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Isentropic Flow Calculations in Compressible Flow

1) Shock compression is much more effective at compressing air than isentropic compression. On a PV diagram with pressure ratio plotted against specific volume ratio, the shock compression line is much steeper, showing greater pressure rises for the same volume change. 2) In a normal shock wave in air with upstream conditions of M1=3, p1=1 atm, ρ1=1.23 kg/m3, the calculations show downstream pressure and density increase greatly to p2=10.3333 atm and ρ2=4.7442 kg/m3, while temperature and velocity decrease. 3) Calculating the stagnation temperature for a Mach 38 airflow around the re-entering

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Fatih İnal
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1K views3 pages

Isentropic Flow Calculations in Compressible Flow

1) Shock compression is much more effective at compressing air than isentropic compression. On a PV diagram with pressure ratio plotted against specific volume ratio, the shock compression line is much steeper, showing greater pressure rises for the same volume change. 2) In a normal shock wave in air with upstream conditions of M1=3, p1=1 atm, ρ1=1.23 kg/m3, the calculations show downstream pressure and density increase greatly to p2=10.3333 atm and ρ2=4.7442 kg/m3, while temperature and velocity decrease. 3) Calculating the stagnation temperature for a Mach 38 airflow around the re-entering

Uploaded by

Fatih İnal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ME 4061

Compressible Flow
Homework 1 Solutions

1) Assume that the flow of air through a given duct is isentropic. At one point in the duct, the
pressure and temperature are p = 87 kPa and T = 4.7°C, respectively At a second point, the
temperature is -51°C. Calculate the pressure and density at this second point.

SOLUTION:
At point 1; p1=87 kPa , T 1=4.7 o C=277.7 K
At point 2; T 2 =−51o C=222 K
Isentropic Relation:
γ
p2 T 2 γ−1 222 1.4
=
p1 T 1 ( ) ( )
=
277.7
0.4
=0.4568

p2=(0.4568)(87 kPa)=39.7416 kPa


From equation of state
p 39741.6 Pa
ρ 2= 2 = =0.6237 kg /m3
R T 2 (287 J /kg . K )(222 K )

2) At a given point in the high-speed flow over an airplane wing, the local Mach number, pressure
and temperature are 0.7, 0.9 atm, and 250 K, respectively. Calculate the values of p 0, T0, a0, p*, T*,
and a* at this point.

SOLUTION:

γ −1 2 γ γ−1
p0= p 1+ (2
M )
=1.2484 atm

γ −1 2
T 0=T 1+ (2
M =274.5 K )
a0 =√ γ R T 0= √ (1.4)(287 J /kg . K )(274.5 K)=332.11m/s

p0
p✷ = γ
=0.6595 atm
γ −1
( 1+
2 ) γ −1

T0
T ✷= =228.75 K
γ −1
1+ ( 2 )
a =√ γ R T ✷ =√(1.4)(287 J /kg . K )(228.75 K )=303.17 m/s
✷

3) Consider a normal shock wave in air The upstream conditions are given by M 1 = 3, p1 = 1 atm,
and ρ1 = 1.23 kg/m3. Calculate the downstream values of p2, T2, ρ2, M2, u2, p02 and T02.

SOLUTION:

p1 (1 atm)(101325 Pa/atm)
T1= = =287 K
ρ R (1.23 kg/m3)( 287 J /kg . K)
γ−1 2 0.4 2
(
T 01=T 1 1+
2 )
M =287 K 1+ ( 2 )
3 =803.6 K
From isentropic relation:
γ
T 01 γ−1 803.6 1.4 /0.4
p01= p1 ( )
T1
=1 atm (
287 ) =36.73 atm

Speed of sound
a1= √ γ R T 1=√ (1.4)(287 J /kg . K )(287 K )=339.59 m/s
u1=M 1 a1=(3)(339.59 m/ s)=1018.77 m/s

From normal shock table for M1 = 3


p2 ρ u T2 p 02
M 2=0.4752 , =10.3333 , ρ2 = 1 =3.8571 , =2.6790 , =0.3283
p1 1 u2 T1 p 01

Then,
p2=(10.3333)(1 atm)=10.3333 atm
ρ2=(3.8571)(1.23 kg / m3 )=4.7442kg /m3

T 2 =(2.6790)(287 K )=768.87 K

1018.77 m/s
u2 = =264.13m/ s
3.8571

p02=(0.3283)(36.73 atm)=12.06 atm


T 02=T 01=803.6 K

4) Consider the compression of air by means of (a) shock compression and (b) isentropic
compression Starting from the same initial conditions of p1 and v1 plot to scale the pv diagrams for
both compression processes on the same graph; From the comparison, what can you say about the
effectiveness of shock versus isentropic compression?

SOLUTION:
For shock compression; v 2 / v1 =ρ1 / ρ2 is calculated for different Mach numbers. Then p2/p1 is
plotted versus v2/v1. For isentropic compression pressure ratio is calculated from p2 / p 1=(v 1 /v 2) γ
is used and p2/p1 is plotted versus v2/v1. The resulting figure is shown below.
35

30

25

20
p

15 shock
isentropic
10

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
v

From the above figure it is clear that shock compression is much more effective.

5) During the entry of the Apollo space vehicle into the Earth's atmosphere, the number at a given
point on the trajectory was M = 38 and the atmospheric temperature was 270 K Calculate the
temperature at the stagnation point of vehicle, assuming a calorically perfect gas with γ = 1 4. Do
you think this is an accurate calculation' If not, why' If not, is your answer an overestimate or
underestimate?

SOLUTION:
γ−1 2 0.4 2
(
T 01=T 1 1+
2 )
M =270 K 1+
2 (
38 =78246 K )
Since T 02=T 01 =78246 K

This is an over estimation. Because we did not include chemical reactions due to high temperature
effects. Normally stagnation temperature would be lower.

ME 4061 Compressible Flow Homework 1 Solutions 1) Assume that the flow of air through a given duct is isentropic. At one poin
T 01=T 1(1+ γ−1 2 M 2)=287 K(1+ 0.4 2 3 2)=803.6 K From isentropic relation: p01= p1( T01 T 1 ) γ γ−1=1atm( 803.6 287 ) 1.4/0
From the above figure it is clear that shock compression is much more effective. 5) During the entry of the Apollo space v

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