Power System Analysis and Design

Transmission Line Parameters

Four Line Parameters
 Series Line Parameters
 Resistance
 Inductance (the most dominant line parameters in power system)

 Shunt Line Parameters

 Capacitance
 Conductance (due to leakage over line insulators-usually neglected)
Conductor Materials
 Stranding of conductors
 Alternate layers of wire of a stranded conductor are
spiraled in opposite directions to prevent unwinding
and make the outer radius of one layer coincide with
the inner radius of the next.
 Stranding Provides flexibility for a large cross sectional area
Conductor Materials
 Aluminum (Al) is preferred over (Cu) as a material for
transmission and distribution due to:
 Lower cost
 Lighter weight
 Larger diameter for same resistance (less tendency of corona)

 Copper is preferred over aluminum as a material for

distribution lines due to lower resistance to reduce system
losses.
Conductor Materials
 Stranding of conductors
 The number of strands depends on the number of layers and on
whether all the strands are of the same diameter
 The total number of strands (N) in concentrically stranded
cables with total annular space filled with strands of uniform
diameter is:
 N=3x^2-3x+1 ; where x is the number of layers (central strand as 1st
layer)
 The over-all diameter of a stranded conductor is:
 D=(2x-1)d ; where d is the uniform diameter of each strand
Types of Conductor (Overhead)
 AAC-All aluminum Conductors
 AAAC- All aluminum Alloy Conductors
 ACSR- Aluminum Conductor, Steel-Reinforced
 Expanded ACSR – has filler such as paper to separate the inner
steel from outer aluminum strand (usually used in EHV lines)
 ACAR- Aluminum Conductor, Alloy Reinforced
Types of Cable (Underground)
 Cables for underground are usually made with stranded
copper rather than aluminum.

 Oil impregnated paper – upto 46kV

 Low pressure oil filled cable – 46 to 345kV
 High pressure pipe type cables – 69 to 550kV (underground
transmission)
 Gas insulated cables – 138kV

 Underground lines cost at least eight (8) times as much as overhead

lines and 20 times as much at higher voltage.
Resistance
Resistance
 It is the main source of power loss in the transmission system
 Effective resistance of a conductor is:
average _ powerloss _ in _ watts
Re ff 
Irms^ 2
 Effective resistance is equal to DC resistance (only at uniform current distribution
in the conductor)
 DC resistance is:

l
Ro 
A
  resistivity
l  length
A  cross  sec tional _ area
 DC resistance of stranded conductor is greater than of the value
computed using the eqn above because of spiraling of strands.
 Resistance
 Sometimes conductor area express in Circular Mil
 1000mil = 1inch
 Area in circular mill:
Acm=d^2 ; where d is express in terms of mills

 Resistivity of conductors:
 At 20 degree Celsius hard drawn copper (1.77x10^-8 ohm meter)
 At 20 degree Celsius aluminum (2.83x10^-8 ohm meter)
 Resistance
 The variation of resistance of metallic conductors with
temperature is practically linear over the normal range of
operation.
R2 T  t 2

R1 T  t1
 Where R1 and R2 are the resistances of the conductor at
temperatures t1 and t2 respectively in degree Celsius and T is a
constant .
 Values of T:
 Annealed copper of 100% conductivity – 234.5
 Hard drawn copper of 97.3% conductivity – 241
 Hard drawn aluminum of 61% conductivity –228
Resistance
 Uniform distribution of current throughout the cross section
of a conductor only exist for direct current.
 As the frequency of alternating current increases, the non-
uniformity of distribution becomes more pronounced.
 This phenomenon is called Skin Effect
Resistance
 Example:
 A conductor has DC resistance of 0.01558 ohm per 1000 feet at
20 degree Celsius and an AC resistance of 0.0956 ohm/mi at 50
degree Celsius. Find the ratio of ac to Dc resistance?

 Solution:
R2 228  50
  0.01746 _ per _ 1000 ft
0.01558 228  20
R 0.0956
  1.037
Ro 0.01746 x5.280
 Skin effect causes a 3.7% increase in resistance
Inductance
 Inductance
 Voltage induced in a circuit is given by:
d
eN
dt
d di d
e ; where L
di dt di
di
eL
dt
 In linear magnetic circuit flux linkage will vary linearly with current thus inductance is
constant
 d d
L ;   Li e  ( LI )
i dt dt
 Converting from time domain to frequency domain
In _ RMS
  LI V  jwLI  I * Xl
Mutual Inductance between two
circuits
 Defined as the flux linkages of one circuit due to current in
another circuit.

 We have before
1
L1 
I1
 If we get the mutual inductance due to
current I2 from circuit 2 mutual
 The voltage drop would be
inductance would be

12 V 12  jw12
M 12 
I2 V 12  jwM 12I 2
Flux Linkage of an Isolated Current
Carrying Conductor
 Consider an isolated long current carrying conductor with
return path lying at infinity (distance away)

 Flux can be divided into:

 Flux internal to the conductor
 Flux external to the conductor
Internal Flux of a conductor
 Amperes law:
 The magnetomotive force (mmf) in ampere turns around any
closed path is equal to the current in amperes enclosed by the
path.
mmf   H .ds  NI
* Consider the section of Radius x

 H .ds  NI
x x

By symmetry Hx is constant and in the

direction of ds along the circular
path.

2xHx  Ix
Internal Flux of a conductor
Assuming a uniform current density (J)
* We could say that the current flowing at the section with radius x is
proportional to the current flowing in a section with radius r
Ix I

Ax A
Ix x ^ 2

I r ^ 2
Substitute Ix from Hx:
x^2 x
Hx  I Hx  I
2xr ^ 2 2r ^ 2
Internal Flux of a conductor
Flux Density from the center:
x
Bx  xHx; Hx  I
2r ^ 2
x
Bx  I
2r ^ 2
Consider an infinitesimal tubular element of thickness dx and
length 1 meter, the flux in the tubular element is:
  BA
xI
d  B(dx *1) d  dx
2r ^ 2
d  Bdx
 Internal Flux of a conductor
The flux linkages per meter of length which are caused by the
flux in the tubular element, are the product of the flux per
meter of length and the fraction of current linked.
Ilink Ix x ^ 2
d  Nd ; N   
I I r ^2
x^2
d  d d 
uxI
dx
r ^2 2r ^ 2
uI
To get the internal inductance  int  ; u  ur * u 0; u 0  4x10^ 7
8
perform integration from
I
center (0) to outer surface  int  x10^ 7;   LI
of conductor (r). 2
1
L  x10^ 7 H / m
2
 External Inductance
 Magnetic field intensity at distance x is:

I
Hx 
2x
uI
Bx  uHx 
2x

 Consider differential thickness of dx:

A  dx *1
  BA
uI
d  Bdx  dx
2x
 External Inductance
 Flux external of the conductor links all the current in
the conductor:
Ilink
Ilink  I ; 1
I
uI
d 12  1d ; d  dx; considerin g _ pts _ 1 & 2
2x
 Considering flux linkage between points 1 and 2
perform integration between D1 and D2
uI D 2
 12  ln
2 D1
D2
Lext  2 x10^ 7 ln
D1
 Total inductance of the circuit due to current in conductor 1
LT 1  L int Lext
D
LT 1  2 x10^ 7 ln
r1'
Inductance of Single Phase 2-Wire Line
 For single phase I1+I2=0; I1=-I2

 Assumptions:
 Effect of earths presence on magnetic field geometry is
insignificant
 Electrical conductivity of earth is relatively small
 Inductance of conductor due to current in conductor 1 only
D
L1  2 x10^ 7 ln
r1'
 Inductance of conductor due to current in conductor 2 only
D
L 2  2 x10^ 7 ln
r 2'
D
 Total is: Lt=L1+L2 LT  4 x10^ 7 ln
r'
Example
 Find the inductive reactance per mile of a single phase line
operating at 60Hz. The conductor is partridge, and spacing is
20 ft between centers?
 Ds=0.0217 ft
 Sol’n:
 L=4x10^-7 ln(D/r’)
 X=2*pi*f*L
Inductance of Composite Conductor
 Composite conductor
 Stranded conductors
 Composed of two or more elements or strands electrically in
parallel
 Assumptions:
 Only for case where the strands are identical and share the
current equally

Dm
L  2 x10^ 7 ln
Ds
Dm  geometric _ mean _ dis tan ce
Ds  geometric _ mean _ radius
Example
 Find the GMR of each of the unconventional conductors shown
in terms of radius r of an individual strands.
Inductance of Composite Conductor
 Example:
 One circuit of a single-phase transmission
line is composed of three solid O.25-cm-
radius wires. The return circuit is composed
of two O.5-cm-radius wires. T h e
arrangement of conductors is shown. Find
the inductance due to the current in each
side of the line and the inductance of the
complete line in henrys per meter
Inductance of Composite Conductor

 Step 1: Find the GMD between X and Y

 Step 2: Find GMR for Side X
 Step 3: Find GMR for Side Y
 Step 4: Compute for inductance at side X
and Y
Inductance of Composite Conductor
 GMD between X and Y

Dm  6 DadDaeDbdDbeDcdDce
 GMR at X

Ds  9 DaaDabDacDbaDbbDbcDcaDcbDcc
 GMR at Y

Ds  4 DddDdeDedDee
 The Used of Tables
Dm
XL  4fx10^ 7 ln
Ds
exp anding _ the _ terms
1
XL  4fx10^ 7 ln  4fx10^ 7 ln Dm
Ds
 The first term is called the “inductive reactance at 1 ft spacing,Xa”
 The second term is called the “inductive reactance spacing factor,
Xd”
 The Used of Tables
 Example: Find the inductive reactance per mile of a
single phase line operating at 60Hz. The conductor is
partridge, and spacing is 20 ft between centers?

 From table Xa=0.465 and Xd=0.3635 ohm per mile
 Xl=0.465+0.3635= 0.8285 ohms per mi

 Verify using the actual computation…..

Inductance of 3 Phase Line (Equilateral
Spacing)
 If balance: Ia+Ib+Ic=0
 Ia=-(Ib-Ic)
1 1 1
a  2 x10^ 7( Ia ln  Ib ln  Ic ln
Ds Dab Dac
1 1
 2 x10^ 7( Ia ln  ( Ib  Ic ) ln )
Ds D
1 1
 2 x10^ 7( Ia ln  Ia ln )
Ds D
D
a  2 x10^ 7( Ia ln )
Ds
D
La  2 x10^ 7 ln  Lb  L c
Ds
Inductance of 3 Phase Line
(Unsymmetrical Spacing Spacing)
Inductance of 3 Phase Line
(Unsymmetrical Spacing Spacing)
 When conductors of 3 phase lines are not spaced
equilaterally the problem of finding inductance becomes
difficult.
 Balance of the three phases can be restored by exchanging the
positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line
(Transposition)
Inductance of 3 Phase Line
(Unsymmetrical Spacing )
 To find the average inductance of one conductor of a
transposed line, we first determine the flux linkages of a
conductor for each position it occupies in the transposition
cycle and then determine the average flux linkages

a1  a 2  a 3
a 
3
 Inductance of 3 Phase Line
(Unsymmetrical Spacing )
 Conductor a at position 1
1 1 1
a1  2 x10^ 7( Ia ln  Ib ln  Ic ln ) wbt / m
Ds D12 D31
 Conductor a at position 2
1 1 1
a 2  2 x10^ 7( Ia ln  Ib ln  Ic ln ) wbt / m
Ds D 23 D12
 Conductor a at position 3
1 1 1
a 3  2 x10^ 7( Ia ln  Ib ln  Ic ln ) wbt / m
Ds D31 D 23
Inductance of 3 Phase Line
(Unsymmetrical Spacing )
 Average value of flux linkages

3
D12D 23D31
a  2 x10^ 7 Ia ln wbt / m
Ds
 Average inductance
Dm
La  2 x10^ 7 ln H /m
Ds

Dm  3 D12D23D31
Example
 A 5 kilometer long, 3 phase line has horizontal configuration
of 4ft spacing. The conductor is 336.4MCM ACSR with GMR
of 0.0244 ft and a resistance of 0.306 ohm per mile. What is
the impedance?
 Bundled Conductors
 Advantages:
 Reduce Reactance
 Reduce Corona Effect
 For two strand

Dsb  Dsxd
 For three strand

Dsb  3 Dsx(d ^2)

 For four strand

Dsb  1.094 Dsx(d ^3)

Example
 Each conductor of the bundled-conductor line shown is
ACSR, 1,272,OOO-cmil Pheasant . Find the Inductive
reactance in ohms per kilometer per phase for d = 45 c m .
Also, find the per- unit series reactance of the line if its
length is 160 km and the base is 1 00 MYA, 345 kV.
Example

 Sol’n:

Dsb  Dsxd

Deq  3 DabDacDbc
Deq
L  2 x10^ 7 ln
Dsb
XL  2fL
Parallel-Circuit Three Phase Lines
Parallel-Circuit Three Phase Lines
 Parallel-Circuit Three Phase Lines

Dm
La  2 x10^ 7 ln H /m
Ds
 WOW
 “Do not forsake wisdom, and she will protect you; love her, and she
will watch over you.
 Wisdom is supreme; therefore get [Link] it cost all you have,
get understanding.
 Esteem her, and she will exalt you; embrace her, and she will honor
you.”
Proverbs 4: 6-8
Assignment
 A three phase double circuit line has a horizontal spacing of
40ft and a vertical spacing between adjacent levels of 25 ft.
Determine the mutual GMD of the line?