THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC BIDA

ASSIGNMENT

ON

(EEC 433)
CONTROL EN

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

QUESTIONS

1) Explain with the aid of a diagram how thyristor can be used for the speed

control of DC motor.
2)Explain how any of these or combination of this can be used to improve the

performance of speed/positive control.

a. Viscous Damping

b. Negative Velocity Feedback

c. Positive Acceleration

d. Positive Plus Derivative Action

e. Positive Plus Integral Action

THYRISTORS are semiconductor devices designed for high-power switching

applications. Thyristor operates only in switching mode. Thyristor can use for

control high DC currents and loads. Thyristor behaves like Electronic Latch while

using as a switch, because when triggered once it remain in conduction state until

getting reset manually.

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

The switch S1 in the circuit is used to reset the circuit or to turn OFF the Thyristor.

The Push Button S2 is used to trigger the Thyristor by providing gate pulse

through it. The position of switch S1 can be replaced by a normally-open switch

across the Thyristor.

Initially, the switch S1 and S2 remains in normally-closed and normally-open state

respectively. When the supply ON, Thyristor remain reversed biased until the gate

pulse provided. For providing gate pulse we have to use Push Button S2. As the S2

switch close, SCR turns ON and latches even we release the pushbutton S2.
When the Thyristor has self-latched into the ON state, the only way to stop the

Thyristor from conducting is to interrupt the power supply. For that, we use switch

S1, which cuts the power supply of the circuit and Thyristor get reset or turns OFF.

Resistance R1 used to provide sufficient gate current to turn ON the SCR.

Resistance R2 is used for decreasing the gate sensitivity and increase the dv/dt

capability. Therefore, it prevents Thyristor from false triggering.

The thyristor d.c. drive remains an important speed-controlled industrial drive,

especially where the higher maintenance cost associated with the d.c. motor

brushes (c.f. induction motor) is tolerable. The controlled (thyristor) rectifier

provides a low-impedance adjustable 'd.c.' voltage for the motor armature, thereby

providing speed control.

variable-voltage d.c. supply needed for speed control of an industrial d.c. motor

was to generate it with a d.c. generator. The generator was driven at fixed speed by

an induction motor, and the field of the generator was varied in order to vary the

generated voltage.

The motor/generator (MG) set could be sited remote from the d.c. motor, and

multi-drive sites (e.g. steelworks) would have large rooms full of MG sets, one for

each variable-speed motor on the plant. Three machines (all of the same power

rating) were required for each of these 'Ward Leonard' drives, which was good
business for the motor manufacturer. For a brief period in the 1950s they were

superseded by grid-controlled mercury arc rectifiers, but these were soon replaced

by thyristor converters which oVered cheaper first cost, higher efficiency (typically

over 95%), smaller size, reduced maintenance, and faster response to changes in

set speed.

The disadvantages of rectified supplies are that the waveforms are not pure d.c.,

that the overload capacity of the converter is very limited, and that a single

converter is not capable of regeneration. Though no longer pre-eminent, study of

the d.c. drive is valuable for several reasons:

The structure and operation of the d.c. drive are reflected in almost all other drives,

and lessons learned from the study of the d.c. drive therefore have close parallels to

other types.

The d.c. drive tends to remain the yardstick by which other drives are judged.

Under constant-flux conditions the behaviour is governed by a relatively simple set

of linear equations, so predicting both steady-state and transient behaviour is not

difficult. When we turn to the successors of the d.c. drive, notably the induction

motor drive, we will find that things are much more complex, and that in order to

overcome the poor transient behaviour, the strategies adopted are based on

emulating the d.c. drive.

which we will look briefly at chopper-fed drives that are used mainly in medium

and small sizes, and finally turn attention to small servo-type drives.

THYRISTOR D.C. DRIVES – GENERAL

For motors up to a few kilowatts the armature converter can be supplied from

either single-phase or three-phase mains, but for larger motors three-phase is

always used. A separate thyristor or diode rectifier is used to supply the field of the

motor: the power is much less than the armature power, so the supply is often

single-phase, The arrangement is typical of the majority of d.c. drives and provides

for closed-loop speed control. The function of the two control loops will be

explored later, but readers who are not familiar with the basics of feedback and

closed-loop systems may find it helpful to read through the Appendix at this point.
 A. VISCOUS DAMPING

Viscous damping is often introduced to reduce vibration amplitude at resonance.

The purpose of vibration isolation is to control unwanted vibrations so that the

adverse effects are avoided.

In vibration-isolation systems it is important to have damping, to attenuate

excessive vibration near resonance.

B. NEGATIVE VELOCITY FEEDBACK

Negative Velocity feedback is important for injecting additional damping to avoid

low-frequency fluctuation around desired trajectories.

Aid the system in achieving changes in position without overshoot and oscillation.

C. POSITIVE ACCELERATION

Positive acceleration to maintain constant acceleration in the same direction as the

velocity.

D. POSITIVE PLUS DERIVATIVE ACTION

Derivative action is added to a proportional action controller in order to produce a

phase advance in the controller output signal, i.e. its function is to produce a
control correction sooner than would be possible with proportional action alone. It

is often regarded as providing an anticipating action.

Derivative action is added to a proportional action controller in order to produce a

phase advance in the controller output signal, i.e. its function is to produce a

control correction sooner than would be possible with proportional action alone. It

is often regarded as providing an anticipating action.

It never improves the steady-state error.

It produces saturation effects and also amplifies the noise signals produced in the

system. It improves the transient response of the system.

E. POSITIVE PLUS INTEGRAL ACTION

Integral action a control action in which the rate of change of the correcting force

is proportional to the deviation. integral controllers the output (also called the

actuating signal) is directly proportional to the integral of the error signal.

Integral Controllers can return the controlled variable back to the exact set point

following a disturbance that’s why these are known as reset controllers.