SISTEM PROTEKSI

TRANSFORMATOR GSUT 150 KV DI

PT. SUPREME ENERGY MUARA
LABOH

Writed by : Tommy Chandra Adrial

Trainee of : Operation and Maintenance Trainee

Program : PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh

Date of Training : 24 Juli 2018 – 14 September 2018

KEMENTERIAN ENERGI DAN SUMBER

DAYA MINERAL

BADAN PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA

PUSAT PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA MINYAK DAN GAS

BUMI

( PPSDM MIGAS )

Cepu, 31 Juli 2018

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ii
Contents

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2 Tujuan Masalah ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Rumusan Masalah .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4 Batasan Masalah ............................................................................................................. 1
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
BAB 2 GENERATOR..................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Teori Dasar Generator ............................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Prinsip Kerja Generator .......................................................................................................... 2
2.3 Part of Generator .................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Klasifikasi Generator .............................................................................................................. 6
BAB 3 MAINTENANCE DAN TROUBLESHOOTING ................................................................... 8
3.1 Teori Dasar Maintenance ....................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Macam-Macam Maintenance ................................................................................................. 9
3.3 Pelaksanaan Maintenance ...................................................................................................... 9
3.4 Teori Dasar Troubleshooting ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5 Macam-Macam Troubleshooting .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
BAB 4 PENUTUP ......................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Saran ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 ABSTRACT

PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh is a company engaged in the field of geothermal
power plants that utilize geothermal fluid to rotate generators, due to the rotation
of the generator so that electricity is generated. Electric power is one of the basic
needs at this time, therefore electricity must be economically available by paying
attention to the quality of both voltage and frequency and reliability. To maintain
the continuity of electric power, a protection system is needed that suits your needs.
The protection function is to localize the disturbance so that only the disturbed
areas are freed from the electric power circuit and must also consider the level of
security of the equipment, stability of electricity and human security. An electrical
security system or relay is an arrangement of devices, both electronic and magnetic
which is planned to detect a condition of abnormalities in electrical equipment that
is harmful or undesirable. If the danger arises then the safety relay will
automatically give a signal or command to open the circuit breaker so that the
disturbed part can be separated from the normal system. Power transformer is one
of the electric power equipment that must have a protection system. Given the
importance of the task of the equipment itself, it is also because the transformer is
one of the very expensive electric power equipment. In the power transformer there
is a mechanical relay and electric relay as a safety. It is expected that with this
protection system the interference that occurs around the power transformer can be
minimized.
Keywords: PT. Supreme Energy Muara Laboh, Geothermal Power Plant,
Electrical Safety System, Power Transformer, Electrical Relation, Mechanical Rele

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 BAB 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Power transformer is a very important equipment that functions to deliver
electrical power from high voltage to low voltage or vice versa and is never loose
from interference. Being of disturbances that occur in the transformer can inhibit
the process of distributing electrical energy to consumers. Therefore, a reliable
protection system is needed to protect the transformer from upset. Transformer is
the main element and is the most important equipment in the distribution and
distribution of electricity. Along with the increasing demand for electrical energy,
the need for a transformer naturally increases following the increase in electrical
power generated. Because the transformer is the main element of the electrical
energy distribution and distribution system and is the most expensive equipment,
the protection system for a transformer both for the disturbances that occur from
inside the transformer itself and from outside the transformer is very important.
Electricity has a vital role, availability must meet reliable, safe and familiar
aspects of the environment. The reliability of the electric power system is
determined by the system and construction of electrical installations that meet the
applicable terms and conditions. The security of the electric power system is
determined by a security system (protection system) that is good, correct, reliable
or precisely in accordance with the needs of the existing system. Protection of
electric power systems is protection or security of generation (electricity
generation), distributor (transmission), distribution (distribution) and utilization
installation.
1.2 Purpose
The making of this paper is to learn more about the transformer protection
system and learn its function on electrical equipment. Commented [RAA1]: Kalua bisa buat dalam point2
1.3 Scope of the problem
In this paper we will restrict the topic of the issues that we will discuss, namely,
about the Protection System on the Transformer.
Commented [RAA2]: Ini belum diisi. Contoh : lebih
1.4 Advantages memahami tentang jenis2 relay proteksi pada trafo.
Mengetahui troubleshooting ketika terjadi masalah pada
trafo. dll

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 BAB 2
TRANSFORMATOR

2.1 Basic Theory

A transformer is a static electric device that is used to convert alternating
voltage to higher or lower and is used to move energy from an electrical circuit to
another circuit without changing the frequency. Transformers are called static
equipment because there are no moving or rotating parts, unlike motors or
generators. In its simplest form, the transformer consists of two coils and one
mutual inductance. The two coils consist of a primary coil and a secondary coil.
The primary coil is a coil that receives power and is expressed as an input
terminal and a secondary coil is a coil that releases power and is expressed as an
output terminal. The two coils are wrapped in a core consisting of laminated
magnetic material. Simply transformer can be divided into three parts, namely the
primary winding, the secondary winding and the iron core.
The primary coil is part of the transformer that is connected to an energy
source (power supply). Secondary windings are part of the transformer connected
to the load circuit. While the iron core is part of the transformer which aims to
direct the overall magnetic flux produced by the primary winding to enter the
secondary winding.
2.2 The Working Principle of Transformer

The transformer consists of two coils of wire that are separated from each other,
which are wrapped in the same core. Electrical power is separated from the primary
coil into the secondary coil by means of magnetic force lines (magnetic flux)
generated by electricity flowing through the primary coil. To be able to generate
electrical voltage in the secondary coil, the magnetic flux generated by the primary
coil must change. To find out this, the electricity flowing through the primary coil
must be alternating electricity. When the primary coil is connected to an AC power
source, the magnetic coil arises.

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 Figure 2.1 Part of Transformer

Keterangan gambar :
U1 : Primary Voltage
U2 : Secondary Voltage
I1 : Primary Current
I2 : Secondary Current
Ep : GGL is induced in the primary coil
Es : GGL is induced in the secondary coil
Np : Primary Coil
Ns : Secondary Coil
Φb : Magnetic Flux
Z : Load
(ggm) together back and forth too. In the presence of this ggm, around the primary
coil arises a shared magnetic flux and at the ends of the secondary coils arise a
secondary induction electromotive force (emf) which may be equal, higher, or
lower than the primary electromotive force. This depends on transformer coil
transformations. If the secondary coil is connected to the ground, then the
secondary coil arises secondary alternating current due to the secondary induction
electromotive force. This results in a magnetic motion on the secondary coil and
consequently a secondary voltage arises. Commented [RAA3]: Kalo bisa tambahkan di bab basic
theory ini tentang masalah masalah yang sering terjadi pada
trafo.

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2.3 Part of Transformer

2.3.1 Main Part

1. Iron Core
The iron core (electromagnetic circuit) is used as a medium for the flow of
fluxes arising from the induction of alternating current in the coil that surrounds
the iron core so that it can induce back to the other coil. Formed from insulated thin
iron plates arranged in such a way.
2. Transformer Coil
The transformer coil is a coil of insulated wire that forms a coil or coil. The
coil consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil which is isolated both from the
iron core and between the coils with solid insulation such as cardboard, petroleum
and others. The coil is a means of transforming voltage and current.
3. Transformer Oil
Inside a transformer there are two components which actively "generate"
heat energy, that is iron (core) and copper (coil). If heat energy is not distributed
through a cooling system, it will cause iron or copper to reach high temperatures,
which will damage the insulation value. For the purpose of cooling, the coil and
core are inserted into a type of oil, called transformer oil.
The oil has a dual function, namely cooling and insulation. This isolation
function causes various sizes to be reduced. It should be noted that transformer oil
must be of high quality and always in a clean state. Due to the heat energy generated
from the core and coil, the temperature of the oil will rise. This will result in
changes in transformer oil.
4. Bushing
Bushing is an important component of the transformer located on the outside
of the transformer. Its function is to connect the transformer coil with the network
outside the transformer. Bushing consists of a conductor connected to a coil inside
the transformer and the conductor is covered by insulating material. Insulating
material serves as an isolation medium between conductor bushings with the main
tank body of the transformer. In Outline, bushing consists of four main parts, that
is conductors, insulators, connection clamps, and accessories.

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 5. Conservator Tank
When the operating temperature increases in the transformer, the insulation
oil will expand so that the volume increases. Otherwise when there is a decrease in
operating temperature, the oil willshrink and the volume of oil will decrease. The
conservator is used to hold oil when the transformer experiences an increase in
temperature. Along with the rise and fall of the oil volume conserved due to oil
expansion and shrinkage, the volume of air in the conservator will increase and
decrease. Addition or removal of air inside the conservator will be related to outside
air. So that the transformer insulation oil is not contaminated with moisture and
oxygen from the outside, the air that will enter the conservator will be filtered
through silica gel. To avoid transformer oil not directly related to outside air, the
conservator is currently designed using a brether bag / rubber bag, which is a type
of rubber balloon mounted in the conservator tank.

2.3.2 Auxiliary Equipment

1. Cooler
The coolant in the transformer serves to keep the transformer working at low
temperatures. The iron core and coils will cause heat due to copper losses. The heat
causes excessive temperature rise and this will damage insulation. So to reduce the
excessive temperature increase, the transformer needs to be equipped with a
cooling system to distribute heat out of the transformer. Naturally, the cooling
medium (insulating oil) flows due to the temperature difference between the oil
tank and the transformer fins (radiator). To accelerate cooling the transformer is
equipped with a fan mounted on the radiator of the transformer and oil pump so
that oil circulation is faster and cooling is more optimal.
2. Tap Charger
Tap changer is an output voltage stabilizer on the secondary side of the
power transformer. The working principle of this tool is to change the number of
primary coils that have varying voltage inputs to get a constant output voltage
value.

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 3. Dehydrating Breather
Changes in temperature inside and outside the transformer result in changes
in the temperature of the transformer insulation oil. The quality of isolation of
transformer oil will decrease if inside the oil content there is a lot of gas and water
content. These gases and water come from moisture and oxygen contamination
from outside air. When the oil temperature level increases, the transformer will
press the air to exit the transformer.
And otherwise, when the oil temperature level decreases, the outside air will
re-enter the transformer. To prevent the occurrence of transformer oil
contamination against the outside air that reentered the transformer, a power
transformer is equipped with a breathing apparatus in the form of a tube containing
a crystalline substance (silica gel) mounted on the outside of the transformer.
4. NGR (Neutral Grounding Resistance)
NGR is a series of detainees with a secondary neutral on the transformer
before being connected to ground / ground. The purpose of installing NGR is to
control the amount of fault current flowing from the neutral side to the ground.
There are two types of NGR, namely liquid and solid. Liquid resistors use a solution
of pure water which is stored in a vessel and added salt (NaCl) to get the desired
resistance value. Whereas solid is made of stainless steel, FeCrAl, Cast Iron,
Copper Nickel or Nichrome which is adjusted according to the value of the
resistance.

2.4 Transformer Classification

The use of a transformer in an electric power system allows the selection
of an appropriate and economical voltage for each need such as the need for high
voltage in the transmission of long-distance electrical power (power transmission).
In the field of electronics transformers are used, among others, as a comparison of
impedance between source and load and also as a separator from one circuit to
another circuit while it can inhibit direct current while still forwarding alternating
current between circuits. Transformer classification is distinguished;
Based on the voltage difference induced in the two coils, the transformer is
divided:

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2.4.1 Step Up Transformer:
The voltage induced in the secondary coil is greater than the voltage induced
in the primary coil. To obtain a step-up transformer (voltage increase), the number
of secondary turns is made more than the number of primary turns.
2.4.2 Step Down Transformer:
The voltage induced in the secondary coil is smaller than the voltage
assigned to the primary coil. To obtain a step-down transformer, the number of
secondary turns is smaller than the number of primary turns. In the field of electric
power the transmitter is used for several needs, namely:
2.4.3 Power Transformer:
This kind of power transformer usually has a large power capacity of 500
KVA. Used in transmission circuits namely substations that are given the task of
transmitting voltage and some are used to increase the voltage of power plants for
example from generators 17.5 KV to 150 KV.
2.4.4 Distribution Transformer:
Usually this kind of transformer is used in a distribution substation which
functions to transform voltage, for example from 6 KV to 220/380 V, where this
voltage is directly connected to the consumer. In Indonesia the voltage commonly
used for the primary side of the distribution transformer ranges from 6 KV to 20
KV while for the secondary side is 220/380 volts.
2.4.5 Measuring Transformer:
In general, measuring devices such as volt meters and ampere meters are
made in a relatively small measuring limit while in measurements often found a
value of considerable value. So that the measuring instrument can be used for a
larger measurement limit, the measuring equipment is given additional tools. In the
measurement of DC electric devices (direct current) are generally given front
prisoners or parallel prisoners. While the measurement of AC power (alternating
current) is generally used transformer.

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 BAB 3
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SYSTEM

3.1 Basic Protection Theory

In electric power systems, the protection system is protection or isolation in
parts that allow interference or danger to occur. The main purpose of protection is
to prevent interference or extinguish the disturbances that have occurred and
localize them, and limit their effects, usually by isolating disturbed parts without
disturbing other parts.
This protection system detects abnormal conditions in an electrical circuit by
measuring different electrical quantities between normal conditions and abnormal
conditions. There are several criteria that need to be known in the installation of a
protection system in a series of electric power systems, that is:
1. Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the relay's sensitivity to protection against all kinds of interference
correctly, namely the disturbances that occur in the protection area. The sensitivity
of a protection system is determined by the smallest value of the driving magnitude
when the protection equipment starts operating. The smallest value of the drive
magnitude corresponds to the minimum value of the fault current in the protected
area.
2. Selectivity and Discrimination
Selective means that a protection system must be able to choose the part of the
system that must be isolated if the protection relay detects interference. Parts that
are separated from a healthy system are the only ones that are disturbed.
Discriminative means a protection system must be able to distinguish between
normal and abnormal conditions. Or distinguish whether these abnormal conditions
occur inside or outside the protection area.
3. Velocity
The protection system needs to have the speed level as determined to improve
service quality, human security, equipment and operating stability.

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 4. Reliability
Protection system can be said to be reliable if it always functions as expected.
The protection system is called unreliable if it fails to work when needed and works
when protection is not supposed to work.
5. Economy
Good technical planning cannot be separated from the consideration of
economic value. A protection relay that is used should be economically feasible by
not ruling out its functionality and reliability.

3.2 Type of Protection

There are two known protection categories namely main protection (main
protection) and auxiliary protection (back up protection). The main protection is the
main defense and will free up interference in the part that will be protected as
quickly as possible. Considering 100% reliability not only from protection but also
from current transformers, voltage transformers and circuit breakers that cannot be
guaranteed, auxiliary protection is required for the protection device. Helper
protection works when the main relay fails and not only protects the next area by
slowing down a longer time than the main relay.

3.3 Types of Transformer Protection

Relays that are commonly used on a power transformer as a safety in the
event of a disturbance are:
1. Buchholz Relay
The Buchholz relay is installed on the pipe from the main tank to the conservator
or from OLTC to the conservator depending on the design of the transformer
whether in the two pipes the Buchholz relay is installed. The Buchholz relay
functions to detect and secure disturbances inside the transformer that cause gas.
As long as the transformer operates normally, the relay will be filled with oil. The
buoy will be in the starting position.

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 Figure 3.1 Buchholz Relay

If there is a small disturbance in the transformer tank, for example a short

circuit in the coil, it will cause gas. The gas formed will gather in the relay on the
way to the conservator tank, so that the oil level in the relay goes down and will
work on the alarm contact (upper buoy contact). If the transformer oil level drops
slowly due to a leak, the upper float will give an alarm signal and if the oil drop
continues, the lower buoy will give a trip signal. If there is a large arc of fire, oil
damage will occur quickly and pressure surges occur on oil moving through the
pipe to the Buchholz relay.
Analysis of gases collected in the Buchholz relay:
1. H2 and C2H2
Demonstrates an arc of fire in the oil between construction parts.
2. H2, C2H2 and CH4
Demonstrate the presence of a flame arc so that the isolation of phenol
decomposes, for example there is interference in the leads.
3. H2, C2H4 and C2H2
Indicates there is heating at the core connection.
4. H2, C2H, CO2 and C3H4
Indicates local heating on the core coil.

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2. Jansen Relay
Tap changer is a device that is attached to the transformer which
functions to regulate the output voltage (secondary) due to load and voltage
variations in the input system (input). Tap changers are generally installed
in a separate room with space for the coil, so that the tap changer oil does
not mix with the main tank oil. To secure the switch diverter space in the
event of a disturbance to the tap changer system, the safety used is
commonly called Jansen relay. Jansen relay is installed between tap changer
tank and tap changer oil conservator.

Figure 3.2. Jansen Relay

Jansen relay working principle, namely:
1) Contact Buchholz tap changer (Jansen) to secure the room and its contents
from the diverter switch.
2) Jansen relay will work if there is pressure pressures that occurs due to flash
over between voltage parts or parts that are in tension with the body or there
is pressure of oil flow due to external interference.
3) The principle is that there is heavy oil flow, there is oil pressure so there is
oil flowing into the conservator, the oil shock is large enough, and all that
causes the valve to swing and work tripping contact, finally removing the
disturbance.

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 3. Sudden Pressure Relay
Pressure relays are more like the Buchholz relay, which is to secure
the transformer from internal interference. The difference is that this relay
only works if there is a sudden increase in gas pressure caused by a short
circuit.

Figure 3.3. Sudden Pressure Relay

 Membrane Type
Thin plates that are designed in such a way that they will break when they receive
pressure beyond their design. This membrane is only used once so if it is broken it
must be replaced new.
 Pressure Relief Valve
A valve that is pressed by a spring that is designed in such a way that in case the
pressure inside the transformer exceeds the spring pressure it will open and remove
the pressure out together with a portion of the oil. The valve will close again when
the pressure inside the transformer drops or is smaller than the spring pressure.

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4. Relay HV/ LV Winding Temperature
HV / LV Winding Temperature Relay works when the transformer coil
temperature exceeds the setting than the HV / LV Winding relay, the amount of
temperature increase is proportional to the loading factor and the outside air
temperature of the transformer. The winding temperature relay work sequence
is divided into 2 stages:
 Doing an alarm (winding temperature alarm)
 Work on the trip command to PMT (winding temperature trip

Figure 3.4. Relay HV/ LV Winding Temperature

5. Over Current Relay

Over current relays work based on a current increase that exceeds a specified
safety value and within a predetermined period of time. Over current relays will
pick up if the current exceeds the setting value.

Figure 3.5. Over Current Relay

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 In power transformer protection, over current relays are used in addition to
differential relays to provide response to external interference. This relay is used to
secure equipment against inter-phase short circuit faults, one phase short circuit to
ground and some things can be used as a safety overload.
6. Ground Tank Relay
Serves to secure transformer against short circuit between phase with
transformer tank and transformer grounded neutral point.

Figure 3.6 Ground Tank Relay

The 51G relay is installed, detects fault currents from the transformer tank ground,
when there is an isolation leak from the transformer winding to the tank, the current
flowing to the ground will be detected by over current relay through CT. The relay
will describe PMT on both sides (TT and TM). So the fault current returns to the
system through earthing transformer.
7. Restricted Earth Fault (REF)
Limited ground fault relay or Restricted Earth Fault (REF) to secure the
transformer if there is one phase ground fault near the transformer's neutral point
which is not felt by differential relay.

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 Figure 3.7 Restricted Earth Fault (REF)

8. Differential Relay
The differential relay serves to secure the transformer against short circuit
faults that occur within the transformer security area. This relay is the main
safeguard (main protection) which is very selective and fast so that it does not need
to be coordinated with other relays and does not require time delay. The principle
of this relay is to compare the current entering the equipment with the current
coming out of the equipment.

Figure 3.8 Differential Relay

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 Figure 3.9 Differential relay normal condition

1. Differential as a safety transformer

2. In normal circumstances Ip and Is directions are as shown
3. On the secondary side of each CT, the outflow from the DOT terminal
4. Because Ip is equal to Is but the opposite direction is the differential of the
relay is not flowing.

Figure 3.10 Differential relay Abnormal condition

1. In the case of Ip direction interference such as on and only Ip.

2. CTp secondary side, the Ip current exits the DOT terminal, and performs
DIFF RY (Differential Relay).
3. Check the secondary terminal CTp and Cts are connected to DIFF. The
opposite phase RY or 1800 angle difference.

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 BAB 4
Commented [RAA4]: Kesimpulannya dibuat dalam
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION bentuk point2.

4.1 Conclusion
The protection system is protection or isolation in parts that allow interference
or danger to occur. The main purpose of protection is to prevent interference or
extinguish the disturbances that have occurred and localize them, and limit their
effects, usually by isolating the affected parts without disturbing the other parts.
A good protection relay is a relay that has fulfilled a number of protection relay
requirements, as for those conditions, among others are, as sensitive, selective,
reliable, fast, more economical, simple.
Some types of protection relays include:
1. Buchholz Relay
2. Jansen Relay
3. Sudden Pressure Relay
4. Relay HV/ LV Winding Temperature
5. Over Current Relay
6. Ground Tank Relay
7. Restricted Earth Fault (REF)
8. Differential Relay
The working principle of protection relay that is used is if the relay detects
interference in the form of gas, temperature, pressure, and short circuit fault
current, first begins with an alarm sound or indicator light lights up before the
relay works, then orders PMT to trip.
4.2 Recommendation
This paper is one of the many reading materials about this protection relay,
for this reason the writer suggests that readers can read or add knowledge about
this protection relay by reading other references about this protection relay,
both in printed books and online on the internet.

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