Mahaveer Nagar-III, Kota

Chemistry Practical Index

[Link]. Experiment Date Page Signature

To prepare a pure sample of ferrous ammonium

1 sulphate

2 Oxidation – Reduction

3 Oxidation – Reduction

4 Oxidation – Reduction

5 Oxidation – Reduction
+ —
6 Identification of Radical [NH4 Cl ]

7 Identification of Radical [Pb2+, CH3COO-]

2-
8 Identification of Radical [A1+++ So4 ]

10 Identification of Radical [Zn++ CH3 COO-]

2-
10 Identification of Radical [Ca++ Co3 ]

11 Identification of Radical [Mg++ I-]

12 Identification of Functional group [Alcohal]

13 Identification of Functional group [Phenol]

14 Identification of Functional group [Aldehyde]

15 Identification of Functional group [Ketone]

16 Identification of Functional group[Carboxilic acid]

17 Identification of Functional group [Amine]

18 Detection of food stuff [Carbohydrates]

19 Detection of food stuff [Proteins]

20 Detection of food stuff [Fats]

** Write Calculation of Exp. No. 2 to 5 in front of Observation Table on the Blank Page.
** Write Reaction of Exp. No. 6 to 18 in front of Observation Table on the Blank Page.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 1

 Experiment No : 1
To prepare a pure sample of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt)

AIM :- To prepare a pure sample of ferrous ammonium sulphate

Apparatus :- Two 250 ml beakers, china dish, funnel, funnel stand, glass rod, tripod
stand, wash bottle, wire gauze.

Chemicals :- Ferrous sulphate (7g), Ammonium sulphate (3.5g), Dilute H2SO4 (2-3 ml).

Theory :- Mohr’s salt is prepared by dissolving equimolar amounts of hydrated ferrous

sulphate and ammonium sulphate in minimum quantity of water containing
little dilute sulphuric acid. The resultant solution is filtered to remove
impurities and evaporated till crystallization point is reached. Cooling of this
hot saturated solution yields light bluish green crystals which are separated
from the mother liquor and dried.

FeSO4 7H2O + (NH4 )SO4 → FeSO4 (NH4 )2 SO4 6H2O + H2O

278g 132g 392g

Procedure :- 1. Take a 250ml beaker. Transfer 7g ferrous sulphate and 3.5g ammonium
sulphate crystal to it.

2. Add about 2-3ml of dilute sulphuric acid to prevent hydrolysis of ferrous

sulphate.

3. In another beaker boil about 20ml of water for about 5 minutes to expel
dissolved air.

4. Add the boiling hot water in small instalment to the contents in the first
beaker.

5. Stir the contents with a glass rod until the salts have completely
dissolved.

6. Filter the solution to remove undissolved impurities and transfer the

filtrate to a china dish.

7. Heat the solution in the china dish till saturated point.

8. Allow the contents of china dish to cool by placing the china dish over a
beaker containing cold water. On cooling, crystals of Mohr’s salt separated
out.

9. Decant off the mother liquor and wash the crystals with ethyl alcohol.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 2

 10. Dry the crystals between the folds of filter paper. Note the colour and
shape.

11. Weigh the crystals on a rough balance.

Result :- 1. Colour of the crystals obtained = Light green.

2. Shape of the crystals = Monoclinic

3. Weight of the crystals = .......... g.

Precautions :- 1. Do not forget to add dil. H2SO4.

2. Use boiled water for dissolving the salts otherwise oxidation of ferrous ion
will take place.

3. Use only green coloured ferrous sulphate.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 3

 Experiment No : 2
Oxidation – Reduction Titration

AIM:- To prepare 250 ml of M/20 standard solution of F.A.S. Using this solution find out the
molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

Theory :- KMnO4 oxidises fe++ ions into fe+++ ions in acidic medium in cold and itself reduced to
colourless Mn++ ions

2 KMnO4 + 10 Fe SO4 (NH4)2 SO4 6H2O + 8H2SO4 → K2SO4+ 2MnSO4 + 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 10 (NH4)2 SO4+ 68
H2O

Or

MnO4- + 5 fe++ + 8 H+ → Mn++ + 5 fe+++ + 4 H 2O

Molecular Mass of KMnO4 = 158
Molecular Mass of F.A.S. = 392
Mass of required FAS for preparing 250 ml of

M/20 solution = = 4.9 gm

Apparatus: - Chemical balance, weight box, watch glass, measuring flask, funnel, burette, pipette,
conical flask, tile, burette stand etc.

Materials- F.A.S Crystals (Mohr’s Salt), Dilute H2SO4, Distilled H2O, KMnO4 solution.

Indicator – KMnO4 solution act as a self indicator.

End point – colourless to Permanent pink

Observation – (i) Mass of watch glass (a) = 34.200 gm

(ii) Mass of mohr’s salt required (b) = 4.9 gm
(iii) Mass of (a) + (b) = 39.100 gm
(iv) Volume of mohr’s salt solution prepared = 250 ml
( v) Molarity of mohr’s salt solution = M/20

Observation table –
Volume of Reading of KMnO4 solution Concordant
S.N. F.A.S. volume of
Solution(v1 ml) Initial (a) (ml) final (b) (ml) Used (b-a) (ml) KMnO4 (V2 ml)
1 20 ml 0.0 16.8 16.8

2 20 ml 0.0 16.5 16.5 16.5ml

3 20 ml 0.0 16.5 16.5

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 4

Calculations- (A) Molarity of KMnO4 solution (M2) = ? .
Using formula M1v1 = 5 M2V2

M = M/20
M2 = 1

V1 = 20 Ml
M2 = 0.0121 M M2= ?
V2 = 16.5 ml
( due to 2 moles of kMnO4 reacts with 10 moles of FAS in overall balance equation)

(B) Strength of KMnO4 Solution in gm \lit = ?

= molarity (M2) × molecular mass
= 0.0121 × 158
= 1.9118 gm /lit

Result – (1) Molarity of the given KMnO4 solution = 0.0121 M

(2) Strength of the given KMnO4 solution = 1.9118 gm/lit.

Precaution
(i) All the volumetric apparatus should be washed well before use.
(ii) Rinse burette with the solution of KMnO4 and pipette with the solution of FAS. And
wash the titration flash with distilled H2O after every titration
(iii) Always read the upper meniscus in case of coloured solutions.
(iv) Always use freshly prepared KMnO4 as it decomposed on keeping.
(v) Excess of dilute H2SO4 should be add in FAS.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 5

 Experiment No : 3
Oxidation – Reduction Titration

AIM:- To prepare 250 ml of M/30 standard solution of F.A.S. Using this solution find out the
molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

Theory :- KMnO4 oxidises fe++ ions into fe+++ ions in acidic medium in cold and itself reduced to
colourless Mn++ ions

2 KMnO4 + 10 Fe SO4 (NH4)2 SO4 6H2O + 8H2SO4 → K2SO4+ 2MnSO4 + 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 10 (NH4)2 SO4+ 68
H2O

Or

MnO4- + 5 fe++ + 8 H+ → Mn++ + 5 fe+++ + 4 H 2O

Molecular Mass of KMnO4 = 158
Molecular Mass of F.A.S. = 392
Mass of required FAS for preparing 250 ml of

M/30 solution = = 3.26 gm

Apparatus: - Chemical balance, weight box, watch glass, measuring flask, funnel, burette, pipette,
conical flask, tile, burette stand etc.

Materials- F.A.S Crystals (Mohr’s Salt), Dilute H2SO4, Distilled H2O, KMnO4 solution.

Indicator – KMnO4 solution act as a self indicator.

End point – colourless to Permanent pink

Observation – (i) Mass of watch glass (a) = 35.700 gm

(ii) Mass of mohr’s salt required (b) = 3.26 gm
(iii) Mass of (a) + (b) = 38.960 gm
(iv) Volume of mohr’s salt solution prepared = 250 ml
( v) Molarity of mohr’s salt solution = M/30

Observation table –
Volume of Reading of KMnO4 solution Concordant
S.N. F.A.S. volume of
Solution(v1 ml) Initial (a) (ml) final (b) (ml) Used (b-a) (ml) KMnO4 (V2 ml)
1 20 ml 0.0 17.1 17.1

2 20 ml 0.0 16.8 16.8 16.8 ml

3 20 ml 0.0 16.8 16.8

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 6

Calculations- (A) Molarity of KMnO4 solution (M2) = ? .
Using formula M1v1 = 5 M2V2

M = M/30
M2 = 1

V1 = 20 Ml
M2 = 0.0079 M M2= ?
V2 = 16.8 ml

( due to 2 moles of KMnO4 reacts with 10 moles of FAS in overall balance equation)

(B) Strength of KMnO4 Solution in gm \lit = ?

= molarity (M2) × molecular mass
= 0.0079 × 158
= 1.2482 gm /lit
Result – (1) Molarity of the given KMnO4 solution = 0.0079 M
(2) Strength of the given KMnO4 solution = 1.2482 gm/lit.

Precaution
(i) ll the volumetric apparatus should be washed well before use.
(ii) Rinse burette with the solution of KMnO4 and pipette with the solution of FAS. And
wash the titration flash with distilled H2O after every titration
(iii) Always read the upper meniscus in case of coloured solutions.
(iv) Always use freshly prepared KMnO4 as it decomposed on keeping.
(v) Excess of dilute H2SO4 should be add in FAS.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 7

 Experiment No. 4
Oxidation – Reduction Titration

AIM:- To prepare 250 ml of M/20 standard solution of Oxalic acid.

Using this solution, find out the Molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

Theory – KMnO4 Oxidises Oxalic acid into CO2 in acidic medium at a temperature around 600 c and
itself
get reduced to colourless Mn++ ions
2 KMnO4 + 3 H2 SO4 + 5 (COOH)2 → K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O
OR
2 MnO4 + 16H + 5 C2O4 → 2 Mn++ + 8 H O
- + -2
2 + 10 CO 2
Molecular mass of kMnO4 = 158
Molecular mass of Oxalic acid = 126
Mass of required Oxalic acid for preparing 250 ml of
M/20 solution = = 1.575 gm

Apparatus: - Chemical balance, weight box, watch glass, measuring flask, funnel, burette, pipette,
conical flask, tile, burette stand etc.
Materials- Hydrated oxalic acid Crystals (Mohr’s Salt), dilute H2SO4, distilled H2O, KMnO4 solution.

Indicator – KMnO4 solution act as a self indicator.

End point – Colourless to Permanent pink

Observation – (i) Mass of watch glass (a) = 36.300 gm

(ii) Mass of required oxalic acid (b) = 1.575 gm
(iii) Mass of (a) + (b) = 37.875 gm
(iv) Volume of oxalic acid solution prepared = 250 ml
( v) Molarity of oxalic acid solution = M/20

Observation table –
Volume of Reading of KMnO4 solution Concordant
S.N. oxalic acid volume of
Solution(v1 ml) Initial (a) (ml) final (b) (ml) Used (b-a) (ml) KMnO4 (V2 ml)
1 20 ml 0.0 17.6 17.6

2 20 ml 0.0 17.3 17.3 17.3 ml

3 20 ml 0.0 17.3 17.3

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 8

Calculations- (A) Molarity of KMnO4 solution (M2) = ?
Using formula 2M1v1=5 M2V2

2M1V1
M 2=
5 V2
M2= M1 = M/20
V1 = 20 ml
M2= ?
V2 = 17.3 ml
M2 = 0.0231.M
( due to 2 mole of KMnO4 reacts with 5 moles of oxalic acid in overall balance equation)

(B) Strength of KMnO4 Solution in gm/lit

= Molarity (M2) × molecular mass.
= 0.0231 × 158
= 3.6498 gm/lit

Result (A) The Molarity of the given KMnO4 solution = 0.0231M

(B) The Strength of the given KMnO4 solution = 3.6498 gm/lit

Precautions
(i) All the volumetric apparatus should be washed well before use.
(ii) Rinse burette with the solution of oxalic acid and pipette with the solution of oxalic
acid and wash the titration flash with distilled H2O after every titration
(iii) Always read the upper meniscus in case of coloured solution.
(iv) Always use freshly prepared KMnO4 as it decomposes on keeping.
(v) Dilute H2SO4 should be add in oxalic acid solution.
(vi) Heat the conical flask should be slowly on a wire gauze unit the moisture appears on
the neck of the flask, the temperature of the solution should be between 600 – 700 c

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 9

 Experiment No. 5
Oxidation – Reduction Titration

AIM:- To prepare 250 ml of M/30 standard solution of Oxalic acid.

Using this solution, find out the Molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

Theory – KMnO4 Oxidises Oxalic acid into CO2 in acidic medium at a temperature around 600 c and
itself
get reduced to colourless Mn++ ions
2 KMnO4 + 3 H2 SO4 +5 (COOH)2 → K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O
OR
2 MnO4 - + 16H+ + 5 C2 O4-2 → 2 Mn++ + 8 H 2O + 10 CO 2
Molecular mass of kMnO4 = 158
Molecular mass of Oxalic acid = 126
Mass of required Oxalic acid for preparing 250 ml of
M/30 solution = = 1.05 gm

Apparatus: - Chemical balance, weight box, watch glass, measuring flask, funnel, burette, pipette,
conical flask, tile, burette stand etc.

Materials- Hydrated oxalic acid Crystals (Mohr’s Salt), dilute H2SO4, distilled H2O, KMnO4 solution.

Indicator – KMnO4 solution act as a self indicator.

End point – Colourless to Permanent pink

Observation – (i) Mass of watch glass (a) = 36.700 gm

(ii) Mass of required oxalic acid (b) = 1.05 gm
(iii) Mass of (a) + (b) = 37.750 gm
(iv) Volume of oxalic acid solution prepared = 250 ml
( v) Molarity of oxalic acid solution = M/30

Observation table –
Volume of Reading of KMnO4 solution Concordant
S.N. oxalic acid volume of
Solution(v1 ml) Initial (a) (ml) final (b) (ml) Used (b-a) (ml) KMnO4 (V2 ml)
1 20 ml 0.0 18.1 18.1

2 20 ml 0.0 17.8 17.8 17.8 ml

3 20 ml 0.0 17.8 17.8

Calculations- (A) Molarity of KMnO4 solution (M2) = ?

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 10

Using formula 2M1v1=5 M2V2
2M1V1
M 2=
5 V2
M2= M1 = M/30
V1 = 20 ml
M2= ?
V2 = 17.8 ml
M2 = 0.0149 M
( due to 2 mole of Kmno4 reacts with 5 moles of oxalic acid in overall balance equation)

(B) Strength of KMnO4 Solution in gm/lit

= Molarity (M2) × molecular mass.
= 0.0149 × 158
= 2.3542 gm/lit

Result (A) The Molarity of the given KMnO4 solution = 0.0149 M

(B) The Strength of the given KMnO4 solution = 2.3542 gm/lit

Precautions
(i) All the volumetric apparatus should be washed well before use.
(ii) Rinse burette with the solution of oxalic acid and pipette with the solution of oxalic
acid and wash the titration flash with distilled H2O after every titration
(iii) Always read the upper meniscus in case of coloured solution.
(iv) Always use freshly prepared KMnO4 as it decomposes on keeping.
(v) Dilute H2SO4 should be add in oxalic acid solution.
(vi) Heat the conical flask should be slowly on a wire gauze unit the moisture appears on
the neck of the flask, the temperature of the solution should be between 600 – 700 c

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 11

 Experiment No : 6
AIM – Analayse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation.
Preliminary Investigations –
(A) Physical State = Solid
(B) Colour = Colourless
(C) Odour = Odourless
(D) Solubility in H2O = Soluble
(E) Flame test = No effect

Test for Anion

S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 Salt + dil H2 SO4 No reaction Weak group Absent
2 (a) Salt + conc. H2 SO4 Colourless gas with pungent Strong group present
smell. Cl- may be
(b) Take a glass rod dipped in NH4 White fumes are obtained Cl- confirmed
OH and bring near the mouth
of test tube
(c) Ag NO3 test White ppt is formed which is Cl- confirmed
Soda extract + dil HNO3 + solution in NH4OH
Ag NO3
(d) Cromyl chloride test Red vapours evolved Cl- confirmed
Salt + solid K2 Cr2 O7 + conc.
H2 SO4 →
Vapours pass in NaOH solution
add CH3COOH and (CH3COO)2 solution turns yellow yellow
Pb solution in yellow solution ppt is formed

2 Na Cl + H2 SO4 → Na2 SO4 + 2 HCl ↑

HCl + NH4 OH → NH4 Cl + H2 O
Fumes
NaCl + Ag NO3 → AgCl ↓ + Na NO3
White ppt
Ag Cl + 2NH4 OH → [Ag (NH3)2] Cl + 2 H2O

Test for Cation

S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 (a) Colourless gas having Zero group present
Salt + Na OH solution → NH4+ may be
ammonical Smell evolved
+
(b) A glass rod dipped in conc. White dense fumes are NH4 confirmed
HCl and brought near the evolved
mouth of the test tube
+
(c) Gas is passed through solution turns raddish brown NH4 confirmed
Nessler’s reagent
NH4 Cl + NaOH →NaCl + H2O+ NH3 ↑
NH3 + HCl → NH4 Cl (white fumes)
K2Hg I4 + 3 KOH + NH3 → NH2 Hg O Hg I + 7 KI + 2H2 O
Nesslers reagent Iodide of millon base (Brown)

Result - Anion _ Cl-

Cation – NH4+

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 12

 Experiment No – 7
AIM – Analayse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation.

Preliminary Investigations –
(A) Physical state – Solid
Colour – white
Odour – odour less
Solubility in H2O - Soluble
Flame test – Dull bluish –white flame on Prolonged heating

Test for Anion

S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 Salt + Dil H2 SO4 Vinegar like smell comes in Weak group present
the solution CH3COO- may be
2 Palm test Vinegar like Smell CH3COO- confirmed
Take salt a palm mix it with
oxalic acid + H2O Rub the paste
and smell
3 Ester Test Pleasant fruity smell of ester CH3COO- confirmed
Salt solution + C2H5 OH + 2-4
drop of conc. H2SO4 →
4 FeCl3 test Blood red colour solution if CH3COO- confirmed
Salt solution + neutral feCl3 obtained
solution

2 CH3 COO Na + H2 SO4 → 2 CH3 COOH + Na2 SO4

2 CH3 COO Na+ (COOH)2 → ( COONa)2 + 2 CH3 COOH
CH3 COONa + C2H5 OH → CH3 COO C2 H5 + H2 O
Fruity smell
Test for Cation
S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 No Smell of NH3 0 group absent
Salt + NaOH →
2 (a) O.S. of salt + dil HCl White ppt is formed I group present
(b) Filter ppt, wash with H2O + add PPt dissolved Pb++ may be
H2O and boiled it.
(c) Dissolved ppt divide in 2 parts
1st part + KI
2nd part + K2 CrO4 Yellow ppt Pb++ conf.
Yellow PPt Pb++ conf.
Pb (NO3)2 + 2HCl → Pb Cl2 ↓ + 2 HNO3
Pb Cl2 + 2 K I → PbI2 ↓ + 2 K Cl
Pb Cl2 + K2 Cr O4 → Pb CrO4 + 2 K Cl

Result – Anion – CH3COO-

Cation – Pb++

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 13

 Experiment No. 8
AIM – Analayse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation.

Preliminary Investigations –
State – solid
Colour – Colourless
Odour – odourless
Solubility in H2O –soluble

Test for Anion

S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 Salt + dil H2 SO4 No reaction Weak group Absent
2 Salt + conc. H2SO4 → No reaction Strong group Absent
2-
3 Aqueous solution of White ppt is formed which is SO4 confirmed
salt+ dil HCl + Ba Cl2 insoluble in conc. HCl and
Conc. HNO3
2-
4 Aqueous solution + White ppt is formed SO4 confirmed
(CH3COO)2 pb
Na2 SO4 + BaCl2 → Ba SO4 ↓ + 2 Na Cl
Na2 SO4 + Pb (CH3COO)2 → Pb SO4 ↓ +2 CH3 COO Na
White ppt
Test for Cation
S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 Salt + Na OH → No smell of NH3 ‘0’ group Absent
2 O.S. of salt + No ppt is formed I group Absent
Dil HCl
3 Pass H2S gas in above No ppt is formed II group Absent
solution
4 Boil it till smell of H2 S out.
5 Add solid NH4 Cl and NH4 OH Gelatinous white ppt is IIIrd group Present
solution in excess formed Al3+ may be
(a) Lake test Blue ppt Floats over Al3+ confirmed
Part of ppt + dil HCl + blue colourless solution
litmus Solution
(b) NH4 Cl test Gelatinous white ppt Al3+ confirmed
Part of ppt + NH4 Cl → again appeared
(c) CO(NO3)2 test Blue residue Al3+ confirmed
Al Cl3 + 3 NH4 OH → Al (OH)3 + 3 NH4 Cl.
Gelatinous white
2 CO(NO3)2 → 2 CoO + 4 NO2 + O2
Al2O3 + CaO → Al2O3. CoO
blue

Result – Anion – SO42-

Cation – Al+++

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 14

 Experiment No. 9
AIM – Analayse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation.

Preliminary Investigations –
State – solid
Colour – White
Odour – Vinegar like
Solubility in H2O –soluble

Test for Anion

S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 Salt + Dil H2 SO4 Vinegar like smell Weak group present
comes in the solution CH3COO- may be
2 Palm test Vinegar like Smell CH3COO- confirmed
Take salt a palm mix it with oxalic
acid + H2O Rub the paste and smell
3 Ester Test Pleasant fruity smell of CH3COO- confirmed
Salt solution + C2H5 OH + 2-4 drop of ester
conc. H2SO4 →
4 FeCl3 test Blood red colour CH3COO- confirmed
Salt solution + neutral feCl3 solution solution if obtained

2 CH3 COO Na + H2 SO4 → 2 CH3 COOH + Na2 SO4

2 CH3 COO Na+ (COOH)2 → ( COONa)2 + 2 CH3 COOH
CH3 COONa + C2H5 OH → CH3 COO C2 H5 + H2 O
Fruity smell
Test of cation
S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 No reaction ‘0’ group Absent
Salt + Na OH →
2 (a) O.S. of salt + dil HCl → No ppt formed I Absent
(b) Pass H2S gas in above solution → No ppt formed II Absent
(c) Boil it till H2S remove and add No ppt Formed III Absent
conc. HNO3 boil and add NH4 Cl +
NH4 OH →
1 (a) Pass H2s gas in III rd group White ppt is formed IV group present
solution
(b) O.S. of salt+ NaOH White ppt which is
dissolved in excess of Zn++ May be
NaOH
(C) O.S. of salt + K4 Bluish white ppt is Zn++ confirmed
[fe(CN)6] formed
(4) CO(No3)2 test greenish residue Zn++ confirmed

Zn Cl2 + H2S → Zns + 2 HCl

Result – Anion – CH3 COO-

Cation – Zn++

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 15

 Experiment No. 10
AIM – Analayse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation.
Preliminary Investigations –
State – solid
Colour – White
Odour – rotten egg
Solubility in H2O –soluble
Flame test – Not persistent with brick red
Test for Anion
S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 (a) Salt + dil H2So4 Colourless gas with brisk Weak group present
2-
effervescence CO3 may be
2-
(b) Gas pass in lime water Turns lime water milky and in CO3 conf.
excess amount of gas turns
colourless
2-
(c) Aqueous solution of salt White ppt CO3 conf.
+ Mg SO4
2-
(d) Aqueous solution of Pink colour CO3 conf.
salt + phenolphthalein
Ca CO3 + H2 SO4 → Ca SO4 + H2 O + CO2 ↑
Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → Ca CO3 + H2O → Ca (HCO3) 2
Ca CO3 + Mg SO4 → Mg CO3 ↓ + Ca SO4
Test for Cation
S.N Experiment Observations Inference

1 No reaction ‘0’ group

Salt + NaOH →
Absent
2 O.S. of salt + dil HCl → No ppt formed I Absent
(a)
(b) Pass H2S gas in above solution → No ppt formed II Absent

3 Boil it till H2S remove and add conc. HNO3 boil and No ppt Formed III Absent
add NH4 Cl + NH4 OH →
4 Pass H2S gas in III group solution no ppt is formed IV group
Absent

5 Boil it till then Smell of H2 S fallout H2S remove V group

Add NH4OH and (NH4)2 CO3 White ppt is formed Present
Ba++/sr++/Ca++

6 White ppt dissolved in CH3 COOH and divide into

three parts
(a) I part + K2 CrO4 Yellow ppt is not Ba++ Absent
formed
(b) II Part + (NH4)2 SO4 White ppt is not Sr++ Absent
formed
(c) III part + (NH4)2 C2 O4 White ppt is formed Ca++ Present
Ca Cl2 + (NH4)2 CO3 → 2 NH4 Cl + Ca CO3 ↓
Ca CO3 + 2 CH3 COOH → (CH3COO)2 Ca + CO2 ↑ + H2O
(CH3 COO)2 Ca+ (NH4)2 C2 O4 → Ca SO4 ↓ + 2 CH3 COO NH4

Result – Anion - CO32-

Cation – Ca++

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 16

 Experiment No. 11
AIM – Analayse the given inorganic salt for one anion and one cation.

Preliminary Investigations –
(B) Physical state – Solid
Colour – white
Odour – odour less
Solubility in H2O - Soluble
Flame test – Persistence grassy green (Apple green)

Test for Anion

S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 Salt + dil H2So4 No reaction Weak group Absent

2 Salt + conc. H2So4 + Deep violet vapours with Strong group Present
pungent smell I- May be
3. Ag No3 Soda extract + dil HNo3 + Dark yellow ppt is obtained I- confirmed
test Ag NO3 which is in soluble in NH4 OH
4 Cl2 water test Layer of again solvent turns violet I- confirmed
KI + H2 So4 → KH So4 + H I
2 H I + H2 So4 → So2 + I2 ↓ + 2 H2o

K I + Ag No3 → Ag I + K NO3
2 K I + Cl2 → 2 K Cl ↓ I2 ↓
Test for Cation
S.N Experiment Observations Inference
1 Salt + NaOH + No reaction 0 group absent

2 Aqueous solution of salt + dil. HCl No ppt. I group absent

3 Pass H2S gas in above solution No ppt. II group absent
4 Boil the solution for pass out H2S
gas
5 Add NH4 Cl in presence of NH4OH No ppt. III group absent

6 Pass H2 S gas in above solution No ppt. IV group absent

7 Add (NH4)2 Co3 in presence of No ppt. V group absent

NH4OH
8 Add Na2 HPo4 in above solution White ppt is formed VI group present
Mg++ may be
9 White ppt dissolved in NaOH Reddish pink ppt is Mg++ confirmed
then add titan yellow solution formed
and NaOH in excess
10 Cobalt nitrate test → Pink mars is obtained Mg++ confirmed
Mg Cl2 + NH4 OH + Na2 HPa4 → mg (NH4) Po4 ↓ + 2 NaCl + H2

Result – Anion I-
Cation – Mg++

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 17

 Experiment No. 12
Aim : To identify functional group in the given organic compound.
Apparatus : Test tube, Glass Rod, Beaker, Dropper, Filter paper, wire gauge, Test tube stand etc.
Chemicals: - Na metal, cerric Ammonium Nitrate

Physical Properties :
(i) Physical state → Liquid
(ii) Smell → Spirit like.
(iii) Colour → Transparent
(iv) Solubility in water → Soluble.
(v) Flame Test → Aliphatic (Blue flame)

TEST FOR FUNTIONAL GROUP :-

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Sodium Metal Or xanthate test
1 Take a little sample in Test tube + small Brisk effervescence of Alcoholic group is
quantity of only cacl2 to absorb moisture Hydrogen Gas present
decant it in another dry test tube and Add
a small piece of sodium metal.

2 Cerric Ammonium Nitrate Test : Take Pink or Red colour Alcoholic group is
a little sample in test tube and few drops appears present
of cerric ammonium nitrate

3 Ester test :- take a little sample in a test Fruity smell appears Alcoholic group is
tube and add few drops of acetic acid due to formation of present
followed by conc. H2So4 + heat ester

Result : - The given organic compound contains Alcoholic (R-OH) group.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 18

 Experiment No. 13
Aim : To identify functional group in the given organic compound.
Apparatus : Test tube, Glass Rod, Beaker, Dropper Filter paper etc.
Chemicals: - Ferric Chloride, Sodium Nitrate crystals.

Physical Properties :
(i) Physical state → Crystalline solid
(ii) Smell → Like litebuoy soap
(iii) Colour → colour less
(iv) Solubility in water → Soluble.
(v) Flame Test → Aromatic (Yellow flames)

TEST FOR FUNTIONAL GROUP :-

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Litmus Test -Take little sample It turns Red Phenolic group present
and Blue Litmus in Test tube.
2 Ferric Chloride Test : Take a Green or Reddish Phenolic group present
little sample in test tube and add Violet colour
few drops of Neutral Ferric
Chloride
3 LIbermann’s Test Red Colour Phenolic Group is
Little sample in test tube + conc. Present
H2So4 + Heat and cool the mixture
and add 1-2 crystals of sodium
nitrite. Pour this mixture into large
quantity of water in a beaker.

Result : - The given organic compound contains Phenolic(Ar-OH) group.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 19

 Experiment No. 14
Aim : To identify functional group in the given organic compound.
Apparatus : Test tube, Glass Rod Beaker, Dropper Filter paper etc.
Chemicals: - Alcohol, Tollen’s reagent , fehling solution, AgNo3 solution

Physical Properties :
(i) Physical state → Liquid
(ii) Smell → Pungent smell
(iii) Colour → colour less
(iv) Solubility in water → Soluble.
(v) Flame Test → Aliphatic (Blue flames)

TEST FOR FUNTIONAL GROUP :-

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Schiff’s Test : A deep red or violet Aldehyde is present
Take a little sample in a test tube colour appears
and add Schiff’s reagent to it.

2 Tollen’s reagent Test : Take a Silver mirror is Aldehyde is present

little sample in a test tube and add formed along the sides
tollen’s reagent + heat of test tube

3 Fehling’s Test Red ppt. appears Aldehyde is present

Sample + 1 ml fehling A + fehling
B solution

Result : - The given organic compound contains Aldehyde (-CHO) group.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 20

 Experiment No. 15
Aim : To identify functional group in the given organic compound.
Apparatus : Test tube, Glass Rod, Beaker, Dropper, Filter paper etc.
Chemicals: - m-di nitrobenzene, sodium nitro prusside solution, 2-4 dinitro phenyl hydrazine

Physical Properties :
(i) Physical state → Liquid
(ii) Smell → Nail Polish Remover
(iii) Colour → colour less
(iv) Solubility in water → Soluble.
(v) Flame Test → Aliphatic (Blue flames)

TEST FOR FUNTIONAL GROUP :-

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 2. 4 DNP Test : Yellow or Orange soln. Ketonic group present
Sample + alcohol and add 2, 4
dinitro phenyl Hydrazine to it
and shake
2 m-dinitrobenzene Test : Violet colour Ketonic group present
sample + 1 gm m –
dinitrobenzene followed by 5
ml NaOH solution and shake
3 Sodium nitroprosside Test Wine red colour Ketonic group is
Take 1ml of sodium present
nitroprusside solution in a test
tube + sample + NaOH solution
dropwise

Result : - The given organic compound contains Ketonic (>C=0) group.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 21

 Experiment No. 16

Aim : To identify functional group in the given organic compound.

Apparatus : Test tube, Glass Rod, Beaker, Dropper, Filter paper etc.
Chemicals: - Litmus paper, sodium Bicarbonate, Ethyl alcohol , conc. H2So4

Physical Properties :
(i) Physical state → White solid
(ii) Smell → Vinegar like
(iii) Colour → White
(iv) Solubility in water → Soluble.
(v) Flame Test → Aliphatic (Blue flames)

TEST FOR FUNTIONAL GROUP :-

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Litmus Test : Place a dropper a It turns red Inference Carboxylic
crystal of the compound on group present
moistre blue litmus paper
2 Sodium Bicarbonate Test : Brisk effervesence due Carboxylic group
Take 5 ml of dil soln. of sodium to liberation of Co2 present
bicarbonate in test tube + small
quantity of substance
3 Ester Test : little sample in test Pleasant fruity smell Carboxylic group is
tube + 5 drops of ethyl alcohol due to formation of present
followed by 2 drops of conc. H2 ester
So4

Result : - The given organic compound contains Carboxylic (-COOH) group.

.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 22

 Experiment No. 17
Aim : To identify functional group in the given organic compound.
Apparatus : Test tube, Glass Rod, Beaker, Dropper, Filter paper etc.
Chemicals: - Litmus paper, Conc. HCL, sodium nitrate NaOH.

Physical Properties :
(i) Physical state → Liquid
(ii) Smell → Rotten fish smell
(iii) Colour → Reddish Brown
(iv) Solubility in water → In Soluble.
(v) Flame Test → Aromatic (Yellow flames)

TEST FOR FUNTIONAL GROUP :-

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Solubility Test : 0.1 g Compound dissolve Amino group may be
compound + 2-3 cm3 dil . HCl . present

2 Litmus Test : It turns blue Amino group be

Take a little sample in a test tube present
and add red litmus solution
3 Azodye test : sample + dissolve Orange or red dye is Amino group is
it in conc. Hcl + water and cool formed present
this solution into ice. + 1 gm
NaNo2 + 5 ml water and shake +
B naphthol + NaOH solution

Result : - The given organic compound contains Amino (-NH2) group.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 23

 Experiment No. 18
Aim : To Study compound in pure form and detect the Presence in given food stuff.

Apparatus : Test tube, test tube stand, Glass holder, Bunsen burner.

Theory : Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketones their derivatives and the
substances which yield them on hydrolysis. Carbohydrates are classified as sugars and non
sugars. Sugars like glucose, fructose and cane sugar are crystalline, water soluble and sweet
substances. Non sugars like starch, cellulose are amporphous , water insoluble and tasteless
substances. Among sugars, glucose, fructose and lactose are reducing sugars while sucrose
is
non reducing sugar.

TEST FOR FUNTIONAL GROUP :-

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Conc. H2So4 Test sample in a Charring with burnt Carbohydrate is
test tube and add conc. H2So4 sugar smell present
and heat
2 Moliseh’s Test : Take a little A reddish Purple ring Carbohydrate is
aqueous solution in a test tube is formed at the present
and add 2 drops of 1% 1- naprol junction of 2 layers
and conc. H2 So4
3 Fehling’s soln. Test : Take a Red ppt Reducing sugar is
little sample of aqueous solution present
of carbohydrate in a test tube.
Add 1 ml of fehling A + fehling
B to it and heat

Result : - Carbohydrate is present in the given food stuff .

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 24

 Experiment No. 19
Aim : To Study compound in pure form and detect the presence in given food stuff.
Apparatus : Test tube, test tube stand, Glass holder.

Theory : Proteins are high molecular mass – long chaim polymer composed of amino acid. Amino
acids are molecules that have both an NH2 and COOH group .

TEST FOR PROTEINS:-

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Biuret test - Sample in test Bluish violet colour Proteins is present
tube Add NaOH and dil. CuSo4 appears
soln. to it.
2 Xantho proteins Test : Take Yellow ppt Proteins is present
a little sample in a test tube.
Add a few drops of conc.
HNO3 and
3 Million’s Test : Take a little White ppt. which Proteins is present
sample in a test tube. Add 2 changes to brick red
drops of million reagent and on boiling.
heat

Result : - Protein are present in the given food stuff.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 25

 Experiment No. 20
Aim : To Study compound in pure form and detect the presence in given food stuff.
Apparatus : Test tube, test tube stand, Glass holder, Bunsen burner etc.

Theory : Fats and oils are esters of long chain fatty acids and glycerol and contains saturated fatty
acids.
While oil contains unsaturated fatty acids.

TEST FOR FATS:-

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Spot test – Put a small amount of A transparent spot appears Fats are present
oil or fat on a filter paper and press on filter paper
with another filter paper.

2 Solubility Test : Take a small amt. Sample does not dissolve in Fats are present
of sample of oil or fats in 3 test tube weater but is soluble in
add water, alcohol and chloroform alcohol heating and is soluble
in test tubes 1,2,3 respectively in chloroform

Result : - Fats are present in the given food stuff.

By – Mr. ShyamDixit (9887788946) Page 26