MATH 4033 • Spring 2018 • Calculus on Manifolds

Problem Set #2 • Abstract Manifolds • Due Date: 11/03/2018, 11:59PM

Instructions: “Outsource” all topological issues to MATH 4225. Make fair use of the word “similarly”
to reduce your workload.

1. Suppose Σ is a n-dimensional topological manifold in Rn+1 (where n ≥ 2) equipped with

a family of local parametrizations {Fα : Uα → Σ} covering the whole Σ and satisfying the
following conditions:

1. Each Fα is smooth as a map from Uα to Rn+1

2. Each Fα is a homeomorphism onto its image Fα (Uα ).
3. Regarding ( x1 , . . . , xn+1 ) = Fα (u1 , . . . , un ), the Jacobian matrix

∂ ( x 1 , . . . , x n +1 )
∂ ( u1 , . . . , u n )

at every (u1 , . . . , un ) ∈ Uα has a trivial null-space.

(a) Show that Σ is an n-dimensional smooth manifold.
(b) Show further that Σ is a submanifold of Rn+1 .

2. The complex projective plane CP1 is defined as follows:

CP1 := {[z0 : z1 ] : (z0 , z1 ) 6= (0, 0)}.

Here z0 , z1 are complex numbers, and we declare [z0 : z1 ] = [w0 : w1 ] if and only if
(z0 , z1 ) = λ(w0 , w1 ) for some λ ∈ C\{0}.
(a) Show that CP1 is a smooth manifold of (real) dimension 2.
(b) Show that CP1 and the sphere S2 are diffeomorphic. [Hint: consider stereographic
projections]

3. Consider the following equivalence relation ∼ defined on R2 :

( x, y) ∼ ( x 0 , y0 ) ⇐⇒ ( x 0 , y0 ) = (−1)n x + m, y + n for some integers m and n.

(a) Sketch an edge-identified square to represent the quotient space R2 / ∼.

(b) Consider the two parametrizations of R2 / ∼:

G1 : (0, 1) × (0, 1) → R2 / ∼ G2 : (0, 1) × (0.5, 1.5) → R2 / ∼

( x, y) 7→ [( x, y)] ( x, y) 7→ [( x, y)]

Find the transition map G2−1 ◦ G1 .

(c) Write down a diffeomorphism between R2 / ∼ and the Klein bottle K in R4 described
in Example 2.16.

4. Consider the following subset of R2 × RP1

   
( x1 , x2 ), [y1 : y2 ] ∈ R2 × RP1

M=  x1 y2 = y1 x2


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MATH 4033 Abstract Manifolds Problem Set #2

(a) Show that M is a smooth 2-manifold by considering the following parametrizations:

 
F( u1 , u2 ) = ( u1 u2 , u2 ), [ u1 : 1]
 
G( v1 , v2 ) = ( v1 , v1 v2 ), [1 : v2 ]

(b) Consider the two projection maps π1 : M → R2 and π2 : M → RP1 defined by:
 
π1 ( x1 , x2 ), [ y1 : y2 ] = ( x1 , x2 )
 
π2 ( x1 , x2 ), [ y1 : y2 ] = [ y1 : y2 ]

i. Show that π1−1 ( p) is either a point, or diffeomorphic to RP1 .

ii. Show that π2 is a submersion.
5. The tangent bundle TM of a smooth n-manifold M is the disjoint union of all tangent
spaces of M, i.e.
[
TM := { p} × Tp M = {( p, Vp ) : p ∈ M and Vp ∈ Tp M}.
p∈ M

(a) Show that TM is a smooth 2n-manifold. [Again, skip the topological parts, but show
detail work of the differentiable parts.]
(b) Show that the map π : TM → M defined by π ( p, Vp ) := p is a submersion.
(c) Define the subset Σ0 := {( p, 0 p ) ∈ TM : p ∈ M} where 0 p is the zero vector in Tp M.
This set Σ0 is called the zero section of the tangent bundle. Show that Σ0 is a smooth
n-manifold diffeomorphic to M, and that it is a submanifold of TM.
(d) Now suppose M is just a C k -manifold (where k ≥ 2), then TM is a Cwhat? -manifold?
6. A Lie group G is a smooth manifold such that multiplication and inverse maps
µ : G×G → G ν:G→G
( g, h) 7→ gh g 7 → g −1
are both smooth (C ∞ ) maps. As an example, GL(n, R) is a Lie group since it is an open
subset of Mn×n (R) ∼
2
= Rn , hence it can be globally parametrized using coordinates of
2 2
Rn . The multiplication map is given by products and sums of coordinates in Rn , hence
it is smooth. The inverse map is smooth too by the Cramer’s rule A−1 = det1( A) adj(A) and
that det( A) 6= 0 for any A ∈ GL(n, R).
(a) Recall that T(e,e) ( G × G ) can be identified with Te G ⊕ Te G = {( X, Y ) : X, Y ∈ Te G }.
i. Show that the tangent map of µ at (e, e) is given by:
(µ∗ )(e,e) ( X, Y ) = X + Y.
ii. Show that µ is a submersion at (e, e).
(b) Show that the tangent map of ν at e is given by:
(ν∗ )e ( X ) = − X.
∂f
[Hint for part (a): when taking partial derivative ∂u at (u, v) = (u0 , v0 ), it is OK to
substitute v = v0 first, and then differentiate f (u, v0 ) by u. It is possible to prove (b) using
the result from (a)i and the manifold chain rule in an appropriate way.]

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