au + C ∫eu du = eu + C

∫un du = un+1 + C ∫au du = au +C

n+1 ln a

∫cos u du = sin u + C

∫sin u du = -cos u + C

∫sec2u du = tan u + C

∫csc2u du = -cotu + C

∫sec u tan u du = sec u + C

∫csc u cot u du = -csc u + C

∫ du / √a2-u2 = sin-1 u/a + C

119
 ∫ du / a2+u2 = 1/a tan-1 u/a + C

Special Methods of Integration

1. Integration by Parts

∫ u dv = uv - ∫v du

2. Integration by Algebraic Substitution

A new variable is used to substitute the original variable to make the integrand
integrable (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

3. Integration by Trigonometric Substitution (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Let x = a sin θ for √a2-x2

x = a tan θ for √a2+x2

x = a sec θ for √x2- a2

4. Integration by Partial Fractions

This is applied when the integrand becomes integrable when expressed into its
partial functions (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

5. Integration by Series

120
 Assessment Task 3

Directions: Multiple Choices. Write the letter of the correct answer.

(𝑥^2−16)
1. Evaluate: lim
𝑥→4 (𝑥−4)
A. 0
B. 1
C. 8
D. 16
(𝑥^2−4)
2. Evaluate: M = lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥−2)
A. 0
B. 2
C. 4
D. 6
(1−cos 𝑥)
3. Evaluate: lim
𝑥→0 (𝑥 2 )
A. 0
B. 1/2
C. 2
D. -1/2
(𝑥+4)
4. Compute the following limit: lim
𝑥→∞ (𝑥−4)
A. 1
B. 0
C. 2
D. Infinite
5. What is the derivative with respect to x of (x + 1)^3 – x^3?
A. 3x + 6
B. 3x – 3
C. 6x – 3
D. 6x + 3
6. Differentiate y = log 10 (x^2 + 1)^2
A. 4x (x^2 + 1)
B. 4xlog10e / X^2 + 1

121
 C. log e(x) (x^2 + 1)
D. 2x(x^2 + 1)
7. Differentiate (x^2 + 2)^1/2
A. [(x^2+2)^(1/2)]/2
B. x/(x^2+2)^(1/2)
C. 2x/(x^2+2)^(1/2)
D. (x^2 + 2)^(3/2)
8. If y = (t^2 + 2)^2 and t = x^(1/2), determine dy/dx.
A. 3/2
B. (2x^2+2x)/3
C. 2(x + 2)
D. x^(5/2) + x^(1/2)
9. What is the first derivative of the expression (xy)^x = e^x?
A. 0
B. x/y
C. [-y(1 + ln xy)] / x
D. [-y(1-lnxy)/x^2]
10. Find the derivative with respect to x the function sqrt(2-3x^2)
A. -2x^2/sqrt(2-3x^2)
B. -3x/sqrt(2-3x^2)
C. -3x^2/sqrt(2-3x^2)
D. 3x/sqrt(2-3x^2)
11. Find y’ if y = arc sin cos x
A. -1
B. -2
C. 1
D. 2
12. Find the derivative of arc cos 4x.
A. -4/(1-16x^3)^(0.5)
B. 4/(1-16x^3)^(0.5)
C. -4/(1-4x^3)^(0.5)
D. 4/(1-16x^3)^(0.5)
13. Find the derivative of [(x+1)^3]/x

122
 A. {[(x+1)^2]/x} – {[(x+3)^3]/x}
B. {[4(x+1)^2]/x} – {[2(x+1)^3]/x}
C. {[2(x+1)^2]/x} – {[(x+1)^3]/x^3}
D. {[3(x+1)^2]/x} – {[(x+1)^3]/x^2}
14. Differentiate the equation: y = (x^2)/(x+1)
A. (x^2+2x)/(x+1)^2
B. 2x/(x+1)
C. 2x
D. (2x^2)/(x+1)
15. The derivative with respect to x of 2 cos^2 (x^2 + 2) is
A. 2 sin (x^2 + 2) cos (x^2 + 2)
B. -2 sin (x^2 + 2) cos (x^2 + 2)
C. 8x sin (x^2 + 2) cos (x^2 + 2)
D. -8x sin (x^2 + 2) cos (x^2 + 2)
16. Find the second derivative of y by implicit differentiation from the equation 4x^2 + 8y^2
= 36.
A. 64x^2
B. (-9/4)y^3
C. 32xy
D. (-16/9)y^3
17. Find the partial derivatives with respect to x of the function xy^2 – 5y + 6.
A. y^2 - 5
B. y^2
C. xy – 5y
D. 2xy
18. Find the second derivative of x^3 – 5x^2 + x = 0.
A. 10x - 5
B. 6x - 10
C. 3x + 10
D. 3x^2 – 5x
19. Given the function f(x) = x to the 3rd power – 6x + 2. Find the first derivative at x = 2.
A. 6
B. 7

123
 C. 3x^2 - 5
D. 8
20. Find the slope of the ellipse x^2 + 4y^2 – 10x – 16y + 5 = 0 at the point where y = 2 +
8^0.5 and x = 7.
A. -0.1463
B. -0.1538
C. -0.1654
D. -0.1768
21. If y = 4 cos x + sin 2x, what is the slope of the curve when x = 2 radians?
A. -2.21
B. -4.94
C. -3.25
D. 2.21
22. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x^3 – 2x + 1 at x = 1.
A. 1
B. 1/2
C. 1/3
D. 1/4
23. Give the slope of the curve at the point (1, 1): y = [(x^3)/4] – (2x+1).
A. 1/4
B. -1/4
C. 1 1/4
D. -1 1/4
24. Find the slope of x^2y = 6 at the point (2, 2).
A. 2
B. -1
C. -1/2
D. -2
25. Find the slope of the curve x^2 + y^2 – 6x + 10y + 5 = 0.
A. 1/5
B. 2/5
C. 1/4
D. 2

124
26. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = -2x – x^2 + x^3 at (0, 2).
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
27. Find the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola y = x^2 – 4x + 1 by making use of
the fact that at the vertex, the slope of the tangent is zero.
A. (2, -3)
B. (3, 2)
C. (-1, -3)
D. (-2, -3)
28. Find the equation of the normal to x^2 + y^2 = 5 at the point (2, 1).
A. y = 2x
B. x = 2y
C. 2x + 3y = 3
D. x+y=1
29. What is the equation of the normal to the curve x^2 + y^2 = 25 at (4, 3)?
A. 5x + 3y = 0
B. 3x – 4y = 0
C. 3x + 4y = 0
D. 5x – 3y = 0

30. Locate the points of inflection of the curve y = f(x) = x^2e^x

A. -2 ± 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(3)
B. 2 ± 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(2)
C. -2 ± 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(2)
D. 2 ± 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(3)
31. In the curve 2 + 12x – x^3, find the critical points.
A. (2, 18) & (-2, -14)
B. (2, 18) & (2, -14)
C. (-2, 18) & (2, -14)
D. (-2, 18) & (-2, 14)
32. Find the radius of curvature of a parabola y^2 – 4x = 0 at point (4, 4).

125
 A. 22.36 units
B. 25.78 units
C. 20.33 units
D. 15.42 units
33. Find the radius of curvature at any point in the curve y + ln cos x = 0.
A. cos x
B. 1.5707
C. sec x
D. 1
34. Find the minimum distance from the point (4, 2) to the parabola y 2 = 8x.
A. 4𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(3)
B. 2𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(2)
C. 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(3)
D. 2𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(3)
35. The sum of the two positive numbers is 50. What are the numbers if their product is to
be the largest possible?
A. 24 & 26
B. 28 & 22
C. 25 & 25
D. 20 & 30
36. A triangle has variable sides x, y, z subject to the constraint such that the perimeter is
fixed to 18 cm. What is the maximum possible area for the triangle?
A. 15.59 sq. cm
B. 18.71 sq. cm
C. 17.15 sq. cm
D. 14.03 sq. cm
37. A farmer has enough money to build only 100 meter of fence. What are the dimensions
of the field he can enclose the maximum area?
A. 25 m x 25 m
B. 15 m x 35 m
C. 20 m x 30 m
D. 22.5 m x 27.5 m

126
38. Find the minimum amount of tin sheet that can be made into a closed cylinder having
a volume of 108 cu. inches in square inches.
A. 125.50
B. 127.50
C. 129.50
D. 123.50
39. A box is to be constructed from a piece of zinc 20 sq. in by cutting equal squares from
each corner and turning up the zinc to form the side. What is the volume of the largest
box that can be so constructed?
A. 599.95 cu. in.
B. 592.59 cu. in.
C. 579.90 cu. in.
D. 622.49 cu. in.
40. A poster is to contain 300 (cm square) of printed matter with margins of 10 cm at the
top and bottom and 5 cm at each side. Find the overall dimensions if the total area of
the poster is minimum.
A. 27.76 cm, 47.8 cm
B. 20.45 cm, 35.6 cm
C. 22.24 cm, 44.5 cm
D. 25.55 cm, 46.7 cm
41. A Norman window is in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circle. What is
the ratio of the width of the rectangle to the total height so that it will yield a window
admitting the most light for a given perimeter?
A. 1
B. 1/2
C. 2
D. 2/3
42. Determine the diameter of a closed cylindrical tank having a volume of 11.3 cu. m to
obtain minimum surface area.
A. 1.22
B. 1.64
C. 2.44
D. 2.68

127
43. The cost of fuel in running a locomotive is proportional to the square of the speed and
is $25 per hour for a speed of 25 miles per hour. Other costs amount to $100 per hour,
regardless of the speed. What is the speed which will make the cost per mile a
minimum?
A. 40
B. 55
C. 50
D. 45
44. The cost C of a product is a function of the quantity x of the product: C(x) = x^2 – 4000x
+ 50. Find the quantity for which the cost is minimum.
A. 1000
B. 1500
C. 2000
D. 3000
45. An open top rectangular tank with square bases is to have a volume of 10 cu. m. The
materials for its bottom are to cost P 15 per square meter and that for the sides, P6
per square meter. Find the most economical dimensions for the tank.
A. 1.5m x 1.5m x 4.4m
B. 2m x 2m x 2.5m
C. 4m x 4m x 0.6m
D. 3m x 3m x 1.1m
46. What is the maximum profit when the profit-versus-production function is as given
below? P is profit and x is unit of production. P = 200,00 – x – [1.1/(x+1)]^8
A. 285,000
B. 200,000
C. 250,000
D. 300,000
47. A boatman is at A which is 4.5 km from the nearest point B on a straight shore BM. He
wishes to reach in minimum time a point C situated on the shore 9 km from B. How far
from C should he land if he can row at the rte of 6 kph and can walk at the rate of 7.5
kph?
A. 4.15 km
B. 3.0 km

128
 C. 3.25 km
D. 4.0 km
48. A fencing is limited to 20 ft length. What is the maximum rectangular area that can be
fenced in using two perpendicular corner sides of an existing wall?
A. 120
B. 100
C. 140
D. 190
49. The cost per hour of running a motor boat is proportional to the cube of the speed. At
what speed will the boat run against a current of 8 km/hr in order to go a given distance
most economically?
A. 10 kph
B. 13 kph
C. 11 kph
D. 1
50. At any distance x from the source of light, the intensity of illumination varies directly as
the intensity of the source and inversely as the square of x. Suppose that there is a
light at A, and another at B, the one at B having an intensity 8 times that of A. The
distance AB is 4 m. At what point from A on the line AB will the intensity of illumination
be least?
A. 2.15 m
B. 1.33 m
C. 1.50 m
D. 1.92 m
51. A wall “h” meters high is 2 m away from the building. The shortest ladder that can
reach the building with one end resting on the ground outside the wall is 6 m. How
high is the wall in meters?
A. 2.34
B. 2.24
C. 2.44
D. 2.14

129
52. The coordinates (x,y) in feet of a moving particle P are given by x = cost – 1 and y = 2
sin t + 1, where t is the time in seconds. At what extreme rates in fps is P moving along
the curve?
A. 3 and 2
B. 3 and 1
C. 2 and 0.5
D. 2 and 1
53. A statue 3 m high is standing on a base of 4 m high. If an observer’s eye is 1.5 m
above the ground, how far should he stand from the base in order that the angle
subtended by the statue is a maximum?
A. 3.41 m
B. 3.51 m
C. 3.71 m
D. 4.41 m
54. A man walks across a bridge at the rate of 5 fps as a boat passes directly beneath him
at 10 fps. If the bridge is 10 feet above the boat, how fast are the man and the boat
separating 1 second later?
A. 8 fps
B. 8.25 fps
C. 8.33 fps
D. 8.67 fps
55. An LRT train 6 m above the ground crosses a street at 9 m/s at the instant that a car
approaching at a speed of 4 m/s is 12 m up the street. Find the rate of the LRT train
and the car separation one second later.
A. 3.64 m/s
B. 3.94 m/s
C. 4.24 m/s
D. 4.46 m/s
56. Water is flowing into a conical cistern at the rate of 8 m^3/min. If the height of the
inverted cone is 12m and the radius of its circular opening is 6 m. How fast is the water
level rising when the water is 4 m deep?
A. 0.64 m/min
B. 0.56 m/min

130
 C. 0.75 m/min
D. 0.45 m/min
57. Water is pouring into a conical vessel 15 cm deep and having a radius of 3.75 cm
across the top. If the rate at which the water rises is 2 cm/sec, how fast is the water
flowing into the conical vessel when the water is 4 cm deep?
A. 2.37 m^3/sec
B. 5.73 m^3/sec
C. 6.28 m^3/sec
D. 4.57 m^3/sec
58. Water is pouring into a swimming pool. After t hours, there are t = sqrt(t) gallons in the
pool. At what rate is the water pouring into the pool when t = 9 hours?
A. 7/6 gph
B. 8/7 gph
C. 6/5 gph
D. 5/4 gph
59. A helicopter is rising vertically from the ground at a constant rate of 4.5 meters per
second. When it is 75 m off the ground, a jeep passed beneath the helicopter traveling
in a straight line t a constant rate of 80 kph. Determine how fast the distance between
them changing after 1 second.
A. 12.34 m/s
B. 11.10 m/s
C. 10.32 m/s
D. 9.85 m/s
60. A balloon is released from the ground 100 meters from an observer. The balloon rises
directly upward at the rate of 4 meters per second. How fast is the balloon receding
from the observer 10 seconds later?
A. 1.68 m/sec
B. 1.36 m/sec
C. 1.55 m/sec
D. 1.49 m/sec
61. A balloon is rising vertically over a point A on the ground at the rate of 15 ft./sec. A
point B on the ground level with and 30 ft from A. When the balloon is 40 ft. from A, at
what rate is its distance from B changing?

131
 A. 13 ft./s
B. 15 ft./s
C. 12 ft./s
D. 10 ft./s
62. Car A moves due East at 30 kph at the same instant car B is moving S 30° E, with a
speed of 60 kph. The distance from A to B is 30 pm. Find how fast is the distance
between them separating after one hour.
A. 36 kph
B. 38 kph
C. 40 kph
D. 45 kph
63. A car starting at 12:00 noon travels west at a speed of 30 kph. Another car starting
from the same point at 2:00 P.M. travels north at 45 kph. Find how (in kph) fast the
two are separating at 4:00 P.M.
A. 49
B. 51
C. 53
D. 55
64. Two railroad tracks are perpendicular to each other. At 12:00 P.M. there is a train at
each track approaching the crossing at 50 kph, one being 100 km and the other 150
km away from the crossing. How fast in kph is the distance between the two trains
changing at 4:00 P.M.?
A. 67.08
B. 68.08
C. 69.08
D. 70.08
65. Water is running into a hemispherical bowl having a radius of 10 cm at a constant rate
of 3 cm^3/min. When the water is x cm. deep, the water level is rising at the rate of
.0149 cm/min. What is the value of x?
A. 3
B. 2
C. 4
D. 5

132
66. What is the allowable error in measuring the edge of the cube that is intended to hold
8 cu. M., if the error of the computed volume is not to exceed 0.03 cu. m?
A. 0.002
B. 0.003
C. 0.0025
D. 0.001
67. What is the integral of (3t – 1)^3 dt?
A. (1/12)(3t - 1)^4 + C
B. (1/12)(3t – 4)^4 + C
C. (1/4)(3t – 1)^4 + C
D. (1/4)(3t – 1)^3 + C
68. Evaluate the integral of dx / (x + 2) from -6 to -10.
A. 2^(1/2)
B. 1/2
C. ln 3
D. ln 2
69. Integrate x cos (2x^2 + 7) dx.
A. (1/4) sin(2x^2 + 7) + C
B. (1/4)cos(2x^2 + 7) + C
C. (sin θ) / ((4(2x^2 + 7)) + C
D. sin (2x^2 + 7) + C
70. Integrate: (7x^3 + 4x^2) dx.
A. (7x^3)/3 + (4x^2)/2 + C
B. (7x^4)/4 + (4x^2)/5 + C
C. (7x^4)/4 + (4x^3)/3 + C
D. (7x^4) - (4x)/2 + C
71. What is the integral of sin^5 x cos^3 x dx if the lower limit is zero and the upper limit is
π/2?
A. 0.0203
B. 0.0307
C. 0.0417
D. 0.0543
72. What is the integral of sin^5 x dx if the lower limit is 0 and the upper limit is π/2?

133
 A. 0.233
B. 0.333
C. 0.433
D. 0.533
73. Find the integral of 12 sin^5 x cos^5 x dx if the lower limit = 0 and upper limit = π/2.
A. 0.2
B. 0.3
C. 0.4
D. 0.5
74. Evaluate the integral of sin^6 x dx from 0 to π/2.
A. π/32
B. 2π/17
C. 3π/32
D. 5π/32
75. Evaluate the integral of x(x – 5)^12 dx from 5 to 6.
A. 0.456
B. 0.556
C. 0.656
D. 0.756
76. Evaluate the integral of (xdx) / ((x + 1)^8) from 0 to 1.
A. 0.011
B. 0.022
C. 0.033
D. 0.044
77. Evaluate the integral of (cos3A) dA from 0 to π/6.
A. 27π/363
B. 35π/768
C. 23π/765
D. 12π/81
78. Evaluate the integral of (3x^2 + 9y^2) dx dy if the interior limits has an upper limit of y
and a lower limit of 0, and whose outer limit has an upper limit of 2 and a lower limit of
0.
A. 10

134
 B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
79. Evaluate integral of zdz r^2dr sinu du, the limits of z are from 0 to 2, the limits of r are
from 0 to 1, and the limits of u are from 0 to π/2.
A. 2/3
B. 4/3
C. 1/3
D. 5/3
80. Find the area of the region bounded by y^2 = 8x and y = 2x.
A. 1.22 sq. units
B. 1.33 sq. units
C. 1.44 sq. units
D. 1.55 sq. units
81. What is the area bounded by the curve x^2 = -9y and the line y+ + 1 = 0?
A. 3 sq. units
B. 4 sq. units
C. 5 sq. units
D. 6 sq. units
82. What is the area (in square units) bounded by the curve y^2 = x and the line x – 4 =
0?
A. 30/3
B. 31/3
C. 32/3
D. 29/3
83. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x^2 + 2, and the lines x = 0 and y = 0 and x =
4.
A. 88/3
B. 64/3
C. 54/3
D. 64/5
84. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y = 6x – x^2 and y = x^2 – 2x. Note: The
parabolas intersect at points (0,0) and (4,8).

135
 A. 44/3 square units
B. 64/3 square units
C. 74/3 square units
D. 54/2 square units
85. Find the area bounded by the parabolas x^2 = 4y and y = 4.
A. 21.33
B. 33.21
C. 31.32
D. 13.23
86. Find the area bounded by the line x – 2y + 10 = 0, the x-axis, the y-axis and x = 10.
A. 75
B. 50
C. 100
D. 25
87. What is the area (in square units) bounded by the curve y^2 = 4x and x^2 = 4y?
A. 5.33
B. 6.67
C. 7.33
D. 8.67
88. Find the area enclosed by the curve x^2 + 8y + 16 = 0, the x-axis, the y-axis and the
line x – 4 =0.
A. 7.67 sq. units
B. 8.67 sq. units
C. 9.67 sq. units
D. 10.67 sq. units
89. What is the area bounded by the curve y = x^3, the x-axis and the line x = -2 and x =
1?
A. 4.25
B. 2.45
C. 5.24
D. 5.42
90. Find the area in the first quadrant bounded by the parabola y^2 = 4x, x = 1 & x = 3.
A. 9.555

136
 B. 9.955
C. 5.955
D. 5.595
91. Find the area (in sq. units) bounded by the parabolas x^2 – 2y = 0 and x^2 + 2y – 8 =
0.
A. 11.7
B. 4.7
C. 9.7
D. 10.7
92. What is the area between y = 0, y = 3x^2, x = 0 and x = 2?
A. 8
B. 24
C. 12
D. 6
93. What is the area bounded by the curve y^2 = x and the line x – 4 = 0?
A. 11
B. 31/3
C. 10
D. 32/3
94. Find the area of the curve r^2 = a^2 cos 2θ.
A. a
B. 2a
C. a^2
D. a^3
95. Find the coordinates of the centroid of the plane area bounded by the parabola y = 4
– x^2 and the x-axis.
A. (0,1)
B. (0,1.6)
C. (0,2)
D. (1,0)
96. Locate the centroid of the plane area bounded by the equation y^2 = 4x, x = 1 and the
x-axis on the first quadrant.
A. (3/4, 3/5)

137
 B. (3/5, 3/4)
C. (3/5, 3/5)
D. (3/5, 2/3)
97. Find the length of arc of the parabola x^2 = 4y from x = -2 to x = 2.
A. 4.2 units
B. 4.6 units
C. 4.9 units
D. 5.2 units
98. Find the surface area (in square units) generated by rotating the parabola arc y = x^2
about the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 1.
A. 5.33
B. 4.98
C. 5.73
D. 4.73
99. The area enclosed by the ellipse (x^2)/9 + (y^2)/4 = 1 is revolved about the line x = 3.
What is the volume generated?
A. 355.3
B. 360.1
C. 370.3
D. 365.1
100. The area in the second quadrant of the circle x^2 + y^2 = 36 is revolved about
the line y + 10 = 0. What is the volume generated?
A. 2218.33
B. 2228.83
C. 2233.43
D. 2208.53

References:
 Capote, RS. & Mandawe, JA. (2007), Mathematics & Basic Engineering Sciences
Updated Version: Manila
 Capote, RS. & Mandawe, JA. (2007), Prime’s Mechanical Engineering Pocket
Reference manual: Manila

138
 MODULE 4
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION AND ADVANCE
MATHEMATICS

Lesson 1. Differential Equation

Differential equation

Differential Equation – it is an equation which contains at least one derivative. Sometimes, the
differential equation is expressed in terms of differential (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

dy
 The derivative of y with respect to x
dx

Recall:
ds
 The derivative of s with respect to t
dt

dy = The differential of y

dx = The differential of x

y
 The partial derivative of y with respect to x
x

y  The partialderivativeof y

x  The partial derivative of x

dy
f ' (x)   y'  The first derivative of y with respect to x
dx

d2 y
 y"  y ( 2 )  The sec ond derivative of y with respect to x
dx 2

d3 y
 y' ' '  y ( 3 )  The third derivative of y with respect to x
dx 3

d4 y
 y ( 4 )  The fourth derivative of y with respect to x
dx 4

Determine the order and degree of the differential equation 5x d 4y/ dx4 + 3x2 dy/dx - xsiny =0

139
 a. Fourth Order, First Degree b. Fourth Order, Second Degree

c. First Order, Fourth Degree d. Second Order, Fourth Degree

Ans. a. Fourth Order, First Degree

ORDER – It is the order of the highest-ordered derivative (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

DEGREE – It is the exponent of the power of the highest ordered derivative (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).

Thus, d4 y dy
5x  3x 2  x sin y  0
dx 4 dx
For:
 d4y 
 
Order = Fourth Order because  dx 4  is the highest-ordered derivative.
1
 4 
Degree = First Degree because  d y4  one is the exponent of the highest-ordered
 dx 
derivative.

Determine the order and degree of the differential equation (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

y(4) + x3 y(3) + x2 y’’ + x y’ + y = 0

a. Fourth Order, First Degree b. Fourth Order, Second Degree

c. First Order, Fourth Degree d. Second Order, Fourth Degree

Ans. a. Fourth Order, First Degree

Order = Fourth Order because y(4) is the highest-ordered derivative)

Degree = First Degree because (y(4))1 one is the exponent of the highest-ordered derivative)

Which of the following equations is a nonlinear ordinary differential equation(Capote &

Mandawe, 2007).?

a. dy/dx – 4x2 + 5y = x + 10 b. y’’ – yy’ = x + 1

c. 5x d2y/dx2 + 3x3 dy/dx – ysinx = 0 d. d2y/dx2 = x2y

Ans. b. y’’ – yy’ = x + 1

140
Solve the differential equation whose general solution is y 2 = 4ax (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

a. 2x dy – y dx = 0 b. 2x dy + y dx = 0

c. x dy – 2y dx = 0 d. x dy + 2y dx = 0

Ans. a. 2x dy – y dx = 0

y2
y 2  4ax  4a
x

treat ‘a’ as constant, then take the derivative of y with respect to x (Capote & Mandawe,
2007). vd (u) ud( v )

d u dx dx  0
 
use the derivative of a quotient formula: dx  v  (v )2

 dy  2
 x(2y ) dx  y  0 x
2

xd( y ) y d( x)
2 2
 

dx dx  d( 4a)  dy  dx
 x(2y ) dx  y  0 y
2
( x) 2
dx  

d
(c )  0
Note: Derivative of a constant “4a” is zero dx
where : C  any cons tan t

2xdy  ydx  0

Solve the differential equation whose general solution is y = C 1 + C2e3x (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).

a. y’’ + 3 y’ = 0 b. y” + 3y = 0

c. y’’ – 3 y’ = 0 d. y” – 3y = 0

Ans. c. y’’ – 3 y’ = 0

ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT

The number of differentiations to be made should be equal to the number of arbitrary

constants to be eliminated (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

141
For y = C1 + C2e3x there are two arbitrary constants (C1 and C2) to be eliminated

Thus, take two differentiations (y’ and y”) (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Solving two equations simultaneously:

y  C1  C 2 e 3 x
d(3 x )
y'  0  C 2 e 3 x y"  9C2e3 x
dx By Elimination Method,
d u d(u)
y'  3C 2 e 3 x Equation #1 Note : (e )  e u
[ y'  3C 2 e ]3
3x dx dx
d(3 x )
y"  3C 2 e 3 x
dx
y"  9C 2 e 3 x Equation # 2 y"3y'  0
-
v
Solve the differential equation whose general solution is y = C 1e2x + C2e3x (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).

a. y” + 5 y’ + 6y = 0 b. y” + 5 y’ – 6y = 0

c. y” – 5 y’ + 6y = 0 d. y” – 5 y’ – 6y = 0

Ans. c. y” – 5 y’ + 6y = 0

y  C1e 2 x  C 2 e 3 x
d 2x ) d 3x
y'  C1 (e  C 2 (e )
dx dx
y'  2C1e 2 x  3C 2 e 3 x Equation #1
d 2x d 3x
y"  2C1 (e )  3C 2 (e )
dx dx
y"  4C1e 2 x  9C 2 e 3 x Equation # 2

Solving three equations simultaneously (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

By determinants, - - -

y  C1e2 x  C2e3 x y 1 1 y 1
y'  2C1e  3C2e
2x 3x y' 2 3 y' 2'
y"  4C1e  9C2e
2x 3x y" 4 9 y" 4  18 y  3 y" 4 y'  2 y"12 y  9 y'
 y " 5 y '  6 y
+ + +

Which of the following equations is a variable separable differential equation (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007)?

142
 a. (x + x2y) dx = (2x + xy2) dy b. (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0

c. 2y dx = (1 +x2) dy d. y2 dx + (2x – 3y) dy = 0

Ans. c. 2y dx = (1 +x2) dy

VARIABLE SEPARABLE:

To find the solution of a given Differential Equation is just looking for the equation
whose derivative or differential is the given original Differential Equation. The process involved
is the integration process. However, before integration can be applied there are cases
whereby we first have to SEPARATE THE VARIABLES, we can say that VARIABLE have
been SEPARATED (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0

Where:M(x) => coefficient of dx which is also a function of x

N(y) => coefficient of dy which is aso a function of y

Tests for Variable Separable Differential Equation:

Consider, a. (x + x2y) dx = (2x + xy2) dy

=> Cannot be separated/converted in the form of M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0

Meaning, variable y cannot be separated to dx and variable x cannot also be

separated to dy

Thus, (x + x2y) dx = (2x + xy2) dy is NOT VARIABLE SEPARABLE Differential

Equation

Consider, b. (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0

=> Cannot be separated/converted in the form of M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0

Meaning, variable y cannot be separated to dx

143
 Thus, (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0 is NOT VARIABLE SEPARABLE Differential
Equation

Consider, c. 2y dx = (1 +x2) dy

2ydx  ( 2  x 2 )dy
2ydx  (2x  x 2 )dy  0

2ydx  (2x  x 2
)dy  0  (2y )(11 x 2
)
 1   1 
 dx    dy  0
 1 x 
2
 2y 

M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0

Thus, (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0 is a VARIABLE SEPARABLE Differential Equation

Consider, d. y2 dx + (2x – 3y) dy = 0

=> Cannot be separated/converted in the form of M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0

Meaning, variable y cannot be separated to dx and variable x cannot also be

separated to dy

Thus, y2 dx + (2x – 3y) dy = 0 is NOT VARIABLE SEPARABLE Differential

Equation

Which of the following equations is not a homogeneous differential equation?

a. y’ = (y + x)/x b. y’ = (x + y) ex

c. y’ = (x2 + y2)/xy d. y’ = (x2 + y2) ex/y

Ans. b. y’ = (x + y) ex

Which of the following equations is not an exact differential equation?

a. 2xy dx + (1 + x2) dy = 0 b. y dx + x dy = 0

c. (y + 2xy3) dx + (1 + 3x2y2 + x) dy = 0 d. y2 dx + x2 dy = 0

144
Ans. d. y2 dx + x2 dy = 0

Exact differential equations:

M N
Differential Equation in the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 is an exact equation if 
y x

Test for Exactness: (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Consider a. 2xydx + (1+x2)dy = 0

where: M = 2xy and N = 1 + x2

Consider M = 2xy => treat x as constant

M (2xy) 2xy
   2x
y y y

Consider N = 1 + x2 treat y as constant

N (1  x 2 ) x
  0  2x  2x
x x x

M N
  2x
y x
Thus,

Therefore, 2xydx + (1+x2)dy = 0 is an EXACT EQUATION

Consider b. y dx + x dy = 0

where: M = y and N = x

Consider M = y

M ( y )
 1
y y

Consider N = x

N ( x )
 1
x x

Thus,

145
Therefore, y dx + x dy = 0 is an EXACT EQUATION

Consider c. (y + 2xy3) dx + (1 + 3x2y2 + x) dy = 0

where: M = y + 2xy3 and N = 1 + 3x2y2 + x

Consider M = y + 2xy3 => treat x as constant

M ( y  2xy 3 ) y y
   2 x( 3 y 2 )  1  6 xy 2
y y y y
Consider N = 1 + 3x2y2 + x treat y as constant

N (1  3x 2 y 2  x ) x
  0  3y 2 (2x)  1  1  6xy 2
x x x

M N
  1  6 xy 2
y x
Thus,

Therefore, (y + 2xy3) dx + (1 + 3x2y2 + x) dy = 0 is an EXACT EQUATION

Consider d. y2 dx + x2 dy = 0

where: M = y2 and N = x2

Consider M = y2

M ( y 2 ) 2y( y )
   2y
y y y
Consider N =x2

N ( x 2 ) ( x )
  2x  2x
x x x

M N

y x
Thus,

Therefore, y2 dx + x2 dy = 0 is NOT EXACT EQUATION

What is the integrating factor of the differential equation y dx –x dy = 0 if the dependent

variable is x (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).?

146
 a. 1/x b. 1/x2

c. 1/y d. 1/y2

Ans. c. 1/y

Solve the differential equation: dy/dx = 5x/7y (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

a. y2 = 5/7 x + C b. y2 = 7/5 x + C

c. y2 = 5/7 x2 + C d. y2 = 7/5 x2 + C

Ans. c. y2 = 5/7 x2 + C dy 5 x

dx 7 y
7 ydy  5 xdx

7  ydy  5  xdx

y2 x2
7 5
2 2
7y 2  5x 2
5 2
y2  x C
7

Solve the differential equation: x + y dy/dx = 2 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

a. y2 = 4x + x2 + C b. y2 = 4x – x2 + C

c. y = 4x + x2 + C d. y = 4x – x2 + C

Ans. b. y2 = 4x – x2 + C dy
xy 2
dx
 dy 
 x  y dx  2 dx
 
xdx  ydy  2dx

 xdx   ydy  2 dx
x2 y2
  2x
2 2
x2 y2 
  2 x   0 2
2 2 
x 2  4x  y 2  0
y 2  4x  x 2  C
Solve the differential equation: y’ – 5y = 0 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

147
 a. y = 5x + C b. y = 5x2 + C

c. y = C5x d. y = Ce5x

Ans. d. y = Ce5x

y'5 y  0
dy
 5y  0
dx
dy
 y( 5)  0
dx

It is in the form of:

I.F.  e 
dy
 yP(x)  Q(x)
P(x)dx

dx

Where P(x) = -5 ; Q(x) = 0 ; Dependent Variable (D.V.) = y (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

I.F.  e 
P(x)dx

I.F.  e 
( 5 ) dx

I.F.  e 5 x
Solution to Differential Equation: (D.V.)(I.F.)   Q( x )(I.F.)dx
y( e 5 x )   (0)( e 5 x )dx
y( e 5 x )   0dx
y( e  5 x )  C
C
y
e 5x
y  Ce 5 x
Determine the differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curve x2 +
y2 = C2 (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

a. dy/dx = y/x b. dy/dx = -y/x

c. dy/dx = x/y d. dy/dx = -x/y

Ans. d. dy/dx = -x/y x 2  y 2  C2

dx dy
2x  2y 0
dx dx
 dx dy 1
2x dx  2y dx  0 2
 
dy
xy 0
dx
dy  x

dx y
148
A bacteria culture grows exponentially so that the initial number has double in 3 hours. How
many times the initial number will be present after 9 hours (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)?

a. 6 b. 8

c. 10 d. 12

Ans. b. 8

EXPONENTIAL CHANGES Consider Condition II : t = 3 ; S = 2

S  C1e kt S  C 1e kt
2  (1)e k(3)
2  e 3k
ln2  3klne
but lne  1
ln2
k
S = amount of the substance present 3
k  0.23104906
k = constant of proportionality

If k>0, Exponential Growth

If k<0, Exponential Decay

t = time

Condition I : t=0;S=1

Condition II : t=3;S=2 Consider Condition III : t = 9 ; S =

?

Condition III : t=9;S=? S  C1e kt

S  (1)e 0.23104906( 9 )
S8

Consider condition I : t = 0 ; S = 1

S  C 1e kt
1  C 1e k ( 0 )
1  C 1e 0
C1  1

149
If a population is increasing exponentially at the rate of 2% per year. What will be the
percentage increase over a period of 10 years (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)?

a. 19.9% b. 21.9%

c. 23.9% d. 25.9%

Ans. b. 21.9%

Condition I : t = 0 ; S = 1 or 100% Consider condition III : t = 10 ; S =?

Condition II : t = 1 ; S = 1.02 102% S  C 1e kt

S  (1)e 0.019802627(10 )
Condition III : t = 10 ; S = ? S  1.219

Consider condition I : t = 0 ; S = 1 or 100%

S  C1e kt Therefore,
1  C 1e k ( 0 ) 1.219 - 1
% Increase  x100 %
1  C 1e 0 1
% Increase  21.9%
C1  1
Consider condition II : t = 1 ; S = 1.02 or 102%

S  C1e kt
1.02  (1)e k (1)
ln1.02  k ln e
k  ln1.02
k  0.019802627

A tank initially contains 400 liters of brine in which 100 kg of salts are dissolved. Pure water
is running into the tank at the rate of 20 liters per minute. And the mixture (which is uniform
by stirring) is drained off at the same rate. How many kg of salt remains in the tank after 30
minutes (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)?

a. 18.83 b. 20.31

c. 22.31 d. 24.31

Ans. 22.31

Application of Differential Equation to CHEMICAL SOLUTION

S = amount of substance in the resulting mixture at any time ‘t’

150
 dS
 rate of change of the substance inside the mixture with respect to time ‘t’
dt
 dS 
   the rate at which the amount of the substance is ENTERING into the mixture
 dt  en
with respect to time ‘t’
 dS 
   the rate at which the amount of the substance is ESCAPING from the mixture
 dt  es
with respect to time ‘t’

C = concentration of the resulting mixture

Units: S = Newton Volume, V = L (liters)

dS Newton S Newton
 C 
dt min V Liter

 dS 
   (rate of entry)(con centration of the entering solution)
 dt  en
 L  Newton  N
  
 min  L  min
 dS 
   (rate of escape)(co ncentratio n of the escaping solution)
 dt  es
 L  Newton  N
  
 min  L  min
Working Equation:

dS  dS   dS 
   
dt  dt  en  dt  es

 dS   dS 
     (rate of entry)(con centration of the entering solution)
 dt  en  dt  en
 Liters  kg 
  20  0 
 min  Liter 
Note : entering solution is a pure water
BRINE  is a mixture of Water and Salt
 dS 
   dS  kg
 dt  es   0
 dt  en min

dS  dS   dS 
     dS 
dt  dt en  dt es    (rate of escape)(co ncentratio n of the escaping solution)
 dt  es
 Liters  S kg 
  20  
 min  400 Liters 
 dS  S kg
   151
 dt  es 20 min
 Thus , Therefore,
dS S - 20lnS  t - 20ln100
0
dt 20 @ t  30
dS

S - 20lnS  30 - 20ln100
dt 20 lnS  3.10517018 6
dS
20  dt S  e 3.105170186
S
S  22 .31 kg of salt
1
 20  dS   dt
S
 20lnS  t  C
@ t  0 , S  100 kg
- 20ln100  0  C
C  -20ln100

Lesson 2: Advance Mathematics

Simplifying Complex Numbers

Complex Number
By definition a complex number is any number expressible in the standard form a+bi or

a +jb, the value of “i” or “j” is the imaginary unit number it is equal to the √−1 (Capote &
Mandawe, 2007).

Complex Numbers

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers An Imaginary Number,

when squared, gives

Can be ratio of two Cannot be a ratio a negative result.

integers.
Examples are√2,𝜋, 𝑖 =√−1, by Leonard Euler
Examples are 1, 2, e
3,0.3,0.12

Figure 4.1 The branches of complex Number

152
 Imaginary Numbers were once thought to be impossible, and so they were called
"Imaginary”. But then people researched them more and discovered they were
actually useful and importat because they filled a gap in mathematics .Imaginary numbers
become most useful when combined with real numbers to make complex
numbers like 3+5i or 6−4i (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
Example:

Find the value of x of the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎

Simplifying we get x = + √−1

thus the solutions are i and –i

𝒊

𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏 𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏

𝒊𝟑 = −𝒊

Figure 4.2 Imaginary Number

Successive integral powers of i or j

𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = 𝒊 (𝒊𝟐 ) = −𝒊

𝒊𝟒 = 𝒊𝟐 (𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝟏

𝒊𝟓 = 𝒊𝟑 (𝒊𝟐 ) = 𝒊

𝒊𝟔 = 𝒊𝟒 (𝒊𝟐 ) = −𝟏

𝒊𝟕 = 𝒊𝟓 (𝒊𝟐 ) = −𝒊

𝒊𝟖 = 𝒊𝟒 (𝒊𝟒 ) = 𝟏

153
Example:

1. Simplify the expression𝑖1997 + 𝑖1999 , where i is an imaginary number.

𝑖4 = 1 𝑖4 = 1

𝑖4 = 1
Note:

𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = −𝒊
𝒊𝟒 = 𝟏

If the exponent of “𝑖” is exactly divisible by 4, then the simplified equivalent of the imaginary
number is equal to 1.

Since 1996 is exactly divisible by 4

𝑖1996 = 1
𝑖1997 = 𝑖
𝑖1998 = −1
𝑖1999 = −𝑖

𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕 + 𝒊𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗

𝒊 + (-𝒊 )

–2−3𝑖
2. Simplify using rationalizing
3+4𝑖
154
 – 2 − 3i – 2 − 3i 3 + 4i
= [ ]
3 + 4i 3 + 4i 3 + 4i

– 2 − 3i −6 + 8i − 9i + 12i2
=
3 + 4i 9 − 12i + 12i − 16i2

Substitute -1 to i2

– 2 − 3i −6 + 8i − 9i + 12(−1)
=
3 + 4i 9 − 12i + 12i − 16(−1)

–2−3i −18−i
=
3+4i 25

Different Forms of Complex Numbers

A. Rectangular Form
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏

Where,

a = real part

b= imaginary part

B. Trigonometric Form
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Where

𝜃 = Angle in degrees

𝑟 = radius

155
 C. Polar Form
𝑧=𝑟<𝜃

r
b
𝜃

Fig 4.3 Right triangle in Cartesian coordinate plane

𝑟 = √𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2

𝑏
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎

D. Exponential Form

z = reiθ

Where,

𝜃 = Angle in radians

Example

1. Write the polar form of the complex number 3+j4

The polar form of the complex number “a+jb” is given by 𝑧 = 𝑟 < 𝜃 where,

156
 𝑏
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 And 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎

Solution:

𝑟 = √32 + 42 = 5
4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
3

𝜃 = 53.61⁰
The Polar Form is 5 <53.61⁰

2. Write the Trigonometric Form of the complex number 3+j4

From the solution at example number 1,

Answer: 5𝑐𝑜𝑠(53.610 ) + 𝑗5𝑠𝑖𝑛(53.610 )

Power of Complex Numbers

Let:𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, find 𝑧 𝑛

Convert z in polar form:

𝑧 𝑛 = (r < 𝜃)𝑛

𝑧 𝑛 =𝑟 𝑛 < 𝑛𝜃

Example:

Evaluate z = (2 – i √3 )6

Convert to Polar Form

z = (4 < − 60⁰)6

z = (4)6 < 6(−600 )

z = 4046 < −3600

157
Roots of Complex Numbers
1
Let:𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, find 𝑧 𝑛

Convert z in polar form

1 1
𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑟 < 𝜃)𝑛
1 1 𝜃 + 𝑘(360)
𝑧𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 <
𝑛
where: k = 0,1,2,…n-1

Example:

Find the four fourth roots of z= -4√3 +i4

Convert to Polar Form

1 1
𝑧 4 = (8 < 150⁰)4
1 1 150 + 𝑘(360)
𝑧 4 = (8)4 <
4
Answers:
1
At k=0, 𝑧 4 = 1.68 < 37.5⁰
1
At k=1, 𝑧 4 = 1.68 < 127.5⁰
1
At k=2 𝑧 4 = 1.68 < 217.5⁰
1
At k= 3, 𝑧 4 = 1.68 < 307.5⁰

Operation in Complex Numbers

Operations in Rectangular Form

158
 1. Addition Of Complex Numbers:
(𝑋1 + 𝑖𝑌1 ) + (𝑋2 + 𝑖𝑌2 ) = (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 ) + 𝑖(𝑌1 + 𝑌2 )

2. Subtraction Of Complex Numbers:

(𝑋1 − 𝑖𝑌1 ) + (𝑋2 − 𝑖𝑌2 ) = (𝑋1 − 𝑋2 ) + 𝑖(𝑌1 − 𝑌2 )

3. Multiplication of Complex Numbers:

(𝑋1 + 𝑖𝑌1 )(𝑋2 + 𝑖𝑌2 ) = (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 ) + 𝑖(𝑌1 + 𝑌2 )

4. Division of Complex Numbers

𝑋1 + 𝑖𝑌1 𝑋1 𝑋2 + 𝑌1 𝑌2 𝑋1 𝑋2 + 𝑌1 𝑌2
= + 𝑖 [ ]
𝑋2 + 𝑖𝑌2 𝑋2 2 + 𝑌2 2 𝑋2 2 + 𝑌2 2

Operations in Polar Form

1. Multiplication in Polar Form
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) ]

Or 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 < (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )

2. Division in Polar Form

𝑧1 𝑟1
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) ]
𝑧2 𝑟2

𝑧1 𝑟
Or = 𝑟1 < (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 2

Operations in Exponential Form

1. Multiplication in Exponential Form
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 +𝜃2)

2. Multiplication in Exponential Form

𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑖(𝜃 −𝜃 )
= 𝑒 1 2
𝑧2 𝑟2

159
Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

First, consider the following expression.

(6x + 8) + (4x + 2)

To simplify this expression, you combine the like terms, 6 x and 4x. These are like
terms because they have the same variable with the same exponents. Similarly, 8 and 2 are
like terms because they are both constants, with no variables.

(6x + 8) + (4x + 2) = 10x + 10

In the same way, you can simplify expressions with radicals.

(6√3 + 8) + (4√3 + 2) = 10 √3 + 10

You can add 6√3 to 4√3because the two terms have the same radical, √3, just as 6x and
4x have the same variable and exponent.

The number i or j look like a variable, but remember that it is equal to√−1. The great thing is
you have no new rules to worry about, whether you treat it as a variable or a radical, the exact
same rules apply to adding and subtracting complex numbers. You combine the imaginary
parts (the terms with 𝑖), and you combine the real parts (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)

Example Problem:

Add. (−3 + 3𝑖 ) + (7 − 2𝑖) Rearrange the sums to put like

−3 + 3𝑖 + 7 − 2𝑖 = terms together.
−3 + 7 + 3𝑖 − 2𝑖

−3 + 7 = 4 and Combine like terms

3𝑖 − 2𝑖 = (3 − 2)𝑖 = 𝑖
(−3 + 3𝑖 ) + (7 − 2𝑖 ) = 4 + 𝑖 Answer

Subtract (– 3 + 3𝑖 ) − (7 − 2𝑖)

(−3 + 3𝑖 ) − (7 − 2𝑖 ) = Be sure to distribute the

subtraction sign to all terms in the
subtrahend. 160
−3 + 3𝑖 − 7 + 2𝑖

−3 − 7 + 3𝑖 + 2𝑖
Combine like terms
−3 – 7 = −10 and
(– 3 + 3𝑖 ) − (7 − 2𝑖) = −10 + 5𝑖
Answer
Multiplication of Complex Numbers

Again, consider the following expression. Before reading further, consider how you would
simplify it (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

(5x)(−3x)

You can simplify by multiplying the coefficients together, then the variables.

(5x)( −3x) = (5)( −3)(x)(x)

= −15x2

Multiplying two imaginary (but not complex) numbers together works in a similar way, but there
is an additional step. Start with the same method to multiply 5i and −3i. (Capote & Mandawe,
2007).

(5𝑖)(−3𝑖) = (5)(3)(𝑖)(𝑖) = −15𝑖 2

This seems fine so far, but the 𝑖 2 can be simplified further.

When you multiply a square root by itself, you get the number under the radical. This is what
square root means.(Capote & Mandawe, 2007).
(√3)(√3 ) = 3
(√15)(√15 ) = 15

Well, 𝑖 is also a square root. It’s equal to √−1.

161
 𝑖 2 = (𝑖)(𝑖)
(√−1)(√−1 ) = −1

So, the final step to simplifying (5𝑖 )(3𝑖 ) = 15𝑖 2 is to replace 𝑖 2 with −1.
(5𝑖 )(3𝑖 ) = (5)(−3)(𝑖 )(𝑖) = 15𝑖 2
15(−1) = −15

Example Problem (Capote & Mandawe, 2007)

Multiply the coefficients of 𝑖 together,
(3𝑖 )(2𝑖 ) = (3)(2)(𝑖 )(𝑖 ) = 6𝑖 2
6𝑖 2 = (6)(−1) and then multiply 𝑖 times 𝑖
(3𝑖 )(2𝑖 ) = −6

Using Distributive Property

The following expression is a little more complicated because two binomials are being
multiplied. This means you have to use the Distributive Property of Multiplication. (Remember
that multiplying using the FOIL method—First, Outside, Inside, Last—is an application of the
distributive property of multiplication.) Once the binomials have been multiplied, simplify the
expression by combining like terms (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

(6x + 8)(4x + 2) = 6x(4x + 2) + 8(4x + 2)

= 6x(4x) + 6x(2) + 8(4x) + 8(2)

= 24x2 + 12x + 32x + 16

= 24x2 + 44x + 16

Again, in the same way, you can multiply complex numbers. At the end, you will need to
simplify i2.
Two binomials are being multiplied, so you
need to use the Distributive Property of 162
Multiplication.
Example Problem (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).:

Multiply and simplify. (6 + 8𝑖)(4 + 2𝑖)

(6 + 8𝑖)(4 + 2𝑖)

6(4 + 2𝑖) + 8𝑖(4 + 2𝑖)

(6)(4) + (6)(2𝑖) + (8𝑖)(4) + (8𝑖)(2𝑖)
We could have used FOIL and gone directly
24 + 12𝑖 + 32𝑖 + 16𝑖 2
to the line
24 + 44𝑖 + 16𝑖 2
6(4) + 6(2i) + 8i (4) + 8i (2i)

24 + 44𝑖 + 16(−1)

24 + 44𝑖 − 16 Combine like terms.

8 + 44𝑖

(6 + 8𝑖)(4 + 2𝑖) = 8 + 44𝑖 Answer

Multiply and simplify. (6 + 8𝑖)(6 − 8𝑖)

(6 + 8𝑖)(6 − 8𝑖)
(6)(6) + (6)(−8𝑖) + (8𝑖)(6) + (8𝑖)(−8𝑖)
36 − 48 𝑖 + 48𝑖 − 64𝑖 2
Use FOIL to expand the product.
36 − 64𝑖 2
36 − 64(−1)

Combine like terms.

36 + 64
100
(6 + 8𝑖)(6 + 8𝑖) = 100 Answer

Division of Complex Numbers

163
So far, each operation with complex numbers has worked just like the same operation with
radical expressions. This should no longer be a surprise the number i is a radical, after all, so
complex numbers are radical expressions (Capote & Mandawe, 2007).

Let’s look at division in two parts, like we did multiplication. First, let’s look at a situation in
which the divisor is a monomial.

Example Problem:

–𝟐𝟒 𝒊 Treat the division as a fraction. Simplify the fraction

Simplify.
𝟔 using a factor that the numerator and denominator
have in common
–𝟐𝟒 𝒊
= −𝟒𝒊 Since the result has no denominator, no more
𝟔
simplification is needed.

𝟔+𝒊 𝟐.𝟓
Simplify the Expression
𝟑+𝒊𝟒
There is another way of simplifying complex
Solution numbers, Using the Rectangular and Polar Form of
𝟔 + 𝒊 𝟐. 𝟓 𝟔. 𝟓 < 22.62 Complex Numbers
=
𝟑 + 𝒊𝟒 𝟓 < 53.13

= 1.3 <22.62-53.13 Divide the radius and subtract the Angles in

=1.3 <-30.51 degrees

rcos𝜽 = 1.3cos(-30.51) = 1.12 In converting Polar Form to Rectangular Form, Use

rsin𝜽 = 1.3sin (-30.51) = -0.66 Right Triangle and Trigonometric Functions

then
After you have the value of a and b, write the answer
in a+ib form
𝟔 + 𝒊 𝟐. 𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 − 𝒊𝟎. 𝟔𝟔
𝟑 + 𝒊𝟒

Assessment Task 4

164
Directions: Multiple Choices. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Determine the order and degree of the differential equation (2x)(d^4y)/(dy^4) +

(5x^2)(dy/dx)^3 – xy = 0.
A. Fourth order, first degree
B. Third order, first degree
C. First order, fourth degree
D. First order, third degree
2. Which of the following equations is an exact DE?
A. (x^2 + 1) dx – xy dy = 0
B. x dy + (3x -2y) dx = 0
C. 2xy dx + (2 + x^2) dy = 0
D. x^2y dy – y dx = 0
3. Which of the following equations is a variable separable DE?
A. (x + x^2y) dy = (2x + xy^2) dx
B. (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0
C. 2y dx = (x^2 + 1) dy
D. y^2 dx + (2x – 3y) dy = 0
4. The equation y^2 = cx is the general solution of:
A. y’ = 2y/x
B. y’ = 2x/y
C. y’ = y/(2x)
D. y’ = x/(2y)
5. Solve the differential equation: x (y - 1) dx + (x + 1) dy = 0. If y = 2 when x = 1, determine
y when x = 2.
A. 1.80
B. 1.48
C. 1.55
D. 1.63
6. If dy = x^2 dx; what is the equation of y in terms of x if the curve passes through (1,1)?
A. x^2 – 3y + 3 = 0
B. x^3 – 3y + 2 = 0

165
C. x^3 + 3y^2 + 2 = 0
D. 2y + x^3 + 2 =0
7. Find the equation of the curve at every point of which the tangent line has a slope of 2x.
A. x = -y^2 + C
B. y = -x^2 + C
C. y = y^2 + C
D. x = y^2 + C
8. Solve (cos x cos y – cot x) dx – sin x sin y dy = 0.
A. sin x cos y = ln (c cos x)
B. sin x cos y = ln (c sin x)
C. sin x cos y = - ln (c sin x)
D. sin x cos y = - ln (c cos x)
9. Solve the differential equation dy – xdx = 0, if the curve passes through (1,0)?
A. 3x^2 + 2y – 3 = 0
B. 2y + x^2 – 1 = 0
C. x^2 – 2y – 1 = 0
D. 2x^2 + 2y – 2 = 0
10. What is the solution of the first order differential equation y(k+1) = y(k) + 5.
A. y(k) = 4 – 5/k
B. y(k) = 20 + 5k
C. y(k) = C – k, where C is constant
D. The solution is non-existent for real values of y
11. Solve (y – sqrt(x^2 + y^2)) dx – xdy = 0
A. sqrt(x^2 + y^2) + y = C
B. sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + y) = C
C. sqrt(x + y) + y = C
D. sqrt(x^2 - y) + y = C
12. Find the differential equation whose general solution is y = C1x + C2e^x.
A. (x – 1) y” – xy’ + y = 0
B. (x + 1) y” – xy’ + y = 0
C. (x – 1) y” + xy’ + y = 0
D. (x + 1) y” + xy’ + y = 0
13. Find the general solution of y’ = y sec x.

166
A. y = C (sec x + tan x)
B. y = C (sec x - tan x)
C. y = C sec x tan x
D. y = C (sec2 x tan x)
14. Solve xy’ (2y – 1) = y (1 - x)
A. ln (xy) = 2 (x - y) + C
B. ln (xy) = x - 2y + C
C. ln (xy) = 2y - x + C
D. ln (xy) = x + 2y) + C
15. Solve (x + y) dy = (x - y) dx.
A. x^2 + y^2 = C
B. x^2 + 2xy + y^2 = C
C. x^2 - 2xy - y^2 = C
D. x^2 - 2xy + y^2 = C
16. Find the differential equation of family of straight lines with slope and y-intercept equal.
A. xydy = x^3/4
B. ydx=(x+1)dy
C. x^2y = x(x+1)dx
D. y = x^3/4
17. Find the differential equations of the family of lines passing through the origin.
A. ydx – xdy = 0
B. xdy – ydx = 0
C. xdx + ydy = 0
D. ydx + xdy = 0
18. What is the differential equation of the family of parabolas having their vertices at the
origin and their foci on the x-axis.
A. 2xdx – ydy = 0
B. xdy + ydx = 0
C. 2ydx – xdy = 0
D. dy/dx – x = 0
19. Determine the differential equation of the family of lines passing through (h, k).
A. (y – k)dx – (x – h)dy = 0
B. (y – h) + (y – k) = dy/dx

167
C. (x – h)dx – (y – k)dy = 0
D. (x + h)dx – (y – k)dy = 0
20. Determine the differential equation of the family of circles with center on the origin.
A. (y”)^3 – xy + y’ = 0
B. y” – xyy’ = 0
C. x + yy’ = 0
D. (y’)^3 + (y”)^2 + xy = 0
21. Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount at any instant. In 100 years,
100 mg of radium decomposes to 96 mg. How many mg will be left after 100 years?
A. 88.60
B. 95.32
C. 92.16
D. 90.72
22. The population of a country doubles in 50 years. How many years will it be five times as
much? Assume that the rate of increase is proportional to the number of inhabitants.
A. 100 years
B. 116 years
C. 120 years
D. 98 years
23. Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present. If half of the original
amount disappears after 1000 years, what is the percentage lost in 100 years?
A. 6.70%
B. 4.50%
C. 5.36%
D. 4.30%
24. Find the equation of the family of orthogonal trajectories of the system of parabolas y^2
= 2x + C.
A. y = Ce^(-x)
B. y = Ce^(2x)
C. y = Ce^x
D. y = Ce^(-2x)
25. According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate at which a substance cools in air is directly
proportional to the difference between the temperature of the substance and that of

168
 air. If the temperature of the air is 30° and the substance cools from 100° to 70° in 15
minutes, how long will it take to cool 100° to 50°?
A. 33.59 min.
B. 43.50 min.
C. 35.39 min.
D. 45.30 min.
26. An object falls from rest in a medium offering a resistance. The velocity of the object
before the object reaches the ground is given by the differential equation dV/dt + V/10
= 32 ft/sec. What is the velocity of the object one second after it falls?
A. 40.54
B. 38.65
C. 30.45
D. 34.12
27. In a tank are 100 liters of brine containing 50 kg. total of dissolved salt. Pure water is
allowed to run into the tank at the rate of 3 liters a minute. Brine runs out of the tank
at the rate of 2 liters a minute. The instantaneous concentration in the tank is kept
uniform by stirring. How much salt is in the tank at the end of one hour?
A. 15.45 kg.
B. 19.53 kg.
C. 12.62 kg.
D. 20.62 kg.
28. A tank initially holds 100 gallons of salt solution in which 50 lbs of salt has been
dissolved. A pipe fills the tank with brine at the rate of 3 gpm, containing 2 lbs of
dissolved salt per gallon. Assuming that the mixture is kept uniform by stirring, a drain
pipe draws out of the tank the mixture at 2 gpm. Find the amount of salt in the tank at
the end of 30 minutes.
A. 171.24 lbs
B. 124.11 lbs
C. 143.25 lbs
D. 105.12 lbs
29. If the nominal interest rate is 3%, how much is P5,000 worth in 10 years in a continuously
compounded account?
A. P5,750

169
B. P6,750
C. P7,500
D. P6,350
30. A nominal interest of 3V compounded continuously is given on the account. What is the
accumulated amount of P10,000 after 10 years?
A. P13,620.10
B. P13,500.10
C. P13,650.20
D. P13,498.60
31. Simplify the expression i^1997 + i^1999, where i is an imaginary number.
A. 0
B. –i
C. 1 + i
D. 1 – i
32. Simplify: i^29 + i^21 + i
A. 3i
B. 1 – i
C. 1 + i
D. 2i
33. Write in the form a + bi the expression i^3217 – i^427 + i^18
A. 2i +1
B. –i +1
C. 2i- 1
D. 1 + i
34. The expression 3 + 4i is a complex number. Compute its absolute value.
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
35. Write the polar form of the vector 3 + j4.
A. 6 cis 53.1°
B. 10 cis 53.1°
C. 5 cis 53.1°

170
D. 8 cis 53.1°
36. Evaluate the value of sqrt(-10) x sqrt(-7).
A. i
B. –sqrt(70)
C. sqrt(70)
D. sqrt(17)
37. Simplify (3 – i)^2 – 7(3 – i) + 10
A. – (3 + i)
B. 3 + i
C. 3 – i
D. – (3 – i)
38. If A = 40 e^(j120°), B = 2 cis -40°, C = 26.46 + j0, solve for A + B + C.
A. 27.7 cis 45°
B. 35.1 cis 45°
C. 30.8 cis 45°
D. 33.4 cis 45°
39. What is 4i cube times 2i square?
A. -8i
B. 8i
C. -8
D. -8i^2
40. What is the simplified complex expression of (4.33 + j2.5) square?
A. 12.5 + j21.65
B. 20 + j20
C. 15 + j20
D. 21.65 + j12.5
41. Find the value of (1 + i)^5, where I is an imaginary number.
A. 1 – i
B. -4(1 + i)
C. 1 + i
D. 4(1 + i)
42. Find the principal 5th root of [ 50(cos 150° + jsin 150°) ].
A. 1.9 + j1.1

171
B. 3.26 – j2.1
C. 2.87 + j2.1
D. 2.25 – j1.2
43. What is the quotient when 4 + 8i is divided by i^3?
A. 8 – 4i
B. 8 + 4i
C. -8 + 4i
D. -8 – 4i
44. If A = -2 – 3i, and B = 3 + 4i, what is A/B?
A. (18 - i)/25
B. (-18 - i)/25
C. (-18 + i)/25
D. (18 + i)/25
45. Rationalize (4 + 3i) / (2 - i).
A. 1 + 2i
B. (11 + 10i)/5
C. (5 + 2i)/5
D. 2 + 2i
46. Simplify [(2 + 3i)(5 - i)] / [(3 – 2i)^2].
A. (221 – 91i)/169
B. (21 + 52i)/13
C. (-7 + 17i)/13
D. (-90 + 220i)/169
47. What is the simplified expression of the complex number (6 + j2.5)/(3 + j4)?
A. – 0.32 + j0.66
B. 1.12 – j0.66
C. 0.32 – j0.66
D. – 1.75 + j1.03
48. Perform the operation: 4 (cos 60° + i sin 60°) divided by 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) in
rectangular coordinates.
A. square root of 3 – 2i
B. square root of 3 – i
C. square root of 3 + i

172
D. square root of 3 + 2i
49. Find the quotient of (50 + j35)/(8 + j5).
A. 6.47 cis 3°
B. 4.47 cis 3°
C. 7.47 cis 30°
D. 2.47 cis 53°
50. Three vectors A, B and C are related as follows: A/B = 2 at 180°, A + C = -5 + j15, C =
conjugate of B. Find A.
A. 5 – j5
B. -10 + j10
C. 10 – j10
D. 15 + j15
51. Evaluate cosh(jπ/4).
A. 0.707
B. 1.41 + j0.866
C. 0.5 + j0.707
D. j0.707
52. Evaluate tanh(jπ/3).
A. 0.5 + j1.732
B. j0.866
C. j1.732
D. 0.5 + j0.866
53. Evaluate in (2 + j3).
A. 1.34 + j0.32
B. 2.54 + j0.866
C. 2.23 + j0.21
D. 1.28 + j0.98
54. Evaluate the terms of a Fourier series 2 e^(j10πt) + e^(- j10πt) at t = 1.
A. 2 + j
B. 2
C. 4
D. 2 + j2
55. Given the following series:

173
sin x = x – x^3/3! + x^5/5! + …
cos x 1 – x^2/2! + x^4/4! + …
e^x = 1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + …
What relation can you draw from these series?
A. e^x = cos x + sin x
B. e^(ix) = cos x + i sin x
C. e^(ix) = I cos x + sin x
D. ie^x = i cos x + i sin x
56. One term of a Fourier series in cosine form is 10 cos 40πt. Write it in exponential form.
A. 5 e^(j40πt)
B. 5 e^(j40πt) + 5 e^(-j40πt)
C. 10 e^(-j40πt)
D. 10 e^(j40πt)
57. Evaluate the determinant:

1 2 3
-2 -1 -2
3 1 4
A. 4
B. 2
C. 5
D. 0
58. Evaluate the determinant:

1 6 0
4 2 7
0 5 3

A. 110
B. -101
C. 101

174
D. -110
59. Evaluate the determinant:

2 14 3 1
1 5 -1 3
1 -2 2 -3
3 -4 -3 -4

A. 489
B. 389
C. 326
D. 452
60. Compute the value of x by determinant.

4 -1 2 3
2 0 2 1
x=
10 3 0 1
14 2 4 5
A. -32
B. -28
C. 16
D. 52
61. Given the equations:

x+y+z=2
3x – y – 2z = 4
5x – 2y + 3z = -7

Solve for y by determinants.

A. 1
B. -2
C. 3

175
D. 0
62. Solve the equations by Cramer’s Rule:
2x – y + 3z = -3
3x + 3y – z = 10
-x – y + z = -4
A. (2, 1, -1)
B. (2, -1, -1)
C. (1, 2, -1)
D. (-1, -2, 1)

63. If 2 3 1
A= -1 2 4
0 5 7

What is the cofactor of the second row, third column element?

A.
2 3
0 5
B.
2 3
-
0 5
C.
1 7
-
2 0
D.
3 1
5 7

64. If 3 1 2
A= -2 -1 0
0 2 -1

176
 What is the cofactor with the first row, second column element?

A.
3 2
-
0 -1
B.
-2 -1
0 2
C.
3 2
0 -1
D.
-2 0
-
0 -1

65. If a 3 x 3 matrix and its inverse are multiplied together, write the product.

A.
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

B. 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
C.
0 0 1
0 1 0

177
 1 0 0
D.
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

1 -1 2
66. If matrix
2 1 3
0 -1 1

is multiplied by x
y
z

is equal to zero, then matrix x

y

is z

A. 3
B. 1
C. 0
D. -2

67. Given the matrix equation, solve for x and y.

178
 1 1 x 2
=
3 2 y 0
A. -4, 6
B. -4, 2
C. -41 -2
D. -4, -6

1 4
68. If matrix
-4 1

is multiplied by

x
y

is equal to zero, then matrix

x
y
is
A. 8
B. 1
C. -4
D. 0

69. If
4 5 0
A= 6 7 3
1 2 5

and

179
 1 0 0
B= 0 1 0
0 0 1

What is A times B equal to?

A.
4 0 0
0 7 0
0 0 5
B.
0 0 0
0 7 0
1 0 0
C.
6 7 0
8 9 4
2 3 5
D.
4 5 0
6 7 3
1 2 5

70. Matrix 2 1
-1 3

divided by 2 Matrix -1 2
1 1
A.
-2 1

180
 2 2
B.
-1 2
1 1
C.
2 1
-1 3
D.
0 5
1 5

References

Capote, RS. & Mandawe, JA. (2007), Mathematics & Basic Engineering Sciences Updated
Version: Manila

Capote, RS. & Mandawe, JA. (2007), Prime’s Mechanical Engineering Pocket Reference
manual: Manila

181