1. Recall some rules you have to follow in school and community.

What rules do
you find constricting? Explain why people have to follow rules.
-Give respect to others and don’t do bullying. Because bullying is a big problem. It can
make a person feel hurt, scared, sick, lonely, embarrassed and sad. A bully might say
mean things about someone, or leave a person kick out of the group on purpose. But
some of the bullies are looking only for attention. Bullying bothers everyone and not just
the person who are getting picked on. It can make school and community a place of fear
and can lead to violence and more stress for everyone.
2. Differentiate between moral and non-moral standards. Cite two to three
differences between moral and non-moral standards.
MORAL STANDARDS
-are norms that individuals or groups have about the kinds of action believed to be
morally right or wrong.
-are normally promote the good,that is, the welfare and well being of human as animals
and the environment.
-are not established or changed by the decisions of authoritative individuals or bodies.
-Moral standards says “Do not harm innocent people”.
NON-MORAL STANDARDS
-Refer to standards by which we judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in non-
moral way.
-are matters of taste or preference.
-Non-moral standard says “Don’t text while driving”.

3. When do you say something is a moral experience?

-I encounter moral experience when my parents using some words of wisdom as a way
of correcting our disobedience. They taught me to become responsible, honest and
sharing people. By following their parents guidance, teachings and rules this give me
the chance to grow up as a well behaved and respectful individual

4. What are moral dilemmas? Give some examples.

Moral dilemma is a conflict in which you have to choose between two or more
actions and have moral reasons for choosing each action.
Examples:
The Mad Bomber
- A mad man who has threatened to explode several bombs in crowded areas has been
apprehended. Unfortunately, he has already planted the bombs and they are scheduled
to go off in a short time. It is possible that hundreds of people may die. The authorities
cannot make him divulge the location of the bombs by conventional methods. He
refuses to say anything and requests a lawyer to protect his fifth amendment right
against self incrimination. In exasperation, some high level official suggests torture. This
would be illegal? Of course, but the official thinks that it is nevertheless the right thing to
do in this desperate situation. Do you agree? if you do, would it also be morally
justifiable to torture the mad bomber’s innocent wife if that is the only way to make him
talk? Why?
The Pregnant Woman
-A pregnant woman leading a group of people out of a cave on a coast is stuck in the
mouth of that cave. In a short time high tide will be upon them, and unless she is
unstuck, they will all be drowned except the woman, whose head is out of the cave.
Fortunately someone has with him a stick of dynamite. There seems no way to get the
pregnant women loose without using the dynamite which will inevitably kill her; but if
they do not use it everyone will drown. What should they do?

5. Identify and explain the three levels of moral dilemma.

The three levels of moral dilemma are Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-
conventional.
Levels & Stages:
Level 1: PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL,
-Morality is externally controlled. Rules imposed by the authority figures are conformed
to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards. This perspective involves the idea
that what is right is what one can get away with or what is personally satisfying.
Stage 1: PUNISHMENT/OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION
-Behavior is determined again by consequences. The individual will obey in order to
avoid punishment.
Stage 2: INSTRUMENTAL PURPOSE ORIENTATION
Behavior is determined again by consequences. The individual focuses on receiving
rewards or satisfying personal needs.

Level 2: CONVENTIONAL LEVEL

-Conformity to social rules remains important to the individual. However, the emphasis
shifts from self interest to relationships with other people and social systems .The
individual strives to support rules that are set forth by others such as parents, peers,
and the government in order to win their approval or to maintain social order.
Stage 3: GOOD BOY/NICE GIRL ORIENTATION
-Behavior is determined by social approval. The individual wants to maintain or win the
affection and approval of others by being “a good person.”
Stage 4: LAW AND ORDER ORIENTATION
-Social rules and laws determine behavior. The individual now takes into consideration
a larger perspective, that of societal laws. Moral decision making becomes more than
consideration of close ties to others. The individual believes that rules and laws
maintain social order that is worth preserving.

Level 3: POSTCONVENTIONAL OR PRINCIPLED LEVEL

-The individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society. Morality is
defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and
societies. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individuals.
Stage 5: SOCIAL CONTRACT ORIENTATION
-Individual rights determine behavior. The individual views laws and rules as flexible
tools for improving human purposes. That is, given the right situation, there are
exceptions to rules. When the laws are not consistent with individual rights and the
interests of the majority, it does not bring about good for people and alternatives should
be considered.
Stage 6: UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLE ORIENTATION
-According to Kohlberg, this is the highest stage of functioning. However, he claimed
that some individuals will never reach this level. At this stage, the appropriate action is
determined by one’s self-chosen ethical principles of conscience. These principles are
abstract and universal in application. This type of reasoning invoilves taking the
perspective of every person or group that could potentiqlly be affected by the decisions.

6. Explain why only human beings can be ethical.

-Human beings unlike other animals are able to reflect on and make judgements about
our own and other’s actions, and as a result we are able to make considered moral
choices and have the capacity consciously to change the way we behave and society
as whole.

7. Explain: Freedom is a foundation of ethics.

-The sense of freewill. A multiway power to do anyone of a number of things, leaving it
up to us which one of a range of options by way of action we perform. Freedom is linked
to the right to liberty understood as a right to exercise power, and to liberation as a
desirable goal involving the perfection of that power. A scholastic view to a distinctive
theory of law as constituting, in its primary form of natural law the normative recognition
of human freedom.

8. Discuss the role of reason and impartiality in ethics.

-Reason is a way of knowing that involves different elements as reasoning is a
collective endeavour by which people construct meaning together by exchanging,
modifying and improving their ideas and opinions. When someone makes a claim to
know, it is legitimate to ask for reason. It is the most useful way of knowing something
and thus deciding how to act. This as result makes your reasoning and justification less
subjective and more logically which would more likely lead you to the correct decision
then a decision based of your emotional thoughts. Impartiality must denote a positive
unitary concept-presumably a concept closely linked with, if not identical to, morality.