Zayed University
College of Technological Innovation
Fall 2018
Assignment
Course Title: Computer Network Foundations
Course Number: NET-256
Instructions:
I. Due Thursday, November 25, 2018.
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II. References
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1. Slides and handouts posted on the course Web site
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2. Selected readings of the textbook
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Problem 1 – Packet vs. Circuit-Switched Communications:
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a (a) Which type of communication is preferable in wireless network
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operation and describe its service guarantee expectation? Explain
your answer in detail.
b Answer:
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d Packet switching communication would be better since packets
can be directed around organized blockage. While the circuit
switching Dedicated channels may delay and the channele is not accessibale
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until one side seperates.
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f (b) Give two examples of applications for which circuit switching
and packet switching would be more suitable respectively.
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h An example of circuit switching is a telephone network.
i An example for packet switching is frame relay and IP.
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Problem 2- IP Fragmentation
Consider sending 3000-byte datagram into a link that has an MTU of
500 bytes.
a) How many fragments are generated?
The original datagram was 3000 bytes, subtracting 20 for header, it
leaves 2980 bytes of data.
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Assume the ID of the original packet is “x”. with an MTU of 500
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bytes, 500-2 = 480 bytes of data transmitted in each packet.
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Therefore, ceiling(2980/480)= 7 packets are needed.
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b) What are their characteristics (i.e. what are the flags and offset
values for each (Assume that the DF flag was not set : )
Solution: Assume that no optional fields of the IP header are in use
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(i.e. IP header is 20 bytes)
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Packet 1: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 0
Packet 2: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 60
Packet 3: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 120
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Packet 4: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 180
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Packet 5: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 240
Packet 6: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 300
Packet 7: ID = x, Total_len = 120, MF = 0, Frag_offset = 360
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c) Explain how traceroute works. Include a traceroute to a host at
least 20 hops away.
A TTL is set when a TCP packet is sent, which is the number of
hops it can pass through before that packet is discarded. When TTL
reaches 0 the packet is destroyed and an ICMP message is
returned. (I have tried several hosts in my house PC and none pf
them reached 20 hops)
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Problem3: CIDR -A router has the following (CIDR) entries in its
routing table:
Destination Gateway Next hop
[Link]/22 Interface 0
[Link]/22 Interface 1
[Link]/23 Router 1
default Router 2
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1. For each of the following IP address, what does the router do if
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packets with the following addresses arrive?
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(a) [Link]
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The router will look for the first 22 bits, we have [Link] routing
entry. It matches the network address of [Link]/22 routing entry,
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therefore the packet will be routed out over interface 1
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(b) [Link]
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The router will look for the first 22 bits, we have [Link] . It
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matches the network address of [Link]/22 routing entry, therefore
the packet will be routed out over interface 0
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(c) [Link]
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The address is lower than 22 bits, the default route will be used and it
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will be routed out over router 2
(d) [Link]
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The router will look for the first 23 bits, we have [Link] . It
matches the network address of [Link]/23 routing entry, therefore
the packet will be routed out over router 1.
(e) [Link]
The router will look for the first 23 bits, we have [Link] . the
default route will be used and it will be routed out over router 2
2. What is the relationship between the “gateway” and “interface”
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fields?
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Problem 4- NAT
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What problem is tackled by Network Address Translation (NAT)? Please
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briefly describe what NAT does.
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NAT stands for Network Address Translation, it is the prossess of a
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network device, usually a firewall, and it assigns a public ip address to a
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device (computer/s) in a private network. NAT is mainly used to limit
the number of public ip addresses that companys and organizations are
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recommended to use it for security purposes.
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Problem5- IP addresses
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How does a host get an IP address? How does a network get the subnet
part of an IP address?
How does a provider get a block of IP addresses? What is the principle
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behind these procedures?
Ithey can either be assigned statically (the network manager assigns them) or can
be assigned dynamically via Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP). Subnetting
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is the way toward assigning some high-arrange bits from the host part as a major
aspect of the system prefix. ISPs (Internet Service Providers) or associations can
get in touch with them to enroll an IP address or a piece of IP tends to which is the
place you come in. to provide security to the host.
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