A Semi-Detailed Lesson Plan in 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Figures of Speech
I. Objectives
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the different types of figures of speech.
2. Distinguish the different usage of the figures of speech from one another.
3. Construct sentences that use figures of speech correctly.
4. Realize the importance of figures of speech in literature and in their daily lives.
II. Subject Matter
Figures of Speech
References:
● Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, August 5). Figure of speech. Encyclopedia
Britannica. [Link]
● Nordquist, Richard. (2021, July 31). The Top 20 Figures of Speech. Retrieved from
[Link]
III. Materials
● Personal Computer
● PowerPoint presentation
● Google Meet
IV. Procedure
A. Preparation
1) Greetings
2) Opening prayer
3) Monitoring of the class attendance
4) Class rules reminders
5) Review of the previous topic/lesson
B. Motivation
Activity 1: “Stare and Tell”
● The teacher will show some photos with apparent differences in the presentation.
● The students will be asked to tell what observation did they get from the pictures.
C. Presentation of Lesson Proper
The teacher will discuss figurative language and figures of speech.
Guide questions:
➢ How does figurative language differ from literal language?
➢ What is a figure of speech?
➢ What are the different types of figures of speech?
Figurative Language
➢ Figurative language is used to mean something other than what is written. It goes beyond the
literal or exact meaning.
For example:
“I brought an umbrella because it was raining cats and dogs!”
In this example, figurative language is used because there were actually np cats and dogs
falling from the clouds. It is not what the writer or speaker is meaning to say. Instead, what is
being implied is that the rain felt so heavy and large that it was almost as if small animals
were falling from the sky.
➢ Literal language is used to mean exactly what is written.
For example:
“It was raining a lot, so I brought an umbrella before I left the apartment.”
In this sentence, the writer or speaker means to convey exactly what is written: they decided
to bring an umbrella because of the heavy rain.
Figures of Speech
Figure of speech is an expressive, nonliteral use of language. It is a deviation from the ordinary use of
words in order to increase their effectiveness.
Types of Figures of Speech
1. Simile
It is a figure of speech that includes a direct comparison of two different things using words such as
“like,” “as,” or “than.”
“She’s as pale as snow.”
“Ms. Ponce laughed like a little kid.”
2. Metaphor
It is the comparison of two unlike things without the use of words such as “like” or “as.”
“You are my sunshine.”
“The party was a jungle.”
3. Hyperbole
It is a statement that uses exaggeration to express or emphasize a strong feeling or idea.
“I died laughing because of his jokes.”
“My mom will kill me if you tell her about this!”
4. Personification
It gives human traits/attributes to objects or ideas. It brings life and motion within inanimate objects
and abstract ideas.
“The stars are hiding now.”
“The grasses dance as the wind blows”
5. Irony
It is the use of words to suggest the opposite of what is meant. It also occurs when what actually
happens turns out to be completely different from what is expected.
Types of Irony
➢ Verbal Irony is the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite or different from what
is actually said.
“Awesome! Another homework.”
You’re walking on a very hot afternoon and you say, “It’s so cold. I can feel the snow!”
➢ Situational Irony is when the outcome of a situation is totally different from what is expected.
“The fire station is on fire.”
“The marriage counselor files a divorce.”
➢ Dramatic Irony is when the audience has more information than the characters in a story.
In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the audience is aware that Juliet is in a drugged sleep while
Romeo thinks she is dead, so he ends his life (followed by Juliet doing the same).
In Shakespeare's Macbeth, the audience is aware that Macbeth is planning Duncan's murder while
acting loyal to him.
6. Oxymoron
It brings two words that mutually contradict each other together as one idea. It is often used to create
an effect for the reader.
The deafening silence covers the entire room.
Your crush is near! Act naturally.
7. Paradox
It is a statement that appears to contradict itself, but which, upon further reflection and examination,
contains some kernel of truth and makes sense.
“This is the beginning of the end.”
“If I know one thing, it's that I know nothing.”
8. Metonymy
It is a figure of speech in which one object or idea takes the place of another with which it has a close
association, such as “crown” to mean “king.”
“We will not make a move until we get an order from the crown.”
"The pen is mightier than the sword."
9. Synecdoche
It is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to signify the whole or vice-versa. It
makes a smaller component of something to stand in for the larger whole in a rhetorical manner.
“Have you seen Mark’s new wheels?”
“All hands on deck!”
10. Allusion
It references a person, place, thing, or event from fiction, folklore, historical events, or religious
manuscripts to make the statement more meaningful.
“I almost got lost in the city, but thankfully a good Samaritan helped me way back home!”
“You’re my Achilles’ heel.”
D. Application
Activity 2: Say Something!
Mechanics of the activity:
● The teacher will show some illustrations/photos.
● The students will give a related statement for each photo that uses a type of figures of
speech.
E. Generalization
➢ What is the purpose and importance of figures of speech?
➢ How do they make literature richer?
➢ Specify the different types of figures of speech.
V. Evaluation
Read the following statements carefully. Identify what type of figure of speech is used.
1. To her husband, she’s imperfectly perfect.
2. Mr. Parico already reminded them a million times.
3. The sun sleeps.
4. Time is gold.
5. You’re a walking encyclopedia!
6. They took a wrong turn and then fell down in a rabbit hole.
7. Good job! You are as brave as a lion.
8. That sudden confession killed me.
9. The suits were at a meeting.
10. That party was like a funeral.
VI. Assignment
Read and analyze “Sonnet 18” by William Shakespeare. Identify the figures of speech present in the
composition and the ideas they can convey based on your own interpretation. Submit them in
Microsoft Word file format xc. (30 pts.)
Criteria for checking:
Accuracy of the figures of speech
Clarity of the ideas
Grammar
