CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
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FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS
Tests for saturation
Experiment Observation Inference
Bromine test .
Dissolve a part of the given Disappearance of orange red Unsaturated
compound in about 2ml of colour of bromine.
distilled water in a test tube
and add a drop of bromine No disappearance of colour. Saturated
water and shake
Alkaline KMn04 test
(Baeyer's test) Decolourisation of pink Unsaturated
Dissolve a little of the given colour of K.MnO4.
compound in about 2ml of
water in a test tube. Add 1-2 No decolourisation. Saturated
drops of alkaline solution of
KMnO4 (1 %) and shake the
mixture.
Tests for Alcohol (ROH] IR~I
Ester test
Take 1ml of given liquid in a A fruity smell May be alcoholic group.
clean dry test-tube, add 1ml
of glacial acetic acid and 2-3
drops of con.H2SO4. Warm
the mixture on a water bath
for about IO min. Pour it into
l
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about 20ml of cold water
taken in a beaker and small.
Sw:tl
Ceric Ammonium Nitrate
test: Solution turns Pink or red Alcoholic group confirmed.
To 1ml of the given colour..
compound in a clean dry test
tube, add a few drops of eerie
ammonium nitrate reagent
and shake well.
Tests for Phenol [Ar-OH]
Litmus test ·
Place a drop of the given Blue litmus turns red Phenolic group may be
liquid on a blue litmus paper. present.
Ferric chloride test
Take .lml of'neutral ferric Violet colour Presence of phenolic group
chloride solution in a clean confirmed.
test-tube and add 2-3 drops
of the compound.
Tests for Aldehyde [RCHO]
Schiff's Test
Dissolve about 0.5ml of the
given compouµd in alcohol Appearance of pink, red or Aldehydic group confirmed.
in a clean test-tube and add magenta colour.
1ml of Schiff' s reagent.
Shake and note the change in
colour.
Tollen's Test {Silver mirror
test)
Take 1ml of AgN03 solution A brown precipitate is
in a test tube and add 2-3 ml fonned.
of dil. NaOH solution.
2
\
Now add dil NH3 solution I
\
m drops until brown
precipitate dissolves. To this A shining silver mirror is Aldehydic group confirmed.
add 3 - 4 drops of the given obtained
liquid and warm the test tube
on a water bath for about 5
minutes.
Fehling's Test
Take 1ml each of Fehling' s Red precipitate is formed Aldehydic group confi~ed
solution A and B in a test
tube. Add 4 to 5 drops of the
given compound and warm
the test tube in hot water bath
for 4 to 5 minutes.
Tests for Ketone [RCOR')
m - Dinitrobenzene Test
Take 0.5ml of the given
compound in a clean test tube Appearance of violet colour Ketonic group confirmed
and add about 0. 1g of finely which slowly fades.
powdered m- dinitrobenzene.
Now add about 1ml of dil
NaOH solution and shake.
Sodium Nitroprusside Test
Dissolve a crystal of Sodiwn
Nitroprusside in about I ml of A red colouration. Ketonic group confirmed
distilled water _in a clean test
tube and then add 0.5ml of the
given compound. Shake and
add NaOH solution dropwise.
3
Tests for Carboxylic Acid [RCOOHJ [R,loHI
Litmus test
Place n drop of the given Blue litmus turns red Carboxylic acid group may
liquid on a blue litmus paper. be present.
Ester test
Take I ml of given liquid in a
clean dry test-tube, add 1ml A fruity smell Carboxylic acid group may
of glacial acetic acid and 2-3 be present.
drops of con.H 2SO4 • Warm
the mixture on a water bath
for about 10 min. Pour it into
about 20ml of cold water
taken in a beaker and small.
Sodium Bicarbonate Test
To 1ml of the given A brisk effervescence. Carboxylic acid group
compound in a test tube add confirmed.
a pinch of Sodium
bicarbonate.
NOTE
• Tollcn's reagent: Solution of [Silver nitrate (AgNO3) + Ammonia (NH3)]
• Scbiff's reagent: Product of a dye formulation such as fuchsin and sodium bisulfite.
• Fcbling's solution A: Blue aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
crystals.
• Fchling's solution B: (Potassium tartarate + NaOH) in distilled water.
RESULT: The give compound is
(i) Saturated/ Unsaturated
(ii) An alcohol/ a phenol/ a ketone/ an aldehyde/ a carboxylic acid.
