clinical practice guidelines Annals of Oncology 24 (Supplement 6): vi99–vi105, 2013

doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt178
Published online 27 June 2013

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC): ESMO Clinical Practice

Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†
M. Früh1, D. De Ruysscher2, S. Popat3, L. Crinò4, S. Peters5 & E. Felip6, on behalf of the ESMO
Guidelines Working Group*

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1
Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, Switzerland; 2Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven/KU Leuven, Belgium; 3Royal
Marsden Hospital, London, UK; 4Department of Oncology, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Sant Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy; 5Département d’Oncologie,
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; 6Medical Oncology Service, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain;

These Clinical Practice Guidelines are endorsed by the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO)

incidence and epidemiology diagnosis and pathology/molecular

An estimated 1.6 million new lung cancers are diagnosed biology
worldwide each year. The highest incidence rates in males are Pathological diagnosis should be made according to the
observed in Central/Eastern and Southern Europe (57 and 49 World Health Organisation (WHO) classification using
per 100 000, respectively), whereas in women the highest morphology (uniform round to spindled-shaped small cells,
rates are found in Northern Europe (36 per 100 000) [1]. sparse cytoplasm, high mitotic index, necrotic areas).

clinical practice
Five-year survival rates of lung cancer patients have only Immunohistochemistry to confirm the diagnosis of SCLC

guidelines
slightly improved during the past decade but remain low at (synaptophysin, chromogranin A, CD56, thyroid
10% [2]. transcription factor 1 and MIB-1) is not mandatory, but
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) originates from should be used in case of any doubt (e.g. in case of
neuroendocrine-cell precursors and is characterised by its pronounced crush artefacts). Due to its frequent central
rapid growth, its high response rates to both chemotherapy localisation within the chest, biopsies may best be obtained by
and radiotherapy and development of treatment resistance in bronchoscopy. Other methods include mediastinoscopy,
patients with metastatic disease. In the Western world, the endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), endoscopic ultrasound,
proportion of patients with SCLC has decreased to 13% [3]. transthoracic needle aspiration or even thoracoscopy if
Virtually all patients have a history of tobacco use. Therefore, necessary. A biopsy from a metastatic lesion may be the
smoking habits are closely linked to incidence, which varies preferred option if the location of the metastasis is easily and
across different populations. In addition, the new description safely accessible to biopsy, as this will also pathologically stage
of large-cell neuroendocrine tumours in the 1990s, which the patient (e.g. liver, skin).
may have been summarised previously as SCLC, possibly has
contributed to the decline. Smoking cessation not only
reduces the risk of developing SCLC but also has been shown staging and risk assessment
to decrease the risk of death of patients with localised SCLC
by almost 50% [4]. Only one-third of the patients are The prognosis of SCLC strongly depends on the tumour stage.
diagnosed with localised disease, where cure is the treatment The new tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) version 7 staging
goal. Due to the aggressive natural course, screening by system according to the Union for International Cancer Control
radiological imaging is unlikely to lead to a reduction of (UICC) as adopted for non-small-cell lung cancer should also
mortality, and smoking prevention will undoubtedly remain be used for SCLC [I, A] [6,7] (See Tables 1 and 2). This
the primary and most important intervention to further classification should replace the former 1989 International
decrease mortality [5]. Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) staging
system, which defined limited stage as tumour being confined to
one hemithorax with regional lymph node metastasis including
both ipsilateral and contralateral hilar, supraclavicular and
*Correspondence to: ESMO Guidelines Working Group, ESMO Head Office, Via,
L. Taddei 4, CH-6962 Viganello-Lugano, Switzerland;
mediastinal nodes, as well as ipsilateral pleural effusion. The
E-mail: clinicalguidelines@[Link] current TNM staging system is based on 8088 SCLC patients
and provides better prognostic information and more precise
†
Approved by the ESMO Guidelines Working Group: February 2002, last update May
nodal staging, which is required for conformal radiation
2013. This publication supersedes the previously published version—Ann Oncol 2010;
21 (Suppl. 5): v120–v125. techniques and intensity-modulated radiation therapy. The

© The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology.
All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [Link]@[Link].
clinical practice guidelines Annals of Oncology

Table 1. Tumour node metastasis classification. Initial assessment should encompass medical history
including smoking history, physical examination, complete
TX Positive cytology only blood count including differential count, liver enzymes, sodium,
T1 ≤3 cm potassium, calcium, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase levels and
T1a ≤2 cm renal function tests, and in the case of localised disease, lung
T1b >2 to 3 cm function tests. An initial computed tomography (CT) scan with
T2 Main bronchus ≥2 cm from carina invades visceral pleura, partial contrast of the chest and abdomen is recommended. If the
atelectasis metastatic stage is not obvious on the CT scan or clinical
T2a >3–5 cm findings suggest bone or brain involvement, further imaging
T2b >5–7 cm with bone scintigraphy and CT or magnetic resonance imaging
T3 >7 cm; chest wall, diaphragm, pericardium, mediastinal pleura, (MRI) of the brain are recommended. In case of abnormal

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main bronchus <2 cm from carina, total atelectasis, separate blood count or signs of blood–bone marrow barrier rupture
nodule(s) in the same lobe (e.g. peripheral blood erythroblasts), a bone marrow aspiration
T4 Mediastinum, heart, great vessels, carina, trachea, esophagus, and biopsy may be indicated, particularly in patients with
vertebra; separate tumour nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe otherwise absent metastases [V, C]. Alternatively to CT and
N1 Ipsilateral peribronchial, ipsilateral hilar
bone scintigraphy, a 2-fluor-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron-
N2 Subcarinal, ipsilateral mediastinal
emission-tomography (FDG-PET) CT scan can be carried out.
N3 Contralateral mediastinal or hilar, scalene or supraclavicular
A recent review has suggested that with PET-CT 9% of the
M1 Distant metastasis
patients are up- and 4% downstaged [8]; however, individual
M1a Separate tumour nodule(s) in a contralateral lobe; pleural nodules
studies in this analysis were non-randomised and were either
or malignant pleural, or pericardial effusion
M1b Distant metastasis
retrospective or small and frequently lacked histological
confirmation. Thus, PET-CT findings which could impact
Lababede O, Meziane M, Rice T. Seventh Edition of the Cancer Staging treatment decisions should be pathologically confirmed [III, C].
Manual and Stage Grouping of Lung Cancer. Chest 2011; 139: 183–189. In patients with a solitary metastasis, its pathological
Reproduced with permission from the American College of Chest confirmation should not delay treatment start. In this case, the
Physicians. solitary metastatic lesion’s size should be re-evaluated after two
cycles, allowing further judgement as to whether it is a true
metastatic site [V, C]. Alternatively, an initial second
radiological method (e.g. MRI if solitary small liver or bone
Table 2. Tumour stage grouping. lesion) is recommended [V, C]. If a pleural or pericardial
effusion is the only site of M1, no malignant cells are identified
Occult carcinoma TX N0 M0 in the pleural fluid and a plausible explanation other than
Stage 0 Tis N0 M0 tumour involvement is clinically suspected, treatment should be
Stage IA T1a,b N0 M0 according to an M0 status [V, B].
Stage IB T2a N0 M0
Stage IIA T2b N0 M0
T1a,b N1 M0
T2a N1 M0
management of localised disease
Stage IIB T2b N1 M0 (t1-4, n0-3 m0)
T3 N0 M0 In localised disease, median survival and 2-year survival rates
Stage IIIA T1a,b, T2a,b N2 M0
have been reported to be 15–20 months and 20%–40%
T3 N1, N2 M0
respectively [9]. Importantly, the proportion of patients who
T4 N0, N1 M0
survive for 5 years has been reported to be 20%–25% [10].
Stage IIIB T4 N2 M0
Approximately 5% of patients with SCLC present as T1, 2 N0,
Any T N3 M0
Stage IV Any T Any N M1
1 M0 tumours (Figure 1). These patients have more favourable
outcomes with 5-year survival rates in the order of 50% [11, 12].
Lababede O, Meziane M, Rice T. Seventh Edition of the Cancer Staging Most series report on patients having been treated with surgery
Manual and Stage Grouping of Lung Cancer. Chest 2011; 139: 183–189. for a coin lesion without pathological diagnosis. A surgical
Reproduced with permission from the American College of Chest approach in this group of patients is justified after ruling out
Physicians. mediastinal lymph node involvement (i.e. negative lymph nodes
on CT scan, PET-CT scan or EBUS and/or mediastinoscopy if
enlarged) [V, C]. Postoperatively, four cycles of adjuvant
chemotherapy should be administered [III, C]. In the case of
former term limited stage would now include T1-4, N0-3 M0 unforeseen N2 or N1 or in patients who have not undergone
tumours, whereas metastatic tumours encompass former systematic nodal dissection, postoperative radiotherapy should
extensive stage patients. In addition, T1 or T2 N0 or N1 M0 be considered [V, C]. There is no role for surgery after induction
tumours ( previously described as ‘very limited stage’) were chemotherapy in N2 disease [II, B]. In the absence of
identified as a group with a more favourable outcome compared randomised trials, due to frequent early dissemination and
with patients with N2 or N3 disease. because total gross tumour volume has shown to be an

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Annals of Oncology clinical practice guidelines

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Figure 1. Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) treatment algorithm.

independent prognostic factor leading to improved outcomes radiotherapy was <30 days [hazard ratio (HR): 0.62, 95%
irrespective of the local treatment modality, patients with T1, 2 confidence interval (CI) 0.49–0.80, P = 0.0003] [16]. An update
N0, 1 M0 may alternatively be treated with combined of an American trial reached the same conclusion [17]. On the
concurrent chemoradiotherapy [III, C] [13]. This treatment is other hand, a recent randomised trial did not show any survival
recommended as the first option in patients who are at difference when radiotherapy was administered with the third as
increased risk for perioperative complications (e.g. significant opposed to the first cycle with less toxicity in the late arm in an
concomitant medical illnesses) [II, C]. All patients with T1, 2 Asian population [18]. Starting chest radiotherapy within 30
N0, 1 M0 should be considered for prophylactic cranial days after the beginning of chemotherapy is preferred [II, B].
irradiation (PCI) if they have responded to initial treatment When the general condition of the patient does not allow for the
using the same dose and fractionation as for patients with stage immediate administration of concurrent treatment or lung
III SCLC. constraints preclude the target radiotherapy dose, chest
All other patients with T1-4, N0-3 M0 tumours who are in a irradiation may be postponed until the start of the third cycle of
good performance status (PS) should be treated with concurrent chemotherapy [II, B].
chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy [I, A]. Several The optimal target volume remains to be defined. Omission
radiotherapy schedules have been studied. One phase III trial of of elective node irradiation based on CT scans should be used
471 patients reported a superior 5-year overall survival (OS) with caution as this strategy may result in nodal failures [III, C].
with twice-daily radiotherapy (1.5 Gy twice-daily, 30 fractions) Whether selective node irradiation based on pre-treatment
compared with once-daily (1.8 Gy, 25 fractions) of 26% versus PET-CT scans can replace elective node irradiation has been
16% (P = 0.04) [10]. The inconvenience of the twice-daily addressed in two small studies [19, 20]. Both studies, one
administration and the significantly increased rate of transient prospective and the other one retrospective, have shown
grade 3 oesophagitis were, however, the main reasons why this promisingly low nodal recurrence rates. This strategy, however,
regimen was not widely adopted. This current accelerated needs further prospective evaluation although it has been
standard schedule is being compared with 70 Gy in daily adopted already in some national guidelines [III, D]. Elective
fractions as an experimental arm in ongoing North American nodal volumes are not well-defined but may include the
and European phase III trials in patients in which the lung dose involved lymph node regions and one adjacent region and
can be kept within safe limits. Outside of a clinical trial, a twice- supraclavicular regions depending on the location of the
daily 1.5 Gy in 30-fraction regimen should be considered in fit primary tumour and the N2 or N3 nodes.
patients who are willing to accept temporarily increased toxicity RECIST criteria are not well-suited to determine tumour
[I, B]. The chemotherapy schedule consists of four cycles of response after radiotherapy. Patients in a reasonably good PS
cisplatin–etoposide or 4–6 cycles if a once-daily radiotherapy without progression should be offered PCI. The recommended
schedule is used [I, B]. dose is 25 Gy in 10 daily fractions [I, A]. Although PCI
The optimal timing of the concurrent radiotherapy has been increases long-term survival, patients >65 years and/or with
studied extensively. Seven older trials assessing the timing of important vascular disease have a slightly elevated risk (HR
thoracic radiotherapy were analysed in two meta-analyses, with 1.04) of developing neurocognitive side-effects [21, 22].
the conclusion that thoracic radiotherapy should be initiated as
early as possible beginning with the first or second cycle when
cisplatin-based chemotherapy was used [14, 15]. In addition, an management of metastatic disease
analysis of four of these studies which reported 5-year survival
rates and used two concurrent arms with cisplatin–etoposide first-line treatment
treatment found improved 5-year survival rates if the time Treatment of stage IV SCLC is palliative, and combination
between the first day of chemotherapy and the last day of chemotherapy has been the main treatment option for more

Volume 24 | Supplement 6 | October 2013 doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt178 | vi

clinical practice guidelines Annals of Oncology

than three decades. Despite response rates (RRs) close to 70%, lacking. In addition, there is a considerable risk of increased
outcomes remain poor with a median progression-free toxicity with prolonged platinum-based chemotherapy.
survival (PFS) of only 5.5 months and a median OS of <10 Continuing chemotherapy beyond 4–6 cycles of first-line
months [22, 23]. treatment is not recommended [II, B].
A meta-analysis of 19 randomised trials with a total of 4054 PCI significantly decreases the risk of symptomatic brain
patients demonstrated prolonged OS of patients receiving a metastases (from 40.4% to 14.6% at 1 year) and increases OS
cisplatin-containing regimen compared with older (HR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52–0.88) [36]. Of note, in this trial initial
chemotherapy combinations [25]. Another meta-analysis of 36 pre-treatment brain imaging was not required. PCI is associated
trials reported an OS benefit in favour of etoposide alone or in with adverse effects such as fatigue and hair loss, and health-
combination with cisplatin compared with regimens that did related quality of life may be negatively affected as well [37].
not contain one of the two drugs [26]. These results led to the Patients with any response to first-line treatment and who have

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adoption of etoposide–cisplatin as a standard treatment a reasonably good PS should be evaluated for PCI [II, B]. The
regimen. A recent individual patient data meta-analysis PCI dose may be 25 Gy in 10 daily fractions or 20 Gy in 5
including four randomised clinical trials comparing cisplatin fractions.
versus carboplatin-based combination chemotherapy Due to the often centrally located primary tumours,
demonstrated no difference in efficacy outcomes including RR, symptoms such as dyspnoea, infections due to atelectasis, chest
PFS and OS [24]. In the carboplatin group, increased pain or superior vena cava syndrome are frequent and make the
haematological toxicity rates were observed, whereas higher incorporation of thoracic radiotherapy into the initial treatment
renal and neurotoxicity was seen with cisplatin. According to algorithm an appealing concept. A four-arm randomised phase
these results, cisplatin can be substituted by carboplatin in III trial has demonstrated a survival benefit of concurrent
patients with metastatic SCLC [I, B]. Due to the limited number thoracic radiotherapy in patients whose primary tumours have
of only 663 patients included in this analysis, there was limited responded after three cycles of cisplatin–etoposide and whose
statistical power to draw conclusions in important subgroups metastatic sites were in complete remission (OS: 17 versus 11
such as patients with localised disease and young patients. In months, P = 0.041) [38]. This single centre trial was however
these subgroups, etoposide–cisplatin is recommended [II, B]. small (54 patients per arm), and the concurrent
Studies with 3-drug regimens and the administration of chemoradiotherapy treatment used does not correspond to the
increased dose intensity regimens, using increased dose or non- current standard approach. The routine use of thoracic
cross-resistant regimens, have not consistently reported irradiation in patients with metastatic SCLC is not
improvement in OS. In addition, they have frequently been recommended and the results of the Dutch phase III trial
associated with significant toxicity in this usually co-morbid (CREST study) testing this concept should be awaited [II, C].
patient population [27]. Such regimens are not recommended as
first-line treatment [II, C].
A recent literature-based meta-analysis of seven randomised second-line treatment
studies showed an improved OS, but not PFS with irinotecan– RRs to second-line treatment depend on the treatment-free
platinum compared with etoposide–platinum. Irinotecan led to interval and are usually in the order of 10% in resistant disease
more gastrointestinal toxic effects, while more haematological (i.e. progression-free interval <3 months) and 20% in sensitive
toxic effects were observed with etoposide [28]. The results, disease (i.e. interval >3 months). In refractory patients (i.e.
however, were primarily driven by Asian studies, and patients not responding or progressing during chemotherapy)
pharmacogenomic differences between Asian and Western and resistant patients with early relapse (<6 weeks), outcomes
populations possibly contributing to these differential outcomes are poor and the clinical benefit of further systemic therapy is
have previously been described [29]. No chemotherapy doublet uncertain. For these patients, participation in a clinical trial or
has yet been shown to be superior to i.v. etoposide–platinum in best supportive care is recommended [II, C]. Oral topotecan led
a Western population. Randomised phase III trials which to better symptom control including slower time to quality of
compared irinotecan–cisplatin, gemcitabine–carboplatin (in life deterioration and improved survival compared with best
poor prognostic patients only) or i.v. or oral topotecan–cisplatin supportive care in a study in which half of the patients had
to etoposide–platinum have demonstrated non-inferiority for resistant disease [39]. Prior to topotecan development,
survival [30–33]. These regimens are recommended as anthracycline-based regimes have been commonly used,
alternative treatment options in the case of contraindications to including cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine
etoposide [II, C]. (CAV). In 1999, a trial of i.v. topotecan and CAV demonstrated
Continuation of chemotherapy beyond 4–6 cycles has been equal efficacy, with similar RRs, time-to-progression, and OS,
assessed in at least 14 randomised, controlled trials. Although a and better tolerance when compared with CAV [40]. Oral and
significant OS benefit was reported in a literature-based review i.v. topotecan have shown to be equally effective [41], but with
including 11 trials (HR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81–0.92; P = 0.02), the differing toxicity profiles. Either oral or i.v. topotecan are
benefit was small and high heterogeneity among the included recommended for patients having resistant or sensitive relapse
trials was observed [34]. Similarly, a previous meta-analysis with CAV being an alternative option [II, B]. Only patients with
found a small OS benefit of 4% at 2 years with maintenance sensitive disease derive benefit from rechallenge with first-line
therapy [35]. However, the majority of the randomised, therapy (usually platinum–etoposide) [V, C].
controlled trials did not show any significant OS benefit, and a A recent randomised, phase III trial failed to show a survival
properly designed large clinical trial to address this question is benefit of amrubicin versus topotecan, despite a higher RR and

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Annals of Oncology clinical practice guidelines
Table 3. Summary of recommendations.

Diagnosis • Pathological diagnosis should be made according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification
• Biopsies are best obtained by bronchoscopy. A biopsy from a metastatic lesion is preferred if the location of the
metastasis can be easily and safely accessed to biopsy (e.g. liver, skin)
• No predictive molecular marker for treatment selection is currently available
Staging and risk assessment • Initial assessment should include smoking history, physical examination, complete blood count, liver enzymes, sodium,
potassium, calcium, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase levels and lung (if localised disease) and renal function tests
• A computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast of the chest and abdomen is recommended
• In localised disease or if symptoms or clinical findings suggest involvement, additional bone scintigraphy and CT or MRI
of the brain are recommended

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• 2-fluor-2-desoxy-D-glucose positron-emission-tomography (FDG-PET CT) scan is optional in localised disease. PET
findings, which modify treatment decisions, should be pathologically confirmed [III, C]
• A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy should be carried out in the case of abnormal blood counts suggesting
involvement, particularly in localised disease [V, C]
• Version 7 of the TNM staging system according to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) should be used
(Tables 1 and 2) [I, A]
Treatment strategy • Figure 1 summarises the treatment algorithm of patients with SCLC
• In localised disease, a bimodality treatment approach is curative and chemotherapy plus radiotherapy result in 5-year
survival rates of 20%–25%
• Treatment of stage IV SCLC is palliative and various combination chemotherapy regimens demonstrate similarly high
response rates (RRs) of 60%–70%. Due to frequent rapid relapse and limited activity of second-line treatment, overall
survival (OS) remains poor (<10 months)
• All SCLC patients responding to first-line treatment should be evaluated for prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI)
Treatment of localised • A small subset of patients who present with T1, 2 N0, 1 M0 tumours have a more favourable outcome and 5-year
disease survival rates of 50% have been reported with surgery. These patients should receive four cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy
[III, C] and postoperative thoracic radiotherapy if staged pN1 or pN2 [V, C]
• All other patients with T1-4, N0-3 M0 tumours who are in a good performance status (PS) should be treated with
concurrent chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy [I, A]
• The best OS rates in fit patients were demonstrated with twice-daily 1.5 Gy in 30 fractions given concurrently with four
cycles of cisplatin and etoposide [I, B]
• Patients who are not fit enough for twice-daily radiotherapy or are unwilling to accept increased toxic effects may be
treated with a once-daily radiotherapy schedule with 4–6 cycles of concurrent etoposide–cisplatin [I, B]
• In good PS patients, thoracic radiotherapy should be initiated with the first or second cycle (i.e. within 30 days) of
chemotherapy [II, B]
• All patients with T1-4, N0-3 M0 disease without disease progression after treatment and a reasonably good PS should be
offered PCI [I, A]
First-line treatment of • 4–6 cycles of etoposide plus cisplatin or carboplatin are recommended [I, B]
metastatic disease • In young patients and patients with localised disease, etoposide–cisplatin is recommended [II, B]
• Irinotecan–cisplatin, gemcitabine–carboplatin (in poor prognostic patients only) and i.v. or oral topotecan–cisplatin are
alternative options if etoposide is contraindicated [II, C]
• Patients in a reasonably good PS with any response to first-line treatment should be evaluated for PCI [II, B]
• The routine use of thoracic irradiation in patients with metastatic SCLC is not recommended [II, C]
Second-line treatment of • For refractory patients and resistant patients with early relapse (<6 weeks), participation in a clinical trial or best
metastatic disease supportive care is recommended [II, C]
• Oral or i.v. topotecan are recommended for patients having resistant or sensitive relapse with CAV being an alternative
option [II, B]
• Patients with sensitive relapse may derive benefit from reintroduction of the first-line regimen (usually platinum–
etoposide) [V, C]
Follow-up and long-term • The occurrence of second malignancies, particularly if smoking is continued, is of concern in survivours and smoking
implications cessation counselling is essential
• Two to three-monthly CT scans are recommended in patients with metastatic disease potentially qualifying for further
treatments [V, C]
• Six-monthly CT scans for 2 years with lengthening of intervals thereafter are recommended for patients with non-
metastatic disease who have received potentially curative treatment [V, C]

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clinical practice guidelines Annals of Oncology

Table 4. LOE and GOR adapted from the Infectious Diseases Society of America-United States Public Health Service Grading System†

Levels of evidence
I Evidence from at least one large randomised control trial of good methodological quality (low potential for bias) or meta-analyses of well-conducted
randomised trials without heterogeneity
II Small randomised trials or large randomised trials with a suspicion of bias (lower methodological quality) or meta-analyses of such trials or of trials with
demonstrated heterogeneity
III Prospective cohort studies
IV Retrospective cohort studies or case-control studies
V Studies without control group, case reports, experts opinions
Summary of recommendations

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A Strong evidence for efficacy with a substantial clinical benefit, strongly recommended
B Strong or moderate evidence for efficacy but with a limited clinical benefit, generally recommended
C Insufficient evidence for efficacy or benefit does not outweigh the risk or the disadvantages (adverse events, costs,.), optional
D Moderate evidence against efficacy or for adverse outcome, generally not recommended
E Strong evidence against efficacy or for adverse outcome, never recommended

†Dykewicz CA. Summary of the guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2001;
33: 139-144. By permission of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

improved quality of life with amrubicin [42]. The subgroup of conflict of interest
refractory patients derived a small survival benefit from
amrubicin. Amrubicin is currently not available in Western Dr Peters has reported consultancy/honoraria from Roche, Eli
countries. Lilly, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers
Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Tesaro. Dr Felip has reported
consultancy/honoraria from Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer,
personalised medicine Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim. The other authors have declared
no potential conflicts of interest.
In this disease setting, more research is needed to identify
molecular markers which could lead to advances in
personalised medicine. references
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Volume 24 | Supplement 6 | October 2013 doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt178 | vi