ARTICLE NG-3000

NG-3100 General Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

NG-3110 Loading Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
NG-3111 Loading Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
NG-3112 Design Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
NG-3112.1 Design Pressure Difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
NG-3112.2 Design Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
NG-3112.3 Design Mechanical Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
NG-3112.4 Design Stress Intensity Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3113 Service Loadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3120 Special Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3121 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3122 Cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3122.1 Primary Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3122.2 Design Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3122.3 Secondary and Peak Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3122.4 Bearing Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3123 Welds Between Dissimilar Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3124 Environmental Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
NG-3130 General Design Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
NG-3131 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
NG-3132 Reinforcement for Openings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
NG-3133 External Pressure Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
NG-3133.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
NG-3133.2 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
NG-3133.3 Cylindrical Shells and Tubular Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
NG-3133.4 Spherical Shells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
NG-3133.5 Stiffening Rings for Cylindrical Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
NG-3133.6 Cylinders Under Axial Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

NG-3200 Design by Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

NG-3210 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NG-3211 Requirements for Acceptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NG-3212 Basis for Determining Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NG-3213 Terms Relating to Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NG-3213.1 Stress Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NG-3213.2 Gross Structural Discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.3 Local Structural Discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.4 Normal Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.5 Shear Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.6 Membrane Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.7 Bending Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.8 Primary Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

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 NG-3213.9 Secondary Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.10 Peak Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.11 Load Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.12 Thermal Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
NG-3213.13 Total Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3213.14 Operational Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3213.15 Stress Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3213.16 Fatigue Strength Reduction Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3213.17 Shakedown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3213.18 Free End Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3213.19 Expansion Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3213.20 Limit Analysis — Collapse Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3213.21 Collapse Load — Lower Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3213.22 Stress Ratio Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
NG-3214 Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NG-3215 Derivation of Stress Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NG-3216 Derivation of Stress Differences and Alternating Stress Intensities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NG-3216.1 Constant Principal Stress Direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
NG-3216.2 Varying Principal Stress Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NG-3217 Classification of Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NG-3220 Stress Limits for Other Than Threaded Structural Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NG-3221 Design Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NG-3221.1 General Primary Membrane Stress Intensity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NG-3221.2 Primary Membrane Plus Primary Bending Stress Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NG-3221.3 External Pressure Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NG-3222 Level A Service Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NG-3222.1 Primary Membrane and Bending Stress Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
NG-3222.2 Primary Plus Secondary Stress Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NG-3222.3 Expansion Stress Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NG-3222.4 Analysis for Cyclic Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
NG-3222.5 Thermal Stress Ratchet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NG-3222.6 Deformation Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NG-3223 Level B Service Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NG-3224 Level C Service Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NG-3224.1 Stress Intensity Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
NG-3224.2 External Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NG-3224.3 Special Stress Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NG-3224.4 Secondary and Peak Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NG-3224.5 Fatigue Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NG-3224.6 Deformation Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NG-3225 Level D Service Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NG-3227 Special Stress Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
NG-3227.1 Bearing Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
NG-3227.2 Pure Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
NG-3227.3 Progressive Distortion of Nonintegral Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
NG-3227.4 Triaxial Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
NG-3227.5 Nozzle Piping Transition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
NG-3227.6 Applications of Elastic Analysis for Stresses Beyond the Yield Strength . . . . . . . . . . 59
NG-3228 Applications of Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NG-3228.1 Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NG-3228.2 Limit Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
NG-3228.3 Simplified Elastic–Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
NG-3228.4 Tests for Level A and Level B Service Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

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 NG-3229 Design Stress Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
NG-3230 Stress Limits for Threaded Structural Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
NG-3231 Design Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
NG-3232 Level A Service Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
NG-3232.1 Average Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
NG-3232.2 Maximum Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
NG-3232.3 Fatigue Analysis of Threaded Structural Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
NG-3233 Level B Service Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
NG-3234 Level C Service Limits for Threaded Structural Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
NG-3235 Level D Service Limits for Threaded Structural Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

NG-3300 Core Support Structure Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

NG-3310 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3311 Acceptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3320 Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3321 Design and Service Loadings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3322 Special Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3323 General Design Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3350 Design for Welded Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3351 Welded Joint Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3351.1 Joints of Category A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3351.2 Joints of Category B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3351.3 Joints of Category C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3351.4 Joints of Category D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3351.5 Joints of Category E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
NG-3352 Permissible Types of Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
NG-3352.1 Type I Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
NG-3352.2 Type II Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
NG-3352.3 Type III Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
NG-3352.4 Type IV Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
NG-3352.5 Type V Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
NG-3352.6 Type VI Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
NG-3352.7 Type VII Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
NG-3352.8 Type VIII Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
NG-3352.9 Limitations on Types of Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Figures
NG-3221-1 Stress Categories and Limits of Stress Intensities for Service Levels A and B . . . . 51
NG-3224-1 Stress Categories and Limits of Stress Intensities for Service Level C. . . . . . . . . . . . 56
NG-3232-1 Stress Intensity Limits for Design of Threaded Structural Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NG-3351(a)-1 Typical Locations of Joints of Several Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
NG-3351(a)-2 Typical Welded Joint Category Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Tables
NG-3217-1 Classification of Stress Intensities for Some Typical Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
NG-3352-1 Permissible Welded Joints and Design Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

37
 ARTICLE NG-3000
DESIGN

NG-3100 GENERAL DESIGN specified normal service conditions. It shall be used in

the computations made to show compliance with the
NG-3110 LOADING CRITERIA
stress intensity limits of NG-3221, NG-3227.1, NG-
NG-3111 Loading Conditions 3227.2, NG-3227.4, NG-3228.1, NG-3228.2, and NG-
3231. The actual service pressure difference at the
The loadings that shall be taken into account in
appropriate time shall be used in the computations
designing core support structures include, but are not
made to show compliance with the stress intensity
limited to, those in (a) through (k) below:
limits of NG-3222, NG-3228.3, and NG-3232. When
(a) pressure differences due to coolant flow;
the occurrence of different pressure differences during
(b) weight of the core support structure;
service can be predicted for different zones of a struc-
(c) superimposed loads such as those due to other
ture, the Design Pressure Difference of the different
structures, the reactor core, steam separating equipment,
zones may be based on their predicted pressure dif-
flow distributors and baffles, thermal shields, and safety
ference.
equipment;
(b) The Design Pressure Difference shall include
(d) earthquake loads or other loads which result from
allowances for pressure difference surges.
motion of the reactor vessel;
(e) reactions from supports, restraints, or both; NG-3112.2 Design Temperature. The Design Tem-
(f) loads due to temperature effects, thermal gradients perature shall be established in accordance with NCA-
and differential expansion, or both; 2142.1(b). It shall be used in computations involving
(g) loads resulting from the impingement or flow of the Design Pressure Difference and coincidental Design
reactor coolant, or other contained or surrounding fluids; Mechanical Loads. The actual metal temperature at the
(h) transient pressure difference loads, such as those point under consideration shall be used in all computa-
which result from rupture of the main coolant pipe; tions where the use of the actual service pressure
(i) vibratory loads; difference is required.
(j) loads resulting from the operation of machinery, (a) All temperatures referred to in this Subsection
such as snubbing of control rods; are the metal temperatures expressed in degrees Fahren-
(k) handling loads experienced in preparation for or heit (°F), unless otherwise stated.
during refueling or in-service inspection. (b) Where a core support structure is heated by
tracing, induction coils, jacketing, or internal heat gener-
ation, the effect of such heating shall be incorporated
NG-3112 Design Loadings in the establishment of the Design Temperature.

The Design Loadings are the pressure differences, NG-3112.3 Design Mechanical Loads. The specific
temperatures, and various forces applicable to the design combinations and values of mechanical loadings which
of core support structures as defined in the following must be considered in conjunction with the Design
subparagraphs. Pressure Difference and Design Temperature in evaluat-
ing the requirements of NG-3221.1 and NG-3221.2
NG-3112.1 Design Pressure Difference shall be those identified in the Design Specifications
(a) The specified internal and external Design Pres- (NCA-3250) and designated as the Design Mechanical
sure Difference shall not be less than the maximum Loads in accordance with NCA-2142.1(c). The actual
difference in pressure between the inside and outside mechanical loads at the appropriate time shall be used
of the core support structure which exists under the in the computations made to show compliance with

39
NG-3112.3 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3124

the stress intensity limits of NG-3222.2 and NG-3222.4. mitted in Tables 2A, 2B, and 4, Section II, Part D,
The requirements of (a), (b), and (c) below shall also Subpart 1.
apply.
(a) Impact forces caused by either external or internal NG-3122.1 Primary Stresses. No structural strength
conditions shall be considered. shall be attributed to the cladding in satisfying NG-
(b) The effects of earthquake shall be considered in 3221.1 and NG-3221.3.
the design of core support structures. The loadings,
movements, and number of cycles to be used in the NG-3122.2 Design Dimensions. The dimensions
analysis shall be part of the Design Specifications. The given in (a) and (b) below shall be used in the design
stresses resulting from these earthquake effects shall be of the component.
included with pressure differences or other applied loads. (a) For structures subjected to internal pressure differ-
(c) Core support structures shall be arranged and ence, the inside diameter shall be taken at the nominal
supported so that vibration will be minimized. inner face of the cladding.
(b) For structures subjected to external pressure dif-
NG-3112.4 Design Stress Intensity Values. Design
ference, the outside diameter shall be taken at the outer
stress intensity values for materials are listed in Tables
face of the base metal.
2A, 2B, and 4, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1. The
material shall not be used at metal temperatures and
NG-3122.3 Secondary and Peak Stresses. In satis-
Design Temperatures above those for which stress
fying NG-3222.2 and NG-3222.4(b), the presence of
intensity values are listed. The values in the Table may
the cladding shall be considered with respect to both
be interpolated for intermediate temperatures.
the thermal analysis and the stress analysis. The stresses
in both materials shall be limited to the values specified
NG-3113 Service Loadings in NG-3222.2 and NG-3222.4(b). However, when the
cladding is of the integrally bonded type and the
Each loading to which the structure may be subjected nominal thickness of the cladding is 10% or less of
shall be classified in accordance with NCA-2142 and the total thickness of the structure, the presence of the
Service Limits [NCA-2142.4(b)] designated in the De- cladding may be neglected.
sign Specifications in such detail as will provide a
complete basis for design, construction, and inspection NG-3122.4 Bearing Stresses. In satisfying NG-
in accordance with these rules. 3227.1, the presence of cladding shall be included.

NG-3120 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

NG-3121 Corrosion NG-3123 Welds Between Dissimilar Metals

Material subject to thinning by corrosion, erosion, In satisfying the requirements of this Subarticle,
mechanical abrasion, or other environmental effects caution should be exercised in design and construction
shall have provision made for these effects during the involving dissimilar metals having different coefficients
design or specified life of the structure by a suitable of thermal expansion in order to avoid difficulties in
increase in or addition to the thickness of the base service.
metal over that determined by the design formulas.
Material added or included for these purposes need not
be of the same thickness for all areas of the structure
if different rates of attack are expected for the various NG-3124 Environmental Effects
areas. It should be noted that the tests on which the Changes in material properties may occur due to
design fatigue curves (Figs. I-9.0) are based did not environmental effects. In particular, fast (> 1 MeV)
include tests in the presence of corrosive environments neutron irradiation above a certain level may result in
which might accelerate fatigue failure. significant increase in the brittle fracture transition
temperature and deterioration in the resistance to fracture
at temperatures above the transition range (upper shelf
NG-3122 Cladding
energy). Therefore, structural discontinuities in ferritic
The rules of this paragraph apply to the design structures should preferably not be placed in regions
analysis of clad structures constructed of material per- of high neutron flux.

40
NG-3130 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3133.3

NG-3130 GENERAL DESIGN RULES on each side of the centroid of the ring. Portions
of shell plates shall not be considered as contrib-
NG-3131 Scope
uting area to more than one stiffening ring.
Design rules generally applicable to core support Isp required moment of inertia of the combined
structures are provided in the following paragraphs. ring–shell section about its neutral axis parallel
to the axis of the shell, in.4
Lp total length of a tube between tubesheets, or the
NG-3132 Reinforcement for Openings design length of a cylindrical section, taken as
The rules for reinforcing applicable to Class 1 vessels the largest of the following:
and piping may be used in the design of core support (1) the distance between head tangent lines
structures if stipulated in the Design Specifications. plus one-third of the depth of each head if there
are no stiffening rings
(2) the greatest center-to-center distance be-
NG-3133 External Pressure Difference tween any two adjacent stiffening rings, or
NG-3133.1 General. Rules are given in this para- (3) the distance from the center of the first
graph for determining the stresses under external pres- stiffening ring to the head tangent line plus one-
sure difference loading in spherical shells, cylindrical third of the depth of the head, all measured
shells with or without stiffening rings, and tubular parallel to the axis of the cylinder, in.
products consisting of pipes, tubes, and fittings. Charts Lsp one-half of the distance from the center line of
for determining the stresses in shells, hemispherical the stiffening ring to the next line of support
heads, and tubular products are given in Appendix VII. on one side, plus one-half of the center line
distance to the next line of support on the other
NG-3133.2 Nomenclature. The symbols used in this side of the stiffening ring, both measured paral-
paragraph are defined as follows: lel to the axis of the component, in. A line of
Ap factor determined from Fig. G, Section II, Part support is:
D, Subpart 3 and used to enter the applicable (1) a stiffening ring that meets the require-
material chart in Section II, Part D, Subpart 3. ments of this paragraph
For the case of cylinders having Do /T values (2) a circumferential line on a head at one-
less than 10, see NG-3133.3(b). Also, factor third the depth of the head from the head tangent
determined from the applicable chart in Section line, or
II, Part D, Subpart 3 for the material used in a (3) a circumferential connection to a jacket
stiffening ring, corresponding to the factor B for a jacketed section of a cylindrical shell
and the design metal temperature for the shell Pp external design pressure, psi (gage or absolute,
under consideration. as required)
Asp cross-sectional area of a stiffening ring, sq in. P2p allowable external pressure, psi (gage or abso-
Bp factor determined from the applicable chart in lute, as required)
Section II, Part D, Subpart 3 for the material Rp inside radius of spherical shell, in.
used in a shell or stiffening ring at the design Sp the lesser of 1.5 times the stress intensity at
metal temperature, psi design metal temperature from Tables 2A, 2B,
Dop outside diameter of the cylindrical shell course and 4, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1 or 0.9 times
or tube under consideration, in. the tabulated yield strength at design metal tem-
Ep modulus of elasticity of material at Design Tem- perature from Tables Y-1, Section II, Part D,
perature, psi (for this value, see Table TM, Sec- Subpart 2, psi
tion II, Part D, Subpart 2. Use the curve with Tp minimum required thickness of cylindrical shell
this value on the material /temperature line of or tube, or spherical shell, in.
the applicable chart in Section II, Part D, Sub- Tnp nominal thickness used, less corrosion allow-
part 3. ance, of a cylindrical shell or tube, in.
Ip available moment of inertia of the combined
ring–shell section about its neutral axis, parallel NG-3133.3 Cylindrical Shells and Tubular
to the axis of the shell, in.4 The width of the shell Products
which is taken as contributing to the combined (a) The minimum thickness of cylindrical shells or
moment of inertia shall not be greater than 1.10 tubular products under external pressure difference hav-
√Do /Tn and shall be taken as lying one-half ing Do /T values equal to or greater than 10 shall

41
NG-3133.3 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3133.4

be determined by the procedure given in Steps 1 (b) The minimum thickness of cylindrical shells or
through 8. tubular products under external pressure difference hav-
Step 1: Assume a value for T. Determine the ratios ing Do /T values less than 10 shall be determined by
L /Do and Do /T. the procedure given in Steps 1 through 4.
Step 2: Enter Fig. G, Section II, Part D, Subpart Step 1: Using the same procedure as given in (a)
3 at the value of L /Do determined in Step above, obtain the value of B. For values
1. For values of L /Do greater than 50, enter of Do /T less than 4, the value of factor
the chart at a value of L /Do of 50. For A can be calculated using the following
values of L /Do less than 0.05, enter the formula:
chart at a value of L /Do of 0.05.
Step 3: Move horizontally to the line for the value 1.1
Ap
of Do /T determined in Step 1. Interpolation (Do / T)2
may be made for intermediate values of
Do /T. From this intersection move vertically For values of A greater than 0.10 use a
downwards and read the value of factor A. value of 0.10.
Step 4: Using the value of A calculated in Step 3, Step 2: Using the value of B obtained in Step 1,
enter the applicable material chart in calculate a value Pa1 using the following
Section II, Part D, Subpart 3 for the formula:
material /temperature under consideration.

3 4
Move vertically to an intersection with the 2.167
material /temperature line for the Design Pa1 p − 0.0833 B
(Do / T)
Temperature. Interpolation may be made
between lines for intermediate temperatures.
In cases where the value of A falls to the Step 3: Calculate a value Pa2 using the following
right of the end of the material /temperature formula:
line, assume an intersection with the hori-
zontal projection of the upper end of the
material /temperature line. For values of A
Pa2 p
2S
Do / T31−
1
Do / T 4
falling to the left of the material line, see
Step 7. Step 4: The smaller of the values of Pa1 calculated
Step 5: From the intersection obtained in Step 4 in Step 2 or Pa2 calculated in Step 3 shall
move horizontally to the right and read the be used for the maximum allowable external
value of B. pressure Pa. Compare Pa with P. If Pa is
Step 6: Using this value of B, calculate the maxi- smaller than P, select a larger value for T
mum allowable pressure difference Pa by and repeat the design procedure until a value
the following formula: for Pa is obtained that is equal to or greater
than P.
4B
Pa p NG-3133.4 Spherical Shells. The minimum required
3Do / T
thickness of a spherical shell under external pressure,
either seamless or of built-up construction with butt
Step 7: For values of A falling to the left of the joints, shall be determined by the procedure given in
applicable material /temperature line, the Steps 1 through 6.
value of Pa can be calculated using the Step 1: Assume a value for T and calculate the value
following formula: of factor A using the following formula:

2AE 0.125
Pa p Ap
3(Do / T) (R / T)

Step 8: Compare Pa with P. If Pa is smaller than Step 2: Using the value of A calculated in Step 1,
P, select a larger value for T and repeat enter the applicable material chart in Section
the design procedure until a value for Pa II, Part D, Subpart 3 for the material under
is obtained that is equal to or greater than P. consideration. Move vertically to an inter-

42
NG-3133.4 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3133.6

section with the material /temperature line

for the design temperature. Interpolation
may be made between lines for intermediate
Bp
3
3 PDo
4 Tn + As / Ls 4
temperatures. In cases where the value at
Step 2: Enter the right-hand side of the applicable
A falls to the right of the end of the
material chart in Section II, Part D, Subpart
material /temperature line, assume an inter-
3 for the material under consideration at
section with the horizontal projection of the
the value of B determined in Step 1. If
upper end of the material /temperature line.
different materials are used for the shell
For values at A falling to the left of the
and stiffening ring, then use the material
material /temperature line, see Step 5.
chart resulting in the larger value for factor
Step 3: From the intersection obtained in Step 2,
A in Step 4 or 5 below.
move horizontally to the right and read the
Step 3: Move horizontally to the left to the
value of factor B.
material /temperature line for the design
Step 4: Using the value of B obtained in Step 3,
metal temperature. For values of B falling
calculate the value of the maximum allow-
below the left end of the material/tempera-
able external pressure Pa using the following
ture line, see Step 5.
formula:
Step 4: Move vertically to the bottom of the chart
and read the value of A.
B Step 5: For values of B falling below the left end of
Pa p
(R / T) the material /temperature line for the Design
Temperature, the value of A can be calcu-
Step 5: For values of A falling to the left of the lated using the following formula:
applicable material /temperature line for the
Design Temperature, the value of Pa can A p 2B / E
be calculated using the following formula:
Step 6: If the required Is is greater than the computed
moment of inertia I for the combined ring–
0.0625E
Pa p shell section selected in Step 1, a new
(R / T)2 section with a larger moment of inertia must
be selected and a new Is determined. If the
Step 6: Compare Pa obtained in Steps 4 or 5 with required Is is smaller than the computed I
P. If Pa is smaller than P, select a larger for the section selected in Step 1, that
value for T and repeat the design procedure section should be satisfactory.
until a value for Pa is obtained that is equal (b) Stiffening rings may be attached to either the
to or greater than P. outside or the inside of the component by continuous
welding.
NG-3133.5 Stiffening Rings for Cylindrical Shells
(a) The required moment of inertia of the combined NG-3133.6 Cylinders Under Axial Compression.
ring–shell section is given by the formula: The maximum allowable compressive stress to be used
in the design of cylindrical shells and tubular products
subjected to loadings that produce longitudinal compres-
Do2 Ls (T + As / Ls )A
Is p sive stresses in the shell or wall shall be the lesser of
10.9
the values given in (a) or (b) below:
(a) the Sm value for the applicable material at Design
The available moment of inertia I for a stiffening Temperature given in Tables 2A, 2B, and 4, Section
ring shall be determined by the procedure given in II, Part D, Subpart 1;
Steps 1 through 6. (b) the value of the factor B determined from the
Step 1: Assuming that the shell has been designed applicable chart contained in Section II, Part D, Subpart
and Do, Ls , and Tn are known, select a 3, using the following definitions for the symbols on
member to be used for the stiffening ring the charts:
and determine its area As and the value of T p minimum required thickness of the shell or tu-
I defined in NG-3133.2. Then calculate B bular product, exclusive of the corrosion allow-
by the formula: ance, in.

43
NG-3133.6 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3213.1

R p inside radius of the cylindrical shell or tubular NG-3200 DESIGN BY ANALYSIS

product, in.
NG-3210 DESIGN CRITERIA
The value of B shall be determined from the applicable
chart contained in Section II, Part D, Subpart 3 in the NG-3211 Requirements for Acceptability
manner given in Steps 1 through 5. The requirements for the acceptability of a design
Step 1: Using the selected values of T and R, calcu- by analysis are those set forth in (a) through (d) below.
late the value of factor A using the following (a) The design shall be such that stress intensities
formula: will not exceed the limits of NG-3200 using the design
stress intensity values Sm as tabulated in Tables 2A,
2B, and 4, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1.
A p 0.125 / (R / T) (b) The design details shall conform to the rules
given in NG-3100 and NG-3350.
(c) For configurations where compressive stresses
Step 2: Using the value of A calculated in Step 1, occur, in addition to the requirements in (a) and (b)
enter the applicable material chart in Section above, the critical buckling stress shall be taken into
II, Part D, Subpart 3 for the material under account; see NG-3133. (For the special case of external
consideration. Move vertically to an inter- pressure difference, see NG-3133.1. Where dynamic
section with the material /temperature line pressure differences are involved, the permissible exter-
for the Design Temperature. Interpolation nal pressure difference shall satisfy the requirements
may be made between lines for intermediate of NG-3133 or be limited to 25% of the dynamic
temperatures. In cases where the value at instability pressure difference for normal service condi-
A falls to the right of the end of the tions.)
material /temperature line, assume an inter- (d) Protection against nonductile fracture shall be
section with the horizontal projection of the provided. An acceptable procedure for nonductile failure
upper end of the material /temperature line. prevention is given in Appendix G.
For values of A falling to the left of the
material /temperature line, see Step 4.
Step 3: From the intersection obtained in Step 2, NG-3212 Basis for Determining Stresses
move horizontally to the right and read the
value of factor B. This is the maximum The theory of failure used in the rules of this
allowable compressive stress for the values Subsection for combining stresses is the maximum
of T and R used in Step 1. shear stress theory. The maximum shear stress at a
Step 4: For values of A falling to the left of point is equal to one-half the difference between the
the applicable material /temperature line, the algebraically largest and the algebraically smallest of
value of B shall be calculated using the the three principal stresses at the point.
following formula:

NG-3213 Terms Relating to Stress Analysis

B p AE / 2 Terms used in this Subsection relating to stress
analysis are defined in the following subparagraphs.

Step 5: Compare the value of B determined in Step NG-3213.1 Stress Intensity.1 Stress intensity is the
3 or 4 with the computed longitudinal com- equivalent intensity of combined stress, or, in short,
pressive stress in the cylindrical shell or the stress intensity is defined as twice the maximum
tube, using the selected values of T and R. If shear stress. In other words, the stress intensity is the
the value of B is smaller than the computed difference between the algebraically largest and the
compressive stress, a greater value of T algebraically smallest principal stress at a given point.
must be selected and the design procedure Tensile stresses are considered positive, and compressive
repeated until a value of B is obtained stresses are considered negative.
which is greater than the compressive stress
computed for the loading on the cylindrical 1 This definition of stress intensity is not related to the definition of
shell or tube. stress intensity applied in the field of Fracture Mechanics.

44
NG-3213.2 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3213.12

NG-3213.2 Gross Structural Discontinuity. Gross redistribution of load occurs as a result of yielding.
structural discontinuity is a geometric or material discon- Examples of primary stresses are:
tinuity which affects the stress or strain distribution (a) general membrane stress in a circular cylindrical
through the entire wall thickness of the shell-type or a spherical shell due to internal pressure difference
member. Gross-discontinuity type stresses are those or to distributed live loads;
portions of the actual stress distributions that produce net (b) bending stress in the central portion of a flat
bending and membrane force resultants when integrated head due to pressure difference.
through the wall thickness. Examples of gross structural
discontinuities are head-to-shell and flange-to-shell junc- NG-3213.9 Secondary Stress. Secondary stress is a
tions, nozzles, and junctions between shells of different normal stress or a shear stress developed by the con-
diameters or thicknesses. straint of adjacent material or by self-constraint of the
structure. The basic characteristic of a secondary stress
NG-3213.3 Local Structural Discontinuity. Local is that it is self-limiting. Local yielding and minor
structural discontinuity is a geometric or material discon- distortions can satisfy the conditions which cause the
tinuity which affects the stress or strain distribution stress to occur, and failure from one application of the
through a fractional part of the wall thickness. The stress is not to be expected. Examples of secondary
stress distribution associated with a local discontinuity stresses are:
causes only very localized types of deformation or (a) general thermal stress [NG-3213.12(a)];
strain and has no significant effect on the shell-type (b) bending stress at a gross structural discontinuity.
discontinuity deformations. Examples are small fillet
radii, small attachments, and partial penetration welds. NG-3213.10 Peak Stress. Peak stress is that incre-
ment of stress which is additive to the primary plus
NG-3213.4 Normal Stress. Normal stress is the
secondary stresses by reason of local discontinuities or
component of stress normal to the plane of reference.
local thermal stress [NG-3213.12(b)], including the
This is also referred to as direct stress. Usually the
effects of stress concentrations. The basic characteristic
distribution of normal stress is not uniform through
of a peak stress is that it does not cause any noticeable
the thickness of a part, so this stress is considered to
distortion and is objectionable only as a possible source
be made up in turn of two components, one of which
of a fatigue crack or a brittle fracture. A stress which
is uniformly distributed and equal to the average value
is not highly localized falls into this category if it is
of stress across the thickness under consideration, and
of a type which cannot cause noticeable distortion.
the other of which varies from this average value with
Examples of peak stresses are:
the location across the thickness.
(a) the thermal stress in the austenitic steel cladding
NG-3213.5 Shear Stress. Shear stress is the compo- of a carbon steel component;
nent of stress tangent to the plane of reference. (b) certain thermal stresses which may cause fatigue
but not distortion;
NG-3213.6 Membrane Stress. Membrane stress is
(c) the stress at a local structural discontinuity;
the component of normal stress which is uniformly
(d) surface stresses produced by thermal shock.
distributed and equal to the average of stress across
the thickness of the section under consideration. NG-3213.11 Load Stress. Load stress is the stress
NG-3213.7 Bending Stress. Bending stress is the resulting from the application of a load, such as pressure
variable component of normal stress described in NG- difference or the effects of gravity as distinguished
3213.4. The variation may or may not be linear across from thermal stress.
the thickness.
NG-3213.12 Thermal Stress. Thermal stress is a
NG-3213.8 Primary Stress. Primary stress is any self-balancing stress produced by a nonuniform distribu-
normal stress or a shear stress developed by an imposed tion of temperature or by differing thermal coefficients
loading which is necessary to satisfy the laws of of expansion. Thermal stress is developed in a solid
equilibrium of external and internal forces and moments. body whenever a volume of material is prevented from
The basic characteristic of a primary stress is that it assuming the size and shape that it normally should
is not self-limiting. Primary stresses which considerably under a change in temperature. For the purpose of
exceed the yield strength will result in failure or, at establishing allowable stresses, two types of thermal
least, in gross distortion. A thermal stress is not classified stress are recognized, depending on the volume or area
as a primary stress. A general primary membrane stress in which distortion takes place, as described in (a) and
is one which is so distributed in the structure that no (b) below.

45
NG-3213.12 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3213.22

(a) General thermal stress is associated with distor- NG-3213.16 Fatigue Strength Reduction Factor.
tion of the structure in which it occurs. If a stress of Fatigue strength reduction factor is a stress intensifica-
this type, neglecting stress concentrations, exceeds twice tion factor which accounts for the effect of a local
the yield strength of the material, the elastic analysis structural discontinuity (stress concentration) on the
may be invalid and successive thermal cycles may fatigue strength. In the absence of experimental data,
produce incremental distortion. Therefore this type is the theoretical stress concentration factor may be used.
classified as secondary stress in Table NG-3217-1.
NG-3213.17 Shakedown. Shakedown is the absence
Examples of general thermal stresses are:
of a continuing cycle of plastic deformation. A structure
(1) stress produced by an axial temperature distri-
shakes down if after a few cycles of load application,
bution in a cylindrical shell;
the deformation stabilizes and subsequent structural
(2) stress produced by the temperature difference
response is elastic, excluding creep effects.
between a nozzle and the shell to which it is attached;
(3) the equivalent linear stress2 produced by the NG-3213.18 Free End Displacement. Free end dis-
radial temperature distribution in a cylindrical shell. placement consists of the relative motions that would
(b) Local thermal stress is associated with almost occur between an attachment and connected structure
complete suppression of the differential expansion and or equipment if the two members were separated.
thus produces no significant distortion. Such stresses Examples of such motions are those that would occur
shall be considered only from the fatigue standpoint because of relative thermal expansion of piping, equip-
and are therefore classified as local stresses in Table ment, and equipment supports or because of rotations
NG-3217-1. In evaluating local thermal stresses the imposed upon the equipment by sources other than the
procedures of NG-3227.6(b) shall be used. Examples piping.
of local thermal stresses are:
NG-3213.19 Expansion Stresses. Expansion stresses
(1) the stress in a small hot spot in a vessel wall;
are those stresses resulting from restraint of free end
(2) the difference between the actual stress and
displacement of piping which may act as a core support
the equivalent linear stress resulting from a radial
structure.
temperature distribution in a cylindrical shell;
(3) the thermal stress in a cladding material which NG-3213.20 Limit Analysis — Collapse Load. The
has a coefficient of expansion different from that of methods of limit analysis are used to compute the
the base metal. maximum load or combination of loads a structure
made of ideally plastic (nonstrain-hardening) material
NG-3213.13 Total Stress. Total stress is the sum can carry. The deformations of an ideally plastic struc-
of the primary, secondary, and peak stress contributions. ture increase without bound at this load, which is
Recognition of each of the individual contributions is termed the collapse load. Among the methods used in
essential to establishment of appropriate stress limita- limit analysis is a technique which assumes elastic,
tions. perfectly plastic, material behavior and a constant level
NG-3213.14 Operational Cycle. Operational cycle of moment or force in those redundant structural ele-
is defined as the initiation and establishment of new ments in which membrane yield, plastic hinge, or critical
conditions followed by a return to the conditions which buckling load has been reached. Any increase in load
prevailed at the beginning of the cycle. The types of must be accompanied by a stable primary structure
operating conditions which may occur are further de- until a failure mechanism defined by the lower bound
fined in NG-3113. theorem of limit analysis is reached in the primary
structure.
NG-3213.15 Stress Cycle. Stress cycle is a condition
NG-3213.21 Collapse Load — Lower Bound. If,
in which the alternating stress difference [NG-3222.4(e)]
for a given load, any system of stresses can be found
goes from an initial value through an algebraic maxi-
which everywhere satisfies equilibrium and nowhere
mum value and an algebraic minimum value, then
exceeds the material yield strength, the load is at or
returns to the initial value. A single operational cycle
below the collapse load. This is the lower bound
may result in one or more stress cycles. Dynamic
theorem of limit analysis which permits calculations
effects shall also be considered as stress cycles.
of a lower bound to the collapse load.

2 Equivalent
NG-3213.22 Stress Ratio Method. The methods of
linear stress is defined as the linear stress distribution
which has the same net bending moment as the actual stress distri- plastic analysis which utilize the stress ratio combina-
bution. tions are used to compute the maximum load a strain-

46
NG-3213.22 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3216.1

hardened material can carry (A-9000). Stress ratio com- (d) Translate the stress components for the t, l, and
binations are useful since the actual shape factor (func- r directions into principal stresses s1, s2, and s3. In
tion of cross section) and the type and magnitude of many pressure component calculations, the t, l, and r
different stress fields may be considered in determining directions may be so chosen that the shear stress
the load. components are zero and s1, s2, and s3 are identical
to st, sl, and sr.
(e) Calculate the stress differences S12, S23, and S31
NG-3214 Stress Analysis from the relations:
A detailed stress analysis of all major structural
components shall be prepared in sufficient detail to
S12 p s1 − s2
show that each of the stress limitations of NG-3220
and NG-3230 is satisfied when the core support structure
is subjected to the loadings of NG-3110. As an aid to S23 p s2 − s3
the evaluation of these stresses, formulas and methods
for the solution of certain recurring problems have been
placed in Appendix A. S31 p s3 − s1

NG-3215 Derivation of Stress Intensities The stress intensity S is the largest absolute value of
S12, S23, and S31.
One requirement for the acceptability of a design
(NG-3210) is that the calculated stress intensities shall NOTE: Membrane stress intensity is derived from the stress compo-
not exceed specified allowable limits. These limits differ nents averaged across the thickness of the section. The averaging
shall be performed at the component level in (b) or (c) above.
depending on the stress category (primary, secondary,
etc.) from which the stress intensity is derived. This
paragraph describes the procedure for the calculation NG-3216 Derivation of Stress Differences and
of the stress intensities which are subject to the specified Alternating Stress Intensities
limits. The steps in the procedure are stipulated in (a)
through (e) below. If the specified operation of the structure does not
(a) At the point on the component which is being meet the conditions of NG-3222.4(d), the ability of the
investigated, choose an orthogonal set of coordinates, structure to withstand the specified cyclic service with-
such as tangential, longitudinal, and radial, and designate out fatigue failure shall be determined as provided in
them by the subscripts t, l, and r. The stress components NG-3222.4(e). The determination shall be made on the
in these directions are then designated st, sl, and sr basis of the stresses at a point of the structure, and
for direct stresses and tlt, tlr , and trt for shear stresses. the allowable stress cycles shall be adequate for the
(b) Calculate the stress components for each type of specified service at every point. Only the stress differ-
loading to which the part will be subjected and assign ences due to cyclic service loadings as specified in the
each set of stress values to one or a group of the Design Specifications need be considered.
following categories:3
NG-3216.1 Constant Principal Stress Direction.
(1) general primary membrane stress Pm (NG-
For any case in which the directions of the principal
3213.8)
stresses at the point being considered do not change
(2) primary bending stress Pb (NG-3213.7 and
during the cycle, the steps stipulated in (a), (b), and
NG-3213.8)
(c) below shall be taken to determine the alternating
(3) expansion stress Pe (NG-3213.19)
stress intensity.
(4) secondary stress Q (NG-3213.9)
(a) Principal Stresses. Consider the values of the
(5) peak stress F (NG-3213.10)
three principal stresses at the point versus time for the
(c) For each category, calculate the algebraic sum
complete stress cycle, taking into account both the
of the values of st which result from the different
gross and local structural discontinuities and the thermal
types of loadings, and similarly for the other five stress
effects which vary during the cycle. These are designated
components. Certain combinations of the categories
as s1, s2, and s3 for later identification.
must also be considered.
(b) Stress Differences. Determine the stress differ-
ences S12 p s1 − s2; S23 p s2 − s3; S31 p s3 −
3 See Table NG-3217-1 and Fig. NG-3221-1, Note (4). s1 versus time for the complete cycle. In what follows,

47
NG-3216.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3222.1

the symbol Sij is used to represent any one of these NG-3220 STRESS LIMITS FOR OTHER
three stress differences. THAN THREADED STRUCTURAL
(c) Alternating Stress Intensity. Determine the ex- FASTENERS
tremes of the range through which each stress difference
NG-3221 Design Loadings
Sij fluctuates and find the absolute magnitude of this
range for each Sij. Call this magnitude Srij and let Salt The stress intensity limits which must be satisfied
ij p 0.5Srij. The alternating stress intensity Salt is the for the Design Loadings (NG-3112) stated in the Design
largest of the Salt ij values. Specifications are the three limits of this paragraph and
the special stress limits of NG-3227. The provisions
NG-3216.2 Varying Principal Stress Direction. For of NG-3228 may provide relief from certain of these
any case in which the directions of the principal stresses stress limits if plastic analysis techniques or tests are
at the point being considered do change during the applied. The design stress intensity values Sm are given
stress cycle, it is necessary to use the more general by NG-3229. The limits are summarized by Fig. NG-
procedure of (a) through (e) below. 3221-1.
(a) Consider the values of the six stress components NG-3221.1 General Primary Membrane Stress In-
st, sl, sr , tlt , tlr, tr t versus time for the complete tensity. (Derived from Pm in Fig. NG-3221-1.) This
stress cycle, taking into account both the gross and stress intensity is derived from the average value across
local structural discontinuities and the thermal effects the thickness of a section of the general primary stresses
which vary during the cycle. (see NG-3213.8) produced by design internal pressure
(b) Choose a point in time when the conditions are difference and other specified Design Mechanical Loads,
one of the extremes for the cycle (either maximum or but excluding all secondary and peak stresses. Averaging
minimum, algebraically) and identify the stress compo- is to be applied to the stress components prior to
nents at this time by the subscript i. In most cases it determination of the stress intensity values. The allow-
will be possible to choose at least one time during the able value of the stress intensity is Sm at the Design
cycle when the conditions are known to be extreme. Temperature.
In some cases it may be necessary to try different
points in time to find the one which results in the NG-3221.2 Primary Membrane Plus Primary
largest value of alternating stress intensity. Bending Stress Intensity. (Derived from Pm + Pb in
(c) Subtract each of the six stress components sti, Fig. NG-3221-1.) This stress intensity is derived from
sli, etc., from the corresponding stress components st, the highest value across the thickness of a section of
sl, etc., at each point in time during the cycle and the general primary membrane stresses plus primary
call the resulting components s ′t, s ′l, etc. bending stresses produced by Design Pressure Differ-
(d) At each point in time during the cycle, calculate ence and other specified Design Mechanical Loads, but
the principal stresses s ′1, s ′2, s ′3 derived from the excluding all secondary and peak stresses. The allowable
six stress components s ′t, s ′ l, etc. Note that the value of this stress intensity is 1.5Sm.
directions of the principal stresses may change during
NG-3221.3 External Pressure Difference. The pro-
the cycle but each principal stress retains its identity
visions of NG-3133 apply.
as it rotates.
(e) Determine the stress differences S′12 p s ′1 −
s ′2, S′23 p s ′2 − s ′3, S′31 p s ′3 − s ′1 versus time
NG-3222 Level A Service Limits
for the complete cycle and find the largest absolute
magnitude of any stress difference at any time. The The Level A Service Limits must be satisfied for
alternating stress intensity Salt is one-half of this mag- the Service Conditions [NCA-2142.2(a)] for which these
nitude. limits are designated in the Design Specifications and
are the four limits of this paragraph and NG-3227.
The provisions of NG-3228 may provide relief from
certain of these stress limits if plastic analysis techniques
are applied. The design stress intensity values Sm are
NG-3217 Classification of Stress given by NG-3229. The limits are summarized by Fig.
NG-3221-1.
Table NG-3217-1 provides assistance in the determi-
nation of the category to which a stress should be NG-3222.1 Primary Membrane and Bending Stress
assigned. Intensities. The stresses due to primary loads presented

48
 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN Table NG-3217.1

TABLE NG-3217-1
CLASSIFICATION OF STRESS INTENSITIES FOR SOME TYPICAL CASES

Discontinuity
Core Support Origin of Classifi-
Structure Location Stress Type of Stress cation Gross Local
Cylindrical or Shell plate remote Pressure difference General membrane Pm No No
spherical shell from discontinuities Gradient through plate Q Yes No
thickness

Axial thermal Membrane Q Yes No

gradient Bending Q Yes No
Junction with head Pressure difference Membrane Q Yes No
or flange Bending Q Yes No

Any shell or head Any section across External load or General membrane averaged
entire shell moment, or across full section. Stress
Pm No No
pressure component perpendicular to
difference cross section.

External load or Bending across full section.

moment Stress component
Pm No No
perpendicular to cross
section.

Near nozzle or other External load or Membrane Q Yes No

opening moment, or Bending Q Yes No
pressure Peak (fillet or corner) F Yes Yes
difference

Any location Temp. difference Membrane Q Yes No

between shell and Bending Q Yes No
head

Dished head or Crown Pressure difference General membrane Pm No No

conical Bending Pb No No
Knuckle of junction Pressure difference Membrane Q (1) Yes No
to shell Bending Q Yes No

Flat head Center region Pressure difference General membrane Pm No No

Bending Pb No No

Junction to shell Pressure difference Membrane Q Yes No

Bending Q Yes No
Perforated head Typical ligament in Pressure difference General membrane (avg. Pm No No
or shell a uniform pattern or external load through cross section) Pb No No
Bending (avg. through width F No Yes
of ligament, but gradient
through plate)
Peak
Isolated or atypical Pressure difference Membrane Q Yes No
ligament Bending F Yes Yes
Peak F Yes Yes
(Table NG-3217-1 continues on next page)

49
NG-3222.1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3222.4

TABLE NG-3217-1 (CONT’D)

CLASSIFICATION OF STRESS INTENSITIES FOR SOME TYPICAL CASES

Discontinuity
Core Support Origin of Classifi-
Structure Location Stress Type of Stress cation Gross Local
Nozzle Cross section Pressure difference General membrane avg. across
perpendicular to or external load full section. Stress compo-
Pm No No
nozzle axis or moment nent perpendicular to
section.

External load or Bending across nozzle section Pm No No

moment
Nozzle wall Pressure difference General membrane Pm No No
Membrane Q Yes No
Bending Q Yes No
Peak F Yes Yes

Differential Membrane Q Yes No

expansion Bending Q Yes No
Peak F Yes Yes
Cladding Any Differential Membrane F Yes Yes
expansion Bending F Yes Yes

Any Any Radial thermal Stress due to equivalent Q (3) Yes No

gradient through bending portion F Yes Yes
plate thickness(2) Stress due to nonlinear portion

Any Any Any Stress concentration (notch F Yes Yes

effect)

NOTES:
(1) Consideration must also be given to the possibility of wrinkling and excessive deformation in shells with large diameter-to-thickness ratio.
(2) Consider the possibility of thermal stress ratchet.
(3) Equivalent linear stress is defined as the linear stress distribution which has the same net bending moment as the actual stress distribution.

during normal service must be computed and satisfy exceed the 3Sm limit during the design life of the plant.
the limits of NG-3221. For this exception, in lieu of meeting the 3Sm limit,
an elastic-plastic fatigue analysis in accordance with
NG-3222.2 Primary Plus Secondary Stress Inten-
NG-3228.3 may be performed to demonstrate that the
sity.4 This stress intensity is derived from the highest
cumulative fatigue usage attributable to the combination
value at any point across the thickness of a section of of these low cycle events plus all other cyclic events
the general or local primary membrane stresses, plus does not exceed a value of 1.0 when calculated in
primary bending stresses, plus secondary stresses, pro- accordance with NG-3222.4.
duced by the specified service pressure differences and
other specified mechanical loads and by general thermal NG-3222.3 Expansion Stress Intensity.4 This stress
effects associated with normal service loadings. The intensity is the highest value of stress, neglecting local
effects of gross structural discontinuities but not of structural discontinuities, produced at any point across
local structural discontinuities (stress concentrations) the thickness of a section by the loadings which result
shall be included. The allowable value for the maximum from restraint of free end displacement and the effect
range of this stress intensity is 3Sm [Fig. NG-3221-1, of anchor point motions. The allowable value of the
Note (1)], except for certain cyclic events which may maximum range of this stress intensity when combined
with all other primary and secondary stress intensities
4 The concept of stress differences discussed in NG-3216 is essential
is 3Sm.
to determination to the maximum range, since algebraic signs must NG-3222.4 Analysis for Cyclic Operation 98
be retained in the computation. Note that this limitation on range
is applicable to the entire history of normal Service Loadings, not (a) Suitability for Cyclic Condition. The suitability
just to the stresses resulting from each individual transient. of a structure for specified Service Loadings involving

50
51
ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN

FIG. NG-3221-1 STRESS CATEGORIES AND LIMITS OF STRESS INTENSITIES

FOR SERVICE LEVELS A AND B
Fig. NG-3221-1
NG-3222.4 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3222.4

FIG. NG-3221.1 STRESS CATEGORIES AND LIMITS OF STRESS INTENSITIES

FOR SERVICE LEVELS A AND B (CONT’D)

cyclic application of loads and thermal conditions shall thickness of a section of all primary, secondary, and
be determined by the methods described herein, except peak stresses produced by specified service pressure
that the suitability of high strength threaded structural differences and other mechanical loads, and by general
fasteners shall be determined by the methods of NG- and local thermal effects associated with normal Service
3232.3(b) and the possibility of thermal stress ratchet Conditions and including the effects of gross and local
shall be investigated in accordance with NG-3222.5. structural discontinuities.
If the specified Service Loadings of the structure meet (c) Conditions and Procedures. The conditions and
all of the conditions of (d) below, no analysis for procedures of NG-3222.4 are based on a comparison
cyclic service is required, and it may be assumed that of peak stresses with strain cycling fatigue data. The
the peak stress limit discussed in (b) below has been strain cycling fatigue data are represented by design
satisfied by compliance with the applicable requirements fatigue strength curves of Figs. I-9.0. These curves
for material, design, fabrication, examination, and test- show the allowable amplitude Sa of the alternating
ing of this Subsection. If the Service Loadings do not stress intensity component (one-half of the alternating
meet all the conditions of (d) below, a fatigue analysis stress intensity range) plotted against the number of
shall be made in accordance with (e) below or a fatigue cycles. This stress intensity amplitude is calculated on
test shall be made in accordance with II-1200. the assumption of elastic behavior and, hence, has the
(b) Peak Stress Intensity. This stress intensity is dimensions of stress, but it does not represent a real
derived from the highest value at any point across the stress when the elastic range is exceeded. The fatigue

52
NG-3222.4 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3222.4

curves are obtained from uniaxial strain cycling data tween any two adjacent points6 does not change7 during
in which the imposed strains have been multiplied by normal service by more than the quantity Sa /(2Ea), where
the elastic modulus and a design margin has been Sa is the value obtained from the applicable design fatigue
provided so as to make the calculated stress intensity curve of Figs. I-9.0 for the total specified number of sig-
amplitude and the allowable stress intensity amplitude nificant temperature difference fluctuations. A tempera-
directly comparable. As an exception to the use of ture difference fluctuation shall be considered to be sig-
strain controlled test data, Fig. I-9.2.2, Curves B and nificant if its total algebraic range exceeds the quantity
C, are based on load controlled fatigue data. The curves S /2Ea, where S is defined as follows.
have been adjusted, where necessary, to include the (a) If the total specified number of service cycles
maximum effects of mean stress, which is the condition is 106 cycles or less, S is the value of Sa obtained
where the stress fluctuates about a mean value which from the applicable design fatigue curve for 106 cycles.
is different from zero. As a consequence of this proce- (b) If the total specified number of service cycles
dure, it is essential that the requirements of (b) above exceeds 106 cycles, S is the value of Sa obtained from
be satisfied at all times with transient stresses included, the applicable design fatigue curve for the maximum
and that the calculated value of the alternating stress number of cycles defined on the curve.
intensity be proportional to the actual strain amplitude. (3) Temperature Difference — Dissimilar Materi-
To evaluate the effect of alternating stresses of varying als. For structures fabricated from materials of differing
amplitudes, a linear damage relation is assumed in moduli of elasticity and coefficients of thermal expan-
(e)(4) below. sion or both, the total algebraic range of temperature
(d) Components Not Requiring Analysis for Cyclic fluctuation in degrees Fahrenheit experienced by the
Service. An analysis for cyclic service is not required, component during normal service does not exceed the
and it may be assumed that the peak stress limit magnitude Sa /2(E1a1 − E2a2), where Sa is the value
discussed in (b) above has been satisfied for a structure obtained from the applicable design fatigue curve for
by compliance with the applicable requirements for the total specified number of significant temperature
material, design, fabrication, examination, and testing fluctuations, E1 and E2 are the moduli of elasticity,
of this Subsection, provided the specified Service5 Load- and a1 and a2 are the values of the instantaneous
ings of the structure or portion thereof meets all the coefficients of thermal expansion at the mean tempera-
conditions stipulated in (1) through (4) below. ture value involved for the two materials of construction
(1) Temperature Difference — Startup and Shut- (Tables TE and TM, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1).
down. The temperature difference in degrees Fahrenheit A temperature fluctuation shall be considered to be
between any two adjacent points6 of the structure during significant if its total excursion exceeds the quantity
normal service does not exceed Sa /(2Ea), where Sa is S /2(E1a1 − E2a2), where S is defined as follows:
the value obtained from the applicable design fatigue (a) If the total specified number of service cycles
curves for the specified number of startup–shutdown is 106 cycles or less, S is the value of Sa obtained
cycles, a is the value of the instantaneous coefficient from the applicable design fatigue curve for 106 cycles.
of thermal expansion at the mean value of the tempera- (b) If the total specified number of service cycles
tures at the two points as given by Table TE, Section exceeds 106 cycles, S is the value of Sa obtained from
II, Part D, Subpart 2, and E is taken from Table TM, the applicable design fatigue curve for the maximum
Section II, Part D, Subpart 2 at the mean value of the number of cycles defined on the curve. If the two
temperature at the two points. materials used have different applicable design fatigue
(2) Temperature Difference — Normal Service. curves, the lower value of Sa shall be used in applying
The temperature difference in degrees Fahrenheit be- the rules of this paragraph.
(4) Mechanical Loads. The specified full range of
mechanical loads, including pipe reactions and pressure
differences, does not result in load stresses whose range
5 As stated in NG-3223, for structures operating within the temperature exceeds the Sa value obtained from the applicable
limits of this Subsection, Service Loadings for which Level B Limits
are designated must be considered as though Level A Limits were design fatigue curve of Figs. I-9.0 for the total specified
designated in evaluating exemptions from fatigue analysis. number of significant load fluctuations. If the total
6 Adjacent points are defined as points which are spaced less than specified number of significant load fluctuations exceeds
the distance (2√Rt) from each other, where R and t are the mean 106, the Sa value at N p 106 may be used. A load
radius and thickness, respectively, of the shell of revolution. In fluctuation shall be considered to be significant if the
configurations other than a shell of revolution, either the allowable
distance between adjacent points must be determined in appropriate
configurations or a fatigue analysis shall be accomplished. 7 The algebraic range of the difference shall be used.

53
NG-3222.4 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3222.5

total excursion of load stress exceeds the value of Sa, Fig. I-9.2.2 and are also presented graphically by the
where S is defined as follows. flow chart in Fig. I-9.2.3.
(a) If the total specified number of service cycles (4) Effect of Elastic Modulus. Multiply Salt (NG-
is 106 cycles or less, S is the value of Sa obtained 3216.1 or NG-3216.2) by the ratio of the modulus of
from the applicable design fatigue curve for 106 cycles. elasticity given on the design fatigue curve to the value
(b) If the total specified number of service cycles of the modulus of elasticity used in the analysis. Enter
exceeds 106 cycles, S is the value of Sa obtained from the applicable design fatigue curve of Figs. I-9.0 at
the applicable design fatigue curve for the maximum this value on the ordinate axis and find the corresponding
number of cycles defined on the curve. number of cycles on the abscissa. If the service cycle
(e) Procedure for Analysis for Cyclic Loading. If being considered is the only one which produces sig-
the specified service loadings for the structure do not nificant fluctuating stresses, this is the allowable number
meet the conditions of (d) above, the ability of the of cycles.
structure to withstand the specified cyclic service with- (5) Cumulative Damage. If there are two or more
out fatigue failure shall be determined as provided types of stress cycle which produce significant stresses,
herein. The determination shall be made on the basis their cumulative effect shall be evaluated as stipulated
of the stresses at a point and the allowable stress cycles in Steps 1 through 6 below.
shall be adequate for the specified Service Loadings Step 1: Designate the specified number of times
at every point. Only the stresses due to service cycles each type of stress cycle of types 1, 2, 3,
as specified in the Design Specifications need be consid- etc., will be repeated during the life of the
ered. Compliance with these requirements means only component as n1, n2, n3, . . ., nn , respectively.
that the structure is suitable from the standpoint of
possible fatigue failure; complete suitability for the NOTE: In determining n1, n2, n3, . . ., nn , consideration shall be
given to the superposition of cycles of various origins which produce
specified Service Loadings is also dependent on meeting a total stress difference range greater than the stress difference ranges
the general stress limits of NG-3222 and any applicable of the individual cycles. For example, if one type of stress cycle
special stress limits of NG-3227. produces 1000 cycles of a stress difference variation from zero to
+60,000 psi and another type of stress cycle produces 10,000 cycles
(1) Stress Differences. For each condition of nor- of a stress difference variation from zero to −50,000 psi, the two types
mal service, determine the stress differences and the of cycle to be considered are defined by the following parameters:
alternating stress intensity Sa in accordance with Type 1 cycle: n1p1000,
NG-3216. Salt1p (60,000 + 50,000) /2 p 55,000 psi
(2) Local Structural Discontinuities. These effects Type 2 cycle: n2p9000,
Salt2 p (50,000 + 0) /2 p 25,000 psi
shall be evaluated by the use of theoretical stress
concentration factors for all conditions, except that Step 2: For each type of stress cycle, determine
experimentally determined fatigue strength reduction the alternating stress intensity Salt by the
factors may be used when stated herein or when procedures of NG-3216.1 or NG-3216.2
determined in accordance with the procedures of II- above. Call these quantities Salt1, Salt2, Salt3,
1600. Except for the case of cracklike defects and . . . , Salt n.
specific piping geometries for which specific values are Step 3: For each value Salt1, Salt2, Salt3, . . . , Salt n,
given in NB-3680, no fatigue strength reduction factor use the applicable design fatigue curve to
greater than 5 need be used. determine the maximum number of repeti-
(3) Design Fatigue Curves. Figures I-9.0 contain tions which would be allowable if this type
the applicable fatigue design curves for the materials of cycle were the only one acting. Call
permitted by this Subsection. When more than one these values N1, N2, N3, . . . , Nn.
curve is presented for a given material, the applicability Step 4: For each type of stress cycle, calculate the
of each curve to material of various strength levels usage factors U1, U2, U3, . . ., Un, from
is identified. Linear interpolation may be used for U1 p n1 /N1, U2 p n2 /N2, U3pn3 /N3, . . . ,
intermediate strength levels of these materials. As used Unpnn /Nn.
herein the strength level is the specified minimum room Step 5: Calculate the cumulative usage factor U
temperature value. The design fatigue curves of Figs. from U p U1 + U2 + U3 + . . . +Un.
I-9.0 are defined over a cyclic range of 10 to 106 Step 6: The cumulative usage factor U shall not
cycles, except that for austenitic steels, nickel–chromium exceed 1.0.
alloys, and nickel–copper alloys, the design fatigue
curves are extended to 1011 cycles in Fig. I-9.2.2. NG-3222.5 Thermal Stress Ratchet. It should be
Criteria for the use of the latter curves are given in noted that under certain combinations of steady state

54
NG-3222.5 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3224.1

and cyclic loadings there is a possibility of large NG-3223 Level B Service Limits
distortions developing as the result of ratchet action;
For components operating within the temperature
that is, the deformation increases by a nearly equal
limits of this Section the requirements of (a) and (b)
amount for each cycle. Examples of this phenomenon
below apply.
are treated in this subparagraph and in NG-3227.3.
(a) The values of Level A Service Limits (NB-3222)
(a) The limiting value of the maximum cyclic thermal
shall apply for Level B Service Limits. In addition, if
stress permitted in a portion of an axisymmetric shell
a pressure for which Level B Limits are designated
loaded by steady-state internal pressure difference in
exceeds the Design Pressure Difference, the stress limits
order to prevent cyclic growth in diameter is as follows:
of Fig. NG-3221-1 shall apply using allowable stress
Let y′ p maximum allowable range of thermal stress
intensity values of 110% of those given on Fig. NG-
computed on an elastic basis divided by
3221-1 and the loadings.
the yield strength Sy8
(b) The Design Specifications shall be satisfied.
x p maximum general membrane stress due to
pressure difference divided by the yield
strength Sy8
(1) Case 1 — linear variation of temperature NG-3224 Level C Service Limits
through the wall: Level C Service Limits must be satisfied for Service
Loadings for which they are designated by the Design
Specifications and are those of one of the five methods
1
y′ p for 0 < x < 0.5 permitted in NG-3224.1. These stress intensity limits
x are summarized by Fig. NG-3224-1. Dynamic instability
shall be considered in meeting the load, stress, and
deformation limits. The requirements of NG-3224.2
y ′ p 4(1 − x) for 0.5 < x < 1.0
through NG-3224.6 shall also be met.

NG-3224.1 Stress Intensity Limits

(2) Case 2 — parabolic constantly increasing or (a) Elastic Analysis Method
constantly decreasing variation of (1) The general primary membrane stress intensity
temperature through the wall: (NG-3213.6, NG-3213.8, and NG-3221.1) shall not
exceed 1.5 times the allowable stress intensity Sm as
y′ p 5.2(1 − x) for 0.615 < x < 1.0 and approxi-
given in Tables 2A and 2B, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1.
mately for x < 0.615 as follows:
(2) The primary membrane plus primary bending
for x p 0.3, 0.4, 0.5
stress intensity (NG-3213.7, NG-3213.8, and NG-
y′ p 4.65, 3.55, 2.70
3221.3) shall not exceed 2.25 times the allowable stress
(b) Use of yield strength Sy in the above relations intensity Sm as given in Tables 2A and 2B, Section
instead of the proportional limit allows a small amount II, Part D, Subpart 1.
of growth during each cycle until strain hardening (b) Limit Load Analysis. Instead of the elastic analysis
raises the proportional limit to Sy. If the yield strength of (a) above, a limit load analysis may be performed
of the material is higher than the endurance limit9 for as set forth below.
the material, the latter value shall be used if there is (1) The lower bound limit load LL is determined
to be a large number of cycles because strain softening with material yield point equal to 1.5 times the allowable
may occur. stress intensity Sm at temperatures where Sm is given
in Tables 2A and 2B, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1.
NG-3222.6 Deformation Limits. Any deformation The lower bound limit load (NG-3213.21) is that load,
limits prescribed by the Design Specifications shall be determined from the analysis (NG-3213.20) of an ideally
satisfied. plastic (nonstrain-hardening) material, which produces
increasing deformations with no further increase in
8 Itis permissible to use 1.5Sm whenever it is greater than Sy . applied load. The lower bound load is one in which the
9 The endurance limit shall be taken as two times the Sa value at material everywhere satisfies equilibrium and nowhere
106 cycles in the applicable fatigue curve of Figs. I-9.0, except that exceeds the defined material yield strength, using either
for the curves of Figs. I-9.2.1 and I-9.2.2, the endurance limit shall the maximum shear stress theory or a strain energy of
be taken as two times the Sa value at 1011 cycles obtained from
Curve A. distortion theory to relate multiaxial yielding to the
uniaxial case.

55
Fig. NG-3224-1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG

FIG. NG-3224-1 STRESS CATEGORIES AND LIMITS OF STRESS INTENSITIES FOR SERVICE LEVEL C

56
NG-3224.1 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3227

(2) For Service Loadings for which Level C Limits actual part and the test part or parts, as well as
are designated, the general primary membrane stress differences which may exist in the ultimate strength
intensity shall not exceed the lower bound limit load LL. or other governing material properties of the actual
(3) For Service Loadings for which Level C Limits part and the tested parts, to assure that the loads
are designated, the general primary membrane plus obtained from the test are a conservative representation
primary bending stress intensities shall not exceed the of the load carrying capability of the actual structure
lower bound limit load LL. under postulated Service Loadings for which Level C
(c) Plastic Analysis. Instead of the elastic analysis Limits are designated.
of (a) above, a plastic analysis may be performed as
NG-3224.2 External Pressure. The permissible
set forth in (1) and (2) below.
equivalent static external pressure shall be taken as
(1) For Service Loadings for which Level C Limits
150% of that permitted by the rules of NG-3133. Where
are designated, general primary membrane stress inten-
dynamic pressures are involved, the permissible external
sity values shall not exceed 1.5 times the allowable
pressure shall satisfy the preceding requirements or be
stress intensity Sm at temperatures where Sm is given
limited to one-half the dynamic instability pressure.
in Tables 2A and 2B, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1.
(2) For Service Loadings for which Level C Limits NG-3224.3 Special Stress Limits. The permissible
are designated, the general primary membrane plus values for special stress limits shall be taken as 150%
primary bending stress intensities shall not exceed the of the values given in NG-3227 and NG-3228.1.
greater of either one-half of the ultimate strength values
at temperature or 2.25 times the allowable stress inten- NG-3224.4 Secondary and Peak Stresses. The re-
sity values Sm at temperature as given in Tables 2A quirements of NG-3222.2, NG-3222.4(b), NG-3222.5,
and 2B, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1. and NG-3227.3 need not be satisfied.
(d) Stress Ratio Analysis. Instead of the elastic analy- NG-3224.5 Fatigue Requirements. Service Loadings
sis of (a) above, a stress ratio analysis (NG-3213.23) for which Level C Limits are designated need not
may be performed, in which event the limits of (1) be considered when applying the procedures of NG-
and (2) below shall be met. 3222.4(a) to determine whether or not a fatigue analysis
(1) Service loads producing primary membrane is required.
stresses shall not result in stress intensities exceeding
SE where SE ≤ 2.0Sm. NG-3224.6 Deformation Limits. Any deformation
(2) The stress intensity limits for other stress fields limits prescribed by the Design Specifications shall be
shall be as specified in A-9000. For example, for considered [Fig. NG-3224-1, Note (9)].
bending:
2 NG-3225 Level D Service Limits

3 1 24
PB ≤ SE 1 −
Pm
SE
If the Design Specifications specify any Service
Loadings for which Level D Limits are designated
[NCA-2142.4(d)], the rules contained in Appendix F
may be used in evaluating these loadings, independently
for rectangular sections, where
of all other Design and Service Loadings. In addition,
when the special stress limits of NG-3227 are applicable
n p 2 or PB ≤ √K 2 SE (SE − Pm ) for Level D Limits, the calculated stresses shall not
exceed twice the stress limits given in NG-3227 as
where K is the Section Factor for n p 1 as determined applied for Level A and Level B Service Limits.
by the method of A-9000.
(e) Prototype or Model Tests. For Service Loadings
NG-3227 Special Stress Limits
for which Level C Limits are designated, the limits of
(a) above need not be satisfied if it can be shown The following deviations from the basic stress limits
from the test of a prototype or model that the specified are provided to cover special Service Loadings or
loads (dynamic or static equivalent) do not exceed 60% configurations. Some of these deviations are more re-
of Le, where Le is the ultimate load or the maximum strictive and some are less restrictive than the basic
load or load combination used in the test. In using stress limits. Rules governing application of these special
this method, account shall be taken of the size effect stress limits for Level C and Level D Service Limit
and dimensional tolerances which exist between the applications are contained in NG-3224.3 and NG-3225,

57
 NG-3227 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3227.5

respectively. In cases of conflict between these require- concentration at the periphery of a solid circular section
ments and the basic stress limits, the rules of NG- in torsion, shall be limited to 0.8Sm. Primary plus
3227 take precedence for the particular situations to secondary and peak shear stresses shall be converted
which they apply. NG-3227 does not apply to threaded to stress intensities (equal to two times pure shear
structural fasteners (NG-3230). stress) and as such shall not exceed the basic stress
limits of NG-3222.2 and NG-3222.4(b).
98 NG-3227.1 Bearing Loads
(a) The average bearing stress for resistance to crush- NG-3227.3 Progressive Distortion of Nonintegral
ing under the maximum load, experienced as a result Connections. Screwed on caps, screwed in plugs, shear
of Design Loadings or of Service Loadings for which ring closures, and breechlock closures are examples of
Level A Limits are designated, shall be limited to Sy nonintegral connections which are subject to failure by
at temperature, except that when the distance to a free bell mouthing or other types of progressive deformation.
edge is larger than the distance over which the bearing If any combination of applied loads produces yielding,
load is applied, a stress of 1.5Sy at temperature is such joints are subject to ratcheting because the mating
permitted. For clad surfaces the yield strength of the members may become loose at the end of each complete
base metal may be used if, when calculating the bearing operating cycle and start the next cycle in a new
stress, the bearing area is taken as the lesser of the relationship with each other, with or without manual
actual contact area or the area of the base metal manipulation. Additional distortion may occur in each
supporting the contact surface. cycle so that interlocking parts, such as threads, can
(b) When bearing loads are applied near free edges, eventually lose engagement. Therefore, primary plus
such as at a protruding ledge, the possibility of a shear secondary stress intensities (NG-3222.2) which result
failure shall be considered. In the case of load stress in slippage between the parts of a nonintegral connection
only, the average shear stress shall be limited to 0.6Sm. in which disengagement could occur as a result of
In the case of load stress plus secondary stress, the progressive distortion shall be limited to the value Sy
average shear stress shall not exceed (1) or (2) below: (Table Y-1, Section II, Part D, Subpart 2).
(1) for material to which Tables 2A and 2B,
Section II, Part D, Subpart 1, Note (2) applies, the lower NG-3227.4 Triaxial Stresses. The algebraic sum of
of 0.5Sy at 100°F (38°C) and 0.675 Sy at temperature; the three primary principal stresses (s1 + s2 + s3)
(2) for all other material, 0.5Sy at temperature. shall not exceed four times the tabulated value of Sm.
(c) For clad surfaces, if the configuration or thickness
NG-3227.5 Nozzle Piping Transition. The Pm classi-
is such that a shear failure could occur entirely within
fication of stresses in nozzle resulting from pressure
the clad material, the allowable shear stress for the
difference, external loads, and moments is applicable
cladding shall be determined from the properties of
for that length of nozzle which lies within the limits
the equivalent wrought material. If the configuration
or reinforcement given by NG-3132, whether or not
is such that a shear failure could occur across a path
nozzle reinforcement is provided. Beyond the limits of
that is partially base metal and partially clad material,
reinforcement, a Pm classification shall be applied to
the allowable shear stresses for each material shall be
the general primary membrane stress intensity averaged
used when evaluating the combined resistance to this
across the section (not thickness) resulting from com-
type of failure.
bined pressure difference and external mechanical loads;
(d) When considering bearing stresses in pins and
Pm+Pb classification shall be applied to primary mem-
similar members, the Sy at temperature value is applica-
brane plus primary bending stress intensities that result
ble, except that a value of 1.5Sy may be used if no
from Design Pressure Difference and external mechani-
credit is given to bearing area within one pin diameter
cal loads; and a Pm+Pb+Q classification shall be applied
from a plate edge.
to primary plus secondary stress intensities resulting
NG-3227.2 Pure Shear from all loads including external load or moment attrib-
(a) The average primary shear stress across a section utable to restrained free end displacement of the attached
loaded in pure shear, experienced as a result of Design pipe. Beyond the limits of reinforcement, the 3Sm limit
Loadings or Service Loadings for which Level A Limits on the range of primary plus secondary stress intensity
are designated (for example, keys, shear rings), shall may be exceeded as provided in NG-3228.3 except
be limited to 0.6Sm. that in the evaluation of NG-3228.3(a), stresses from
(b) The maximum primary shear, experienced as a attached pipe thermal expansion loads and moments
result of Design Loadings or Service Loadings for may also be excluded. The range of membrane plus
which Level A Limits are designated exclusive of stress bending stress intensity attributable solely to thermal

58
NG-3227.5 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3228.2

expansion of the attached piping shall be ≤ 3Sm. The not be satisfied at a specific location if, at the location,
nozzle, outside the reinforcement limit, shall not be the procedures of (a) through (c) below are used.
thinner than the larger of the pipe thickness or the (a) In evaluating stresses for comparison with the
quantity tp (Smp /Smn) where tp is the nominal thickness remaining stress limits, the stresses are calculated on
of the mating pipe, Smp is the allowable stress intensity an elastic basis.
value for the pipe material, and Smn is the allowable (b) In lieu of satisfying the specific requirements of
stress intensity value for the nozzle material. NG-3222.2, NG-3222.5, and NG-3227.3 at a specific
location, the structural action is calculated on a plastic
NG-3227.6 Applications of Elastic Analysis for basis, and the design shall be considered to be acceptable
Stresses Beyond the Yield Strength. Certain of the if shakedown occurs (as opposed to continuing deforma-
allowable stresses permitted in the design criteria are tion) and if the deformations which occur prior to
such that the maximum stress calculated on an elastic shakedown do not exceed specified limits. However,
basis may exceed the yield strength of the material. this shakedown requirement need not be satisfied pro-
The limit on primary plus secondary stress intensity vided the following conditions are met.
of 3Sm (NG-3222.2) has been placed at a level which (1) The requirements on primary plus secondary
assures shakedown to elastic action after a few repeti- stress intensity (NG-3222.2), thermal stress ratchet in
tions of the stress cycle except in regions containing shell (NG-3222.5), and progressive distortion of non-
significant local structural discontinuities or local ther- integral connections (NG-3227.3) need not be satisfied
mal stresses. These last two factors are considered only at a specific location, provided that at the location the
in the performance of a fatigue evaluation. Therefore: evaluation of stresses for comparison with all the other
(a) in evaluating stresses for comparison with the design, service, testing, and special limits specified in
stress limits on other than fatigue allowables, stresses NG-3220 is calculated on an elastic basis.
shall be calculated on an elastic basis; (2) The maximum accumulated strain at any point,
(b) in evaluating stresses for comparison with fatigue as a result of cyclic operations to which plastic analysis
allowables, all stresses except those which result from is applied, does not exceed 5.0%.
local thermal stresses [(NG-3213.12(b)] shall be evalu- (3) The maximum deformations do not exceed
ated on an elastic basis. In evaluating local thermal specified limits.
stresses, the elastic equations shall be used except that (4) In evaluating stresses for comparison with fa-
the numerical value substituted for Poisson’s ratio shall tigue allowables, the numerically maximum principal
be determined from the expression: total strain range shall be multiplied by one-half the
modulus of elasticity of the material (Table TM, Section
Sy II, Part D, Subpart 2) at the mean value of temperature
v p 0.5 − 0.2 but not less than 0.3
Sa of the cycle.
(5) The material shall have a minimum specified
yield strength to specified minimum ultimate strength
where ratio of less than 0.80.
Sy p the yield strength of the material at the mean (c) In evaluating stresses for comparison with fatigue
value of the temperature of the cycle allowables, the numerically maximum principal total
Sa p the value obtained from the applicable design strain range which occurs after shakedown shall be
fatigue curve (Figs. I-9.0) for the specified num- multiplied by one-half of the modulus of elasticity of
ber of cycles of the condition being considered the material (Table TM, Section II, Part D, Subpart
2) at the mean value of the temperature of the cycle.

NG-3228 Applications of Plastic Analysis NG-3228.2 Limit Analysis. The limits on primary
The following subparagraphs provide guidance in the membrane stress intensity (NG-3221.1) and primary
application of plastic analysis and some relaxation of membrane plus primary bending stress intensity (NG-
the basic stress limits which are allowed if plastic 3221.2) need not be satisfied at a specific location if
analysis is used. it can be shown by means of limit analysis or by tests
that the specified loadings do not exceed two-thirds of
NG-3228.1 Plastic Analysis. The limits on primary the lower bound collapse load, except for those materials
plus secondary stress intensity (NG-3222.2), thermal of Tables 2A and 2B, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1
stress ratchet in shell (NG-3222.5), and progressive to which Note (2) of that table is applicable. For these
distortion of nonintegral connections (NG-3227.3) need latter materials, the specified loading shall not exceed

59
NG-3228.2 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3232

the product of the applicable permanent strain limiting dimensional tolerances which may exist between the
factor of Table Y-2, Section II, Part D, Subpart 2 times actual part and test part or parts, as well as differences
the lower bound collapse load. which may exist in the ultimate strength or other
governing material properties of the actual part and
NG-3228.3 Simplified Elastic–Plastic Analysis. The
the tested parts to assure that the loads obtained from
3Sm limit on the range of primary plus secondary stress
the test are a conservative representation of the load-
intensity (NG-3222.2) may be exceeded, provided that
carrying capability of the actual structure under the
the requirements of (a) through (f) below are met.
postulated Service Loading.
(a) The range of primary plus secondary membrane
plus bending stress intensity, excluding thermal bending
stresses, shall be ≤ 3Sm. NG-3229 Design Stress Values
(b) The value of Sa used for entering the design
The design stress intensity values Sm are given in
fatigue curve is multiplied by the factor Ke where:
Tables 2A and 2B, Section II, Part D, Subpart 1 for
core support structure material. Values for intermediate
Ke p 1.0 for Sn ≤ 3Sm
temperatures may be found by interpolation. These

1 2
form the basis for the various stress limits. Values of
(1 − n) Sn
p 1.0 + − 1 for yield strength are given in Table Y-1, Section II, Part
n(m − 1) 3Sm
D, Subpart 2. Values of the coefficient of thermal
expansion are in Table TE, Section II, Part D, Subpart
3Sm < Sn < 3m Sm 2, and values of the modulus of elasticity are in Table
TM, Section II, Part D, Subpart 2. The basis for
p 1 / n for Sn ≥ 3m Sm establishing stress values is given in Appendix III. The
design fatigue curves used in conjunction with NG-
Sn p range of primary plus secondary stress intensity 3222.4 are those of Figs. I-9.0.
The values of the material parameters m and n for the
various classes of permitted materials are as follows:
NG-3230 STRESS LIMITS FOR THREADED
m n Tmax, °F
STRUCTURAL FASTENERS
Low alloy steel 2.0 0.2 700
Martensitic stainless steel 2.0 0.2 700 NG-3231 Design Conditions
Carbon steel 3.0 0.2 700
Austenitic stainless steel 1.7 0.3 800 (a) The rules of this paragraph apply to mechanical
Nickel–chromium–iron 1.7 0.3 800 connections joining parts in core support structures
Nickel–copper 1.7 0.3 800 located within a pressure retaining boundary. Devices
which are used to assemble structural elements of core
(c) The rest of the fatigue evaluation stays the same
support structures are referred to as threaded structural
as required in NG-3222.4, except that the procedure
fasteners. The design stress intensity values Sm and
of NG-3227.6 need not be used.
yield strength values Sy for threaded structural fasteners
(d) The structure meets the thermal ratcheting require-
shall be the values given in Tables 2A and 2B, Section
ment of NG-3222.5.
II, Part D, Subpart 1 and in Table Y-1, Section II,
(e) The temperature does not exceed those listed in
Part D, Subpart 2, respectively.
the above table for the various classes of materials.
(b) The special stress limits of NG-3227 do not
(f) The material shall have a specified minimum
apply to threaded structural fasteners. For connections
yield strength to specified minimum tensile strength
joining parts of pressure retaining boundaries see
ratio of less than 0.80.
NB-3230.
NG-3228.4 Tests for Level A and Level B Service
Limits. For Level A and Level B Service Limits, the
NG-3232 Level A Service Limits
limits on primary membrane plus primary bending need
not be satisfied in a structure if it can be shown from The number and cross-sectional area of threaded
the test of a prototype or model that the specified loads structural fasteners shall be such that the stress intensity
(dynamic or static equivalent) do not exceed 44% of limits of this paragraph are satisfied for the Service
Lu, where Lu is the ultimate load or the maximum load Loadings for which Level A Limits are designated in
or load combination used in the test. In using this the Design Specifications. The stress intensity limits
method, account shall be taken of the size effect and are summarized in Fig. NG-3232-1. Any deformation

60
61
ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN

FIG. NG-3232-1 STRESS INTENSITY LIMITS FOR DESIGN OF THREADED STRUCTURAL FASTENERS
Fig. NG-3232-1
NG-3232 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG NG-3234

limit prescribed in the Design Specifications shall be of material which has specified minimum tensile strength
considered. The total axial load transferred through the of less than 100.0 ksi (689 MPa) shall be evaluated
fastener threads shall not go to or through zero during for cyclic service by the methods of NG-3222.4(e),
the specified Service Loadings. using the applicable design fatigue curves of Figs. I-
9.0 and an appropriate fatigue strength reduction factor
NG-3232.1 Average Stress. Elastic analysis of speci- [NG-3232.3(c)].
fied conditions shall show that the average primary (b) High Strength Threaded Structural Fasteners.
plus secondary membrane stress including stress from High strength fasteners may be evaluated for cyclic
preload meets the requirements of (a) through (f) below. service by the methods of NG-3222.4(e) using the
(a) The maximum value of the membrane stress applicable design fatigue curve of Figs. I-9.0, provided:
intensity averaged across either the area of the fastener (1) the maximum value of primary and secondary
shank or the tensile stress area of the threads shall be stresses, including preload, at the periphery of the
no greater than the lesser of either 0.9Sy or 2⁄3Su, where fastener cross section (resulting from direct tension plus
Sy and Su are determined at service temperature. bending and neglecting stress concentrations) shall not
(b) The average shear stress across the threads when exceed 0.9Sy, where Sy is determined at service temper-
loaded in pure shear shall be no greater than 0.6Sy, ature;
where Sy is determined at service temperature. (2) threads shall have a minimum thread root
(c) The average value of bearing stress under the radius no smaller than 0.003 in. (0.076 mm);
fastener head shall be no greater than 2.7Sy, where Sy (3) fillet radii at the end of the shank shall be
is determined at service temperature. such that the ratio of fillet radius to shank diameter
(d) The primary membrane stress intensity Pm due is not less than 0.060.
only to Design Mechanical Loads applied to the fastener (c) Fatigue Strength Reduction Factor (NG-3213.16).
shall be no greater than Sm, where Sm is determined Unless it can be shown by analysis or tests that a
at service temperature. lower value is appropriate, the fatigue strength reduction
(e) If a tight joint is required, the stress due to factor used in the fatigue evaluation of threaded mem-
preload shall be greater than that due to primary and bers shall not be less than 4.0. However, when applying
secondary membrane stress excluding preload. the rules of (b) above for high strength fasteners, the
(f) The primary shear stress across the threads when value used shall not be less than 4.0.
loaded in pure shear due only to Design Mechanical (d) Effect of Elastic Modulus. Multiply Salt (NG-
Loads applied to the fastener shall be no greater than 3216.1 or NG-3216.2) by the ratio of the modulus of
0.6Sm, where Sm is determined at service temperature. elasticity given on the design fatigue curve to the value
NG-3232.2 Maximum Stress of the modulus of elasticity used in the analysis. Enter
(a) The maximum primary membrane and bending the applicable design fatigue curve at this value on
plus secondary membrane and bending stress intensities, the ordinate axis and find the corresponding number
produced by the combination of all primary loads of cycles on the abscissa. If the service cycle being
and secondary loads but excluding effects of stress considered is the only one which produces significant
concentrations, shall be no greater than 1.33 times the fluctuating stresses, this is the allowable number of
limits of NG-3232.1(a). cycles.
(b) For torquing during installation of fasteners, the (e) Cumulative Damage. The fasteners shall be ac-
maximum value of membrane stress intensity shall be ceptable for the specified cyclic application of loads
no greater than 1.2 times the limits of NG-3232.1(a) and thermal stress provided the cumulative usage factor
and the maximum value of membrane plus bending U as determined in NG-3222.4(e)(5) does not ex-
stress intensity shall be no greater than 1.2 times the ceed 1.0.
limits of NG-3232.2(a) at installation temperature.
NG-3233 Level B Service Limits
NG-3232.3 Fatigue Analysis of Threaded Struc-
tural Fasteners. Unless threaded structural fasteners Level A Service Limits (NG-3232) apply.
meet the conditions of NG-3222.4(d) and thus require
no fatigue analysis, the suitability of threaded structural
NG-3234 Level C Service Limits for Threaded
fasteners for cyclic service shall be determined in
Structural Fasteners
accordance with the procedures of (a) through (e) below.
(a) Threaded Structural Fasteners Having Less Than The number and cross-sectional area of threaded
100.0 ksi (689 MPa) Tensile Strength. Fasteners made structural fasteners shall be such that the requirements

62
NG-3234 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3351.5

of NG-3224 are satisfied for the Service Loadings for

which Level C Limits are designated in the Design
Specifications. For high strength structural fasteners (Su
>100.0 ksi) (689 MPa), the limits of NG-3232 also
apply for these Service Loadings. Any deformation
limit prescribed in the Design Specifications shall be
considered.

NG-3235 Level D Service Limits for Threaded

Structural Fasteners
The number and cross-sectional area of threaded
structural fasteners shall be such that the requirements
of NG-3225 are satisfied for the Service Loadings for
which Level D Limits are designated [NCA-2142.2(d)]
in the Design Specifications. Any deformation limit
prescribed in the Design Specifications shall be con-
sidered.

NG-3300 CORE SUPPORT STRUCTURE

DESIGN
NG-3310 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
NG-3311 Acceptability
The requirements for acceptability of a core support
structure design are given in (a) through (c) below.
(a) The design shall be such that the requirements
of NG-3100 and NG-3200 are satisfied.
(b) The requirements of NG-3300 are satisfied. In
case of conflict between NG-3200 and NG-3300, the
requirements of NG-3300 shall govern.
(c) The requirements of this Subarticle apply to
internal structures, NG-1122, only as specifically stipu-
Fig. NG-3351(a)-1 1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG

FIG. NG-3351(a)-1 TYPICAL LOCATIONS OF JOINTS OF SEVERAL CATEGORIES

64
 Table NG-3352-1

TABLE NG-3352-1
PERMISSIBLE WELDED JOINTS AND DESIGN FACTORS

Quality Factor and Fatigue Factor1

Root and
Permissible RT or UT2 Progressive Final PT Surface Surface
for Category and PT or MT PT or MT or MT PT or MT Visual
Type of Shown Examination Examination Examination Examination Examination
Welded Joint Below NG-5220 NG-5231 NG-5232 NG-5233 NG-5260
I. Full penetration A,B,C,D,E n p 1.0 f p 1 n p 0.9 f p 1 n p 0.75 f p 1 n p 0.65 f p 1 n p 0.5 f p 1
II. Full penetration A,B,C,D,E n p 1.0 f p 2 n p 0.9 f p 2 n p 0.75 f p 2 n p 0.65 f p 2 n p 0.5 f p 2

66
III. Full penetration C,D,E n p 1.0 f p 1 n p 0.9 f p 13 n p0.75 f p 13 n p 0.65 f p 13 n p 0.5 f p 13
IV. Double groove (RT not applicable) A,B,C n p 0.5 f p 4 n p 0.45 f p 4 n p 0.4 f p 4 n p 0.35 f p 4 n p 0.25 f p 4
D,E n p 0.9 f p 4 n p 0.8 f p 4 n p 0.7 f p 4 n p 0.6 f p 4 n p 0.4 f p 4
V. Double fillet (RT not applicable) B,C n p 0.5 f p 4 n p 0.45 f p 4 n p 0.4 f p 4 n p 0.35 f p 4 n p 0.25 f p 4
D,E n p 0.9 f p 4 n p 0.8 f p 4 n p 0.7 f p 4 n p 0.6 f p 4 n p 0.4 f p 4
VI. Single groove (RT not applicable) D,E n p 0.6 f p 4 n p 0.55 f p 4 n p 0.45 f p 4 n p 0.4 f p 4 n p 0.35 f p 4
VII. Single fillet (RT not applicable) D,E n p 0.6 f p 4 n p 0.55 f p 4 n p 0.45 f p 4 n p 0.4 f p 4 n p 0.35 f p 4
1998 SECTION III, DIVISION 1 — NG

VIII. Intermittent fillet or plug E Not applicable n p 0.45 f p 4 n p 0.4 f p 4 n p 0.35 f p 4 n p 0.3 f p 4
NOTES:
(1) See NG-3352 for definitions.
(2) Electroslag butt welds shall be examined by radiography. Electroslag welds in ferritic material shall also be examined for their full length by the ultrasonic method after a grain refining
heat treatment, when performed, or after a postweld heat treatment.
(3) A minimum fatigue strength reduction factor of 1.0 is permitted when both sides of weld are examined; otherwise a factor of 2.0 must be used in analysis for cyclic operation.
 NG-3352 ARTICLE NG-3000 — DESIGN NG-3352.9

98 NG-3352 Permissible Types of Welded Joints NG-3352.4 Type IV Joints. Partial penetration welds
of double groove design (minimum depth of each
Subject to the limitations given in NG-3351, core
groove equals one-eighth times the thickness of the
support structures may use any of the types of joints
thinnest element) meet the intent of this subparagraph
described in the following subparagraphs, providing the
when the area of the connection is determined by the
quality factor n and fatigue factor f used in the analysis
product of the throat thickness times the length of
meet the requirements of Table NG-3352-1 for the
welds.
method of examination employed. The quality factor
is used by multiplying the allowable stress limit for NG-3352.5 Type V Joints. Double fillet welds meet
primary and secondary categories times the quality the intent of this subparagraph when the area of the
factor in evaluating the design. The use of weld quality connection is determined by the product of the theoreti-
factor n is for static, not fatigue applications. In per- cal throat thickness times the length of the welds (Fig.
forming a fatigue analysis, use the fatigue factor f, NG-4427-1). Joints made having one side a single fillet
designated in Table NG-3352-1, and the applicable and the other side a single groove meet the intent of
fatigue curve in Tables I-9.0. this subparagraph.
NG-3352.1 Type I Joints. Full penetration welds NG-3352.6 Type VI Joints. Partial penetration welds
between plates or other elements that lie approximately of single groove design meet the intent of this subpara-
in the same plane or have an offset angle not greater graph when the area of the connection is determined
than 30 deg. meet the intent of this subparagraph when as the product of the weld throat thickness times the
made either as double welded butt joints, or with length of weld.
consumable inserts or gas backup, or with metal backing
strips that are later removed, provided the backface of NG-3352.7 Type VII Joints. Single fillet welds meet
such joints meets the requirements of NG-4424. the intent of this subparagraph when the area of the
connection is determined as the product of the theoretical
NG-3352.2 Type II Joints. Full penetration welds throat thickness of the fillet welds times the length of
between plates or other elements meet the intent of weld (Fig. NG-4427-1).
this subparagraph when made either according to NG-
3352.1 or with edges of the joint prepared with opposing NG-3352.8 Type VIII Joints. Intermittent fillet or
lips to form an integral backing strip, or with metal plug welds meet the intent of this subparagraph when
backing strips which are not later removed, except that the area of the intermittent fillet weld connection is
the suitability for cyclic operation shall be analyzed determined as the product of the theoretical throat
by the method of NG-3222.4 (when used, backing thickness times the sum of weld lengths and the area
strips shall be continuous and any splices shall be full of plug weld connection is determined as the product
penetration welded). of the number of plug welds times the area of the
minimum cross section.
NG-3352.3 Type III Joints. Full penetration welds
between plates or other elements that may have an NG-3352.9 Limitations on Types of Joints. The
offset angle up to 90 deg. meet the intent of this type of joint used for service shall be one of those
subparagraph when either made according to NG-3352.2 permitted for the Category of the joint (NG-3351).
or are corner welds. Attachment of connections using Reduced quality factors must be used for certain types
deposited weld metal as reinforcement and oblique of joints when used in Categories A, B, and C (Table
connections meet the intent of this subparagraph. NG-3352-1).

67