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Period 3 Elements: Trends & Ionisation Energies

The document discusses periodicity and physical properties of period 3 elements such as sodium, magnesium, and aluminum. It provides information on trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, and melting point across period 3. The document also includes multiple choice and short answer questions related to these topics.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

84 views25 pages

Period 3 Elements: Trends & Ionisation Energies

Uploaded by

Halimah

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

I1: PERIODICITY

Periodicity 1: Classification
1. An element is classifed as s, p, d or f block according to its position in the Periodic Table, which is determined by its
proton number

Periodicity 2: Physical Properties of Period 3 Elements

1. The trends in atomic radius, first ionisation energy and melting point of the elements Na–Ar
2. The reasons for these trends in terms of the structure of and bonding in the elements.
3. Students should be able to:
• explain the trends in atomic radius and first ionisation energy
• explain the melting point of the elements in terms of their structure and bonding.
Q1. This question is about the elements in Period 3 from Na to P
Q1(ai) Explain the meaning of the term first ionisation energy.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Trend………..............................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q1(aiii) State which one of the elements from Na to P deviates from this general trend and explain why this occurs.

Trend………..............................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q1(b) State which one of the elements from Na to P has the highest melting point and explain your answer.

Element…….............................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q2(a) Complete the electronic configuration for the sodium ion, Na+

1s2............................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q2(bi) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which the energy change is the second ionisation
energy of sodium.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q2(bii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of sodium is greater than the second ionisation energy of magnesium.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q2(biii) An element X in Period 3 of the Periodic Table has the following successive ionisation energies.

First Second Third Fourth

Ionisation energies / kJ mol–1 577 1820 2740 11600

Deduce the identity of element X.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q2(c) State and explain the trend in atomic radius of the Period 3 elements from sodium to chlorine.

Trend………..............................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q2(e) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH2 which contains the NH2– ion. Draw the shape of the NH2–
ion, including any lone pairs of electrons.
Name the shape made by the three atoms in the NH2– ion.

Shape of NH2–

Name of shape ……………………………………………………................................... (2)

Q2(f) In terms of its electronic configuration, give one reason why neon does not form compounds with sodium.

Q3. Ionisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms.
Q3(a) Complete the electron configuration of the Mg+ ion.

1s2............................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q3(bi) State the meaning of the term first ionisation energy.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q3(bii) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs when the second ionisation energy of
magnesium is measured.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q3(biii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than the first ionisation energy of magnesium.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q3(biv) Use your understanding of electron arrangement to complete the table by suggesting a value for the third ionisation
energy of magnesium.
First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Ionisation energies of magnesium / kJ mol–1 736 1450 10 500 13 629
(1)
Q3(c) State and explain the general trend in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements sodium to chlorine.

Trend………..............................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q3(d) State how the element sulfur deviates from the general trend in first ionisation energies across Period 3. Explain your
answer.

How sulfur deviates from the trend ..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q3(e) A general trend exists in the first ionisation energies of the Period 2 elements lithium to fluorine. Identify one element
which deviates from this general trend.

Q4. The following diagram shows the first ionisation energies of some Period 3 elements.

Q4(a) Draw a cross on the diagram to show the first ionisation energy of aluminium.
(1)
Q4(b) Write an equation to show the process that occurs when the first ionisation energy of aluminium is measured.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q4(c) State which of the first, second or third ionisations of aluminium would produce an ion with the electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q4(d) Explain why the value of the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than the value of the first ionisation energy of
phosphorus.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q4(e) Identify the element in Period 2 that has the highest first ionisation energy and give its electron configuration.

Element.....................................................................................................................................................................................

Electron configuration............................................................................................................................................................... (2)

Q4(f) State the trend in first ionisation energies in Group 2 from beryllium to barium.
Explain your answer in terms of a suitable model of atomic structure.

Trend........................................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q5. The following table gives the melting points of some elements in Period 3.
Element Na Al Si P S
Melting point / K 371 933 1680 317 392
Q5(a) State the type of structure shown by a crystal of silicon. Explain why the melting point of silicon is very high.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q5(b) State the type of structure shown by crystals of sulfur and phosphorus.
Explain why the melting point of sulfur is higher than the melting point of phosphorus.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q5(c) Draw a diagram to show how the particles are arranged in aluminium and explain why aluminium is malleable.
(You should show a minimum of six aluminium particles arranged in two dimensions.)

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q5(d) Explain why the melting point of aluminium is higher than the melting point of sodium.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q6. This question is about the first ionisation energies of some elements in the Periodic Table.
Q6(a) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the reaction that occurs when the first ionisation energy of lithium
is measured.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q6(b) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 3 elements aluminium to argon.

Trend………..............................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q6(c) There is a similar general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 4 elements gallium to krypton.
State how selenium deviates from this general trend and explain your answer.

How selenium deviates from this trend....................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q6(d) Suggest why the first ionisation energy of krypton is lower than the first ionisation energy of argon.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Ionisation energy / kJ mol–1 590 1150 4940 6480 8120

Deduce the group in the Periodic Table that contains this element.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q6(f) Identify the element that has a 5+ ion with an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10

Q7. Trends in physical properties occur across all Periods in the Periodic Table.
This question is about trends in the Period 2 elements from lithium to nitrogen.
Q7(a) Identify, from the Period 2 elements lithium to nitrogen, the element that has the largest atomic radius.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q7(bi) State the general trend in first ionisation energies for the Period 2 elements lithium to nitrogen.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q7(bii) Identify the element that deviates from this general trend, from lithium to nitrogen, and explain your answer.

Element…….............................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q7(c) Identify the Period 2 element that has the following successive ionisation energies.

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth

Ionisation energy / kJ mol-1 1090 2350 4610 6220 37 800 47 000

(1)
Q7(e) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why the melting point of carbon is high.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q8. The elements in Period 2 show periodic trends.

Q8(a) Identify the Period 2 element, from carbon to fluorine, that has the largest atomic radius. Explain your answer.

Element….................................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q8(b) State the general trend in first ionisation energies from carbon to neon.
Deduce the element that deviates from this trend and explain why this element deviates from the trend.

Trend.........................................................................................................................................................................................

Element that deviates................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation................................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (4)
Q8(c) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction that occurs when the first ionisation energy of carbon is
measured.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q8(d) Explain why the second ionisation energy of carbon is higher than the first ionisation energy of carbon.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q8(e) Deduce the element in Period 2, from lithium to neon that has the highest second ionisation energy.

Q9(a) Nickel is a metal with a high melting point.

Q9(ai) State the block in the Periodic Table that contains nickel.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q9(aii) Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why nickel has a high melting point.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q9(aiii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the arrangement of particles in a crystal of nickel.
In your answer, include at least six particles of each type.

(2)
Q9(aiv) Explain why nickel is ductile (can be stretched into wires).

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q9(b) Nickel forms the compound nickel(II) chloride (NiCl2).
Q9(bi) Give the full electron configuration of the Ni2+ ion.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q9(bii) Balance the following equation to show how anhydrous nickel(II) chloride can be obtained from the hydrated salt using
SOCl2
Identify one substance that could react with both gaseous products.

........NiCl2.6H2O(s) + ........ SOCl2(g) → ….....NiCl2(s) + ….....SO2(g) + ….....HCl(g)

Substance................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q10. This question is about the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
Q10(a) State the element in Period 3 that has the highest melting point. Explain your answer.

Element.....................................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q10(b) State the element in Period 3 that has the highest first ionisation energy. Explain your answer.

Element.....................................................................................................................................................................................
Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q10(d) Chlorine is a Period 3 element.
Chlorine forms the molecules ClF3 and CCl2
Q10(di) Use your understanding of electron pair repulsion to draw the shape of ClF3 and the shape of CCl2
Include any lone pairs of electrons that influence the shape.
Shape of ClF3 Shape of CCl2

(2)
Q10(dii) Name the shape of CCl2

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q10(diii) Write an equation to show the formation of one mole of ClF3 from its elements.

Q11. This question is about the periodicity of the Period 3 elements.

Q11(a) State and explain the general trend in first ionisation energy across Period 3.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (4)
Q11(b) Give one example of an element which deviates from the general trend in first ionisation energy across Period 3.
Explain why this deviation occurs.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ionisation number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ionisation energy / kJ mol–1 1000 2260 3390 4540 6990 8490 27 100 31 700
Identify element Y.
Explain your answer using data from the table.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q11(d) Identify the Period 3 element that has the highest melting point.
Explain your answer by reference to structure and bonding.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (4)
(Total 13 marks)
I1: Periodicity Mark Schemes
Q1.
(a) (i) Energy/enthalpy (change)/∆H/ needed to remove
1 mole of electrons;
Allow 1 electron
Not heat alone
1

From 1 mol of gaseous atoms;

From 1 gaseous atom
Not mix and match moles and one electron.
Allow 1 for balanced eq with ss
1

(ii) Increase;
If blank mark on
If incorrect CE = 0
1

Increasing nuclear charge/ increasing number of protons;

Not increasing atomic number
1

Same or similar shielding /same number of shells or energy

levels/ (atomic) radius decreases/electron closer to nucleus;
Not same distance from nucleus.
1

(iii) Aluminium/Al;
If incorrect CE = 0
1

Electron in higher energy /p or 3p orbital;

Not 2p
Ignore shielding
1

Less energy needed to lose electron/ electron more easily

lost/ ionisation energy less;
1

(b) Silicon/Si;
If incorrect CE = 0
If silicone, silica Si8, Si4 mark on.
1

Macromolecular/ Giant molecular or atomic or covalent;

If IMFor ionic or metallic in Silicon then CE = 0 for explanation
1

Many or strong covalent bonds need to be broken/

lots of energy needed to break the covalent bonds;
Not loosened bonds
1
[11]
Q2.
(a) 2s2 2p6;
If ignored the 1s2 given and written 1s22s22p6 mark as correct
Allow capitals and subscripts
1

(b) (i) Na+(g) → Na2+ (g) + e(–);

One mark for equation and one mark for state symbols

Na+(g) + e(–) → Na2+ (g) + 2e(–);

M2 dependent on M1
Allow Na+(g) – e(–) → Na(g)
Allow X+(g) → X2+ (g) + e = 1 mark
2

(ii) Na(2+) requires loss of e– from a 2(p) orbital or 2nd energy level or
2nd shell and Mg(2+) requires loss of e– from a 3(s) orbital or 3rd
energy level or 3rd shell / Na(2+) loses e from a lower (energy)
orbital/ or vice versa;
Not from 3p
1

Less shielding (in Na);

Or vice versa for Mg
1

e(–) closer to nucleus/ more attraction (of electron to nucleus) (in Na);
M3 needs to be comparative
1

(iii) Aluminium /Al;

Increasing nuclear charge/ increasing number of protons;

Electrons in same shell or level/ same shielding/ similar shielding;

(d) Answer refers to Na;

Allow converse answers relating to Mg.

Na fewer protons/smaller nuclear charge/ fewer delocalised electrons;

Allow Mg is 2+ and Na is +.
If vdw CE = 0.
1

Na is a bigger ion/ atom;

Smaller attraction between nucleus and delocalised electrons;

If mentioned that charge density of Mg2+ is greater then allow first 2
marks.
(ie charge / size / attraction).
M3 allow weaker metallic bonding.
1
(e) (Bent) shape showing 2 lone pairs + 2N−H bond pairs;
Atoms must be labelled.
Lone pairs can be with or without lobes.
1

Bent / v shape/ triangular;

Not tetrahedral.
Allow non-linear.
Bent-linear = contradiction.
1

(f) Ne has full sub-levels/ can’t get any more electrons in the sub-levels/
Ne has full shells;
Not 2s2 2p6 alone.
Not stable electron configuration.
1
[16]
Q3.
(a) 2s22p63s1
1s2 can be rewritten
Allow 2s22px22py22pz23s1
Allow subscripts and capitals
1

(b) (i) Energy/enthalpy (needed) to remove one mole of electrons

from one mole of atoms/compounds/molecules/elements
1

Energy to form one mole of positive ions from one mole of atoms

Energy/enthalpy to remove one electron from one atom

In the gaseous state (to form 1 mol of gaseous ions)

Energy given out loses M1
M2 is dependent on a reasonable attempt at M1
Energy needed for this change
X(g) → X+(g) + e(–) = 2 marks
This equation alone scores one mark
1

(ii) Mg+(g) → Mg2+(g) + e(–)

Mg+(g) + e(–) → Mg2+(g) + 2e(–)
Mg+(g) – e(–) → Mg2+(g)
Do not penalise MG
Not equation with X
1

(iii) Electron being removed from a positive ion (therefore need more
energy)/electron being removed is closer to the nucleus/Mg+
smaller (than Mg)/Mg+ more positive than Mg
Allow from a + particle/species
Not electron from a higher energy level/or higher sub-level
More protons = 0
1

(iv) Range from 5000 to 9000 kJ mol–1

Bigger nuclear charge (from Na to Cl)/more protons

QWC
1

electron (taken) from same (sub)shell/similar or same shielding/

electron closer to the nucleus/smaller atomic radius
If no shielding = 0
Smaller ionic radius = 0
1
(d) Lower
If not lower CE = 0/3
If blank mark on
Allow does not increase
1

Two/pair of electrons in (3)p orbital or implied

Not 2p
1

repel (each other)

M3 dependent upon a reasonable attempt at M2
1

(e) Boron/B or oxygen/O/O2

1
[13]
Q4.
(a) Cross between the Na cross and the Mg cross
1

(b) Al(g) → Al+(g) + e–

Al(g) – e– → Al+(g)
Al(g) + e– → Al+(g) + 2e–
One mark for state symbols consequential on getting equation
correct.
Electron does not have to have the – sign on it
Ignore (g) if put as state symbol with e– but penalise state symbol
mark if other state symbols on e–
2

(d) Paired electrons in (3)p orbital

Penalise wrong number
If paired electrons repel allow M2
1

repel
1

(e) Neon/Ne
No consequential marking from wrong element
1

1s22s22p6/[He}2s22p6
Allow capital s and p
Allow subscript numbers
1

(f) Decreases
CE if wrong
1

Atomic radius increases/electron removed further from nucleus

or nuclear charge/electron in higher energy level/Atoms
get larger/more shells
Accept more repulsion between more electrons for M2
Mark is for distance from nucleus
Must be comparative answers from M2 and M3
CE M2 and M3 if mention molecules
Not more sub-shells
1

As group is descended more shielding

1
[11]
Q5.
(a) Macromolecular/giant covalent/giant molecular/giant atomic
If IMF/H-bonds/Ionic/metallic CE = 0/3
covalent bond between molecules CE = 0/3
If giant unqualified M1 = 0 but mark on
1

Many/strong covalent bonds

M2 and M3 can only be scored if covalent mentioned in answer
Ignore metalloid and carbon
Ignore bp
1

Bonds must be broken/overcome

Ignore numbers of bonds and references to energy
1

(b) (Simple) molecular

QoL
Do not allow simple covalent for M1
Giant covalent/ionic/metallic, CE = 0
If breaking covalent bonds CE= 0/3
1

S bigger molecule (than P) or S8 and P4 references

QoL
Allow more electrons in sulfur molecule or S8
Do not allow S is bigger then P
Allow S molecule has a bigger Mr
Do not allow contradictions
1

So more/stronger van der Waals’ forces (to be broken or overcome)

Not just more energy to break
1

(c) Regular arrangement of minimum of 6 particles in

minimum of 2 rows
Ignore e–
Do not allow ring arrangements OR structures bonded with electrons
1

+ charge in each one (of 6)

Allow +, (1+, 2+ or 3+) in ions/or in words
1

Rows/planes/sheets/layers (of atoms/ions) can slide (owtte)

over one another
M3 independent
If ionic bonding/molecules/IMF/vdw/covalent, penalise M3
Ignore layers of electrons sliding
1

(d) Bigger charge (3+ compared to 1+)

CE = 0 if molecules, ionic, covalent, IMF
(Allow Al2+)
OR smaller atom/ion in Al/more protons/bigger nuclear charge
1

More free/delocalised electrons (in Al)/bigger sea of electrons in Al

Accept 2 or 3 delocalised electrons compared to 1 in Na
1

Stronger metallic bonding/stronger (electrostatic) attraction

between the (+) ions or nuclei and the (delocalised) electrons
(or implied)
Must be implied that the electrons are the delocalised ones not the
electrons in the shells.
Accept converse arguments
1
[12]
Q6.
(a) Li(g) → Li+(g) + e-(g)

Li(g) - e-(g) → Li+(g)

Li(g) + e-(g) → Li+(g) + 2e-

One mark for balanced equation with state symbols
Charge and state on electron need not be shown
1

(b) Increases
If trend wrong then CE = 0/3 for (b). If blank mark on.
1

Increasing nuclear charge / increasing no of protons

Ignore effective with regard to nuclear charge
1

Same or similar shielding / same no of shells / electron

(taken) from same (sub)shell / electron closer to the
nucleus / smaller atomic radius
1

Paired electrons in a (4) p orbital

If incorrect p orbital then M2 = 0
1

(Paired electrons) repel

If shared pair of electrons M2 + M3 = 0
1

(d) Kr is a bigger atom / has more shells / more shielding

in Kr / electron removed further from nucleus/ electron
removed from a higher (principal or main) energy level
CE if molecule mentioned
Must be comparative answer
QWC
1

(e) 2 / two / II
1

(f) Arsenic / As
1
[10]
Q7.
(a) Lithium / Li
Penalise obvious capital I (second letter).
1

(b) (i) Increase / gets bigger

Ignore exceptions to trend here even if wrong
1

(ii) Boron / B
If not Boron, CE = 0/3
1

Electron removed from (2)p orbital /sub-shell / (2)p electrons removed

If p orbital specified it must be 2p
1

Which is higher in energy (so more easily lost) / more shielded (so more
easily lost) / further from nucleus
1

(c) C / carbon

(d) Below Li

The cross should be placed on the diagram, on the column for
nitrogen, below the level of the cross printed on the diagram for
Lithium.
1

(e) Macromolecular / giant molecular / giant atomic

Allow giant covalent (molecule) = 2
1

Covalent bonds in the structure

Strong (covalent) bonds must be broken or overcome / (covalent) bonds need

a lot of energy to break
Ignore weakening / loosening bonds
If ionic / metallic/molecular/ dipole dipole/ H bonds/ bonds between
molecules, CE = 0/3
Ignore van der Waals forces
Ignore hard to break
1
[10]
Q8.
(a) Carbon / C
If M1 incorrect, CE = 0 / 3
1

Fewest protons / smallest nuclear charge / least attraction between protons (in the
nucleus) and electrons / weakest nuclear attraction to electrons
Allow comparative answers.
Allow converse answers for M2
1

Similar shielding
Allow same shielding.
1

(b) Increase
1

Oxygen / O
If not oxygen, then cannot score M2, M3 and M4
1

Paired electrons in a (2)p orbital

If paired electrons in incorrect p orbital, lose M3 but can award M4
1

(Paired electrons in a p orbital) repel

(c) C(g) → C+(g) + e(−)

C(g) + e → C+(g) + 2e
(−) (−)

C(g) − e → C+(g)
(−)

Ignore state symbols for electron.

(d) (More energy to) remove an electron from a (more) positive ion / cation
Allow electron closer to the nucleus in the positive ion.
1

(e) Lithium / lithium / Li

If formula given, upper and lower case letters must be as shown.

1
[10]
Q9.
(a) (i) d (block) OR D (block)
Ignore transition metals / series.
Do not allow any numbers in the answer.
1

(ii) Contains positive (metal) ions or protons or nuclei and delocalised / mobile / free /
sea of electrons
Ignore atoms.
1

Strong attraction between them or strong metallic bonds

Allow ‘needs a lot of energy to break / overcome’ instead of ‘strong’.
If strong attraction between incorrect particles, then CE = 0 / 2.
If molecules / intermolecular forces / covalent bonding / ionic bonding
mentioned then CE=0.
1

(iii)

M1 is for regular arrangement of atoms / ions (min 6 metal particles).

M2 for + sign in each metal atom / ion.
Allow 2+ sign.
2

(iv) Layers / planes / sheets of atoms or ions can slide over one another
QoL.
1

(b) (i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 (4s0)

Only.
1

(ii) NiCl2.6H2O + 6 SOCl2 NiCl2 + 6 SO2 + 12 HCl

Allow multiples.
1

NaOH / NH3 / CaCO3 / CaO

Allow any name or formula of alkali or base.
Allow water.
1
[9]
Q10.
(a) Silicon / Si
If not silicon then CE = 0 / 3
1

covalent (bonds)
M3 dependent on correct M2
1

Strong or many of the (covalent) bonds need to be broken / needs a lot of energy to
break the (covalent) bonds
Ignore hard to break
1

(b) Argon / Ar
If not argon then CE = 0 / 3. But if Kr chosen, lose M1 and allow
M2+M3
1

Large(st) number of protons / large(st) nuclear charge

Ignore smallest atomic radius
1

Same amount of shielding / same number of shells / same number of energy levels
Allow similar shielding
1

(d) (i)

Or any structure with 3 bonds and 2 lone pairs
Ignore any angles shown
1

Or a structure with 2 bonds and 1 lone pair
1

(ii) Bent / v shape
Ignore non-linear, angular and triangular
Apply list principle
1

(iii) Cl2 + F2 ClF3

No multiples
Ignore state symbols
1
[11]
Q11.
(a) General increase
If not increase then CE
1
Greater nuclear charge / more protons
1
Same shielding / electrons added to same shell
Allow similar
1
Stronger attraction (from nucleus) for outer electron(s)
Allow electron in outer shell
1

(b) Aluminium / Al (lower than Mg)

CE if not Al or S
1
(Outer) electron in (3)p orbital / sub-shell (level)
If 2p or 4p orbital lose M2 and M3
1
(3p) higher in energy
Allow more shielded or weaker nuclear attraction
M3 is dependent on M2
1
or
Sulfur / S (lower than P)
(Outer) electrons in (3)p orbital begin to pair
Repel
If 2p or 4p orbital lose M2 and M3
Allow 2 electrons in (3)p
M3 is dependent on M2

(d) Silicon
CE if not Si
1
Giant covalent structure / macromolecule
1
Covalent (bonds)
Giant covalent scores M2 and M3
1
Many / strong (covalent bonds) or
(covalent bonds) need lots of energy to break
CE for M2-M4 if molecules / metallic / ionic / IMFs mentioned
1
[13]

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